用密闭小室测定建材VOC散发特性

建筑材料散发的有机挥发物(VOC)能影响室内空气品质,为研究建材VOC的散发情况,提出了一种测量建材VOC散发特性(初始VOC平均浓度、分离系数)和对流传质系数的方法.选取了几种常见建材(复合地板、大芯板、地板砖和地毯)的甲醛散发作为测试对象,在密闭不锈钢小室内测量建材的甲醛散发曲线,用穿孔萃取仪测量建材内甲醛的平均浓度,通过拟合测量结果可以得出建材的散发参数.测试方法和测量结果为建材的筛选和VOC散发性能评价提供了参考依据.     

A mass transfer model for predicting emission of the volatile organic compounds in wet building materials

A new mass transfer model is developped to predict the volatile organic compounds （VOCs） from fresh wet building materials. The dry section of wet materials during the process of VOC emission from wet building materials is considered in this new model, differing from the mass transfer-based models in other literatures. The mechanism of effect of saturated vapor pressure on the surface of wet building materials in the process of VOC emission is discussed. The concentration of total volatile organic compounds （TVOC） in the building materials gradually decreases as the emission of VOCs begins, and the vapor pressure of VOCs on the surface of wet building materials decreases in the case of newly wet building materials. To ensure the partial pressure of VOCs on the surface of wet building materials to be saturated vapor pressure, the interface of gas-wet layer is lowered, and a dry layer of no-volatile gases in the material is formed. Compared with the results obtained by VB model, CFD model and the experiment data, the results obtained by the present model agree well with the results obtained by CFD model and the experiment data. The present model is more accurate in predicting emission of VOC from wet building materials than VB model.     

Study on characteristics of double surface VOC emissions from dry flat-plate building materials

1 Introduction Indoor air quality plays an important role on human comfort, health and performance, since people spend 87% of their time indoors[1]. In recent years, buildings have become more and more airtight and have less fresh air intake for energy sa…     

臭氧引起的室内污染及消毒净化中存在的问题

结合国内外对臭氧引起的室内污染的研究进展,阐述了臭氧对室内空气的化学污染及臭氧氧化室内装饰材料带来的二次污染物,并且针对市售臭氧消毒净化器使用中存在的问题,提出了几点改进意见。     

上海市建筑碳排放核算研究

为有效实现建筑业的节能减排,实现碳达峰和碳中和,对建筑碳排放核算方法进行研究。以生命周期理论为基础建立了城市层面的建筑碳计算模型,并以上海市住宅及非住宅建筑为研究对象核算出上海市建筑领域碳排放。对比上海市住宅建筑及非住宅建筑碳排放量,研究上海市建筑碳排放趋势。研究结果表明,2010—2020年,上海市建筑领域碳排放持增长态势,其中建材生产阶段和建筑运行阶段是对建筑总体碳排放量贡献最大的两个阶段。从不同建筑材料碳排放量占比来看,钢材的碳排放量是建材碳排放量中最高的,所占比例超过了50%,其次是水泥、铝材。在建筑减碳路径方面,结合建筑各生命周期阶段的碳排放核算结果,提出了对应的减排对策。     

基于小环境舱测试的实际车内VOC浓度预测

乘用车内饰释放的挥发性有机物（VOC）严重影响车内空气质量. 车内材料中VOC的释放特性主要由3个释放关键参数表征:初始浓度C₀,扩散系数D_m和分配系数K. 文中应用直流舱C-history法测定了几种典型乘用车内饰中6种VOC的释放关键参数,并研究了温度的影响. 此外,建立了预测实际车内多源材料同时释放VOC时浓度变化的多源释放模型,并模拟实际车内环境建立了3 m3试验系统进行验证实验. 实验结果与模型预测结果吻合较好,说明通过小环境舱测定的释放关键参数能够用于预测实际车内多种内饰共存时污染物的释放情况.      

烘焙和通风对室内VOC浓度分布的影响及预测

为了研究烘焙温度和通风量对室内建材散发挥发性有机化合物(VOC)以及室内VOC浓度分布的影响,对现有的VOC散发和传递模型进行了改进.引入温度对建材中VOC的传质系数的影响,并采用文献中的实验数据验证了该模型的正确性.应用该模型计算了建材内部和室内空气中VOC浓度变化.结果表明,换气次数的提高能够加强空气中VOC的稀释,烘焙温度的升高能够加强材料内VOC的传质速率,使VOC向外扩散速率加快,降低建材中剩余VOC的含量,从根源上解决VOC的长期散发问题.从理论上提出和验证了间歇通风烘焙方法是有效降低室内VOC浓度的措施.     

园林铺装花岗石碳排放量的测度

园林铺装石材的碳排放量测度是量化园林建设中碳排放量的重要环节。为了减少园林工程CO₂排放量和能源消耗量,通过从定性评价到定量测度的转变,以园林石材中最常用的花岗石为例,基于生命周期法(LCA)将花岗石全生命周期分为石材产品生产加工阶段、规划设计阶段、建造施工阶段、使用维护阶段、清除回收阶段。在微观尺度下对碳排放量进行测度研究,建立了石材铺装过程碳排放量测度模型。通过此模型,以南京体育学院网球场花岗石铺装为例,计算其生命周期各阶段的铺装碳排放量,得出样本区2 308 m²花岗石铺装产生的碳排放量(以CO₂量计)为12 436.73 kg。分析产生碳排放的原因,并提出各阶段相应的减排措施,认为应将减排重点放在施工建造阶段和使用维护阶段。     

我国碳排放交易试点政策对试点省市减排效果及影响路径分析

碳排放交易作为促减排的成熟手段之一，量化其对城市生产中碳排放及影响路径对我国未来促发展保生态有重要意义。本研究旨在从碳排放和碳排放强度两个角度，采用双重差分模型探究碳排放交易试点政策对减排效果的影响并利用中介效应方法厘清其中间机制。结果表明试点政策显著降低碳排放量以及碳排放强度，并且碳排放交易试点政策可通过提高试点城市的技术创新能力，调整能源结构和产业结构，降低碳排放量和降低碳排放强度以提高减排效率。本研究认为未来可以通过根据不同城市的发展情况鼓励建设高新技术产业和引进和国外先进的“绿色”生产链以及根据其发展需求不同调整第二产业占比以降低碳排放量和降低碳排放强度。     

农业活动的污染物排放及其大气环境效应研究进展

农业活动是一个重要的大气污染物排放源。随着我国工业污染物减排措施的不断加强以及我国农业现代化发展进程的加快,农业活动的污染物排放对大气环境的影响将日益突出。文章综述了农业活动排放大气污染物的基本形式和影响大气复合污染的主要机理,分析了农业活动的污染物排放及其大气环境效应模拟研究现状,并提出了面临的主要问题：(1)农业排放源估算和排放源清单制定的不确定性;(2)PM2.5与农业排放各前体物之间呈高度非线性关系;和(3)现有空气质量模式对PM2.5浓度及其化学组分预报准确性不够。     

Estimation of emissions from field burning of crop straw in China

Emissions resulting from crop straw field burning in China, which have caused serious environmental problems in China, are estimated in this paper. From the county-level data of crop production in 2000-2003 from the government statistics, taking into account the ratio of residue and grain, the total amount of crop straw production is estimated to be about 600 Tg per year, 76% of which are rice, wheat and corn straw. With reference to the data of living standards, the percentage of crop straw burnt in fields for counties are obtained and consequently the total amount of burnt straws is approximately 140 Tg/year. With the emission factors from literature and experiments, appropriate emission factors have been obtained. The total amounts of PM, SO2, NOx3, NH3, CH4, BC, OC, VOC, CO, CO2 emissions from field burning of crop straw in China are estimated. All emissions are presented at county level. Some pollutants, such as BC, VOC, OC, CO and CO2, are contributing a major portion to the total emissions of China. This paper uses a map with resolution of 0.2°×0.2°to present the PM emissions distribution from crop straw burnt in 2003. The results show a significant regional unevenness of emissions, with larger amounts of pollutions coming from the provinces in eastern and northeast China. The regions with higher emissions per unit area are located as a belt stretching from northeast China to eastern China.     

中国住宅建筑使用阶段碳排放的因素分解实证

根据住宅建筑碳排放的特点,通过完善和扩展Kaya公式,引入对数平均分解指数法,提出住宅建筑使用阶段碳排放因素分解的实证模型.根据1995—2008年中国建筑能源消耗的统计数据,分析居民消费水平、能源结构、能源消费强度、户均建筑面积、人口密度等因素对住宅建筑使用阶段碳排放变化的影响,提出住宅建筑使用阶段碳排放的正向驱动和负向驱动因素及其规律,为控制建筑节能提供建议.     

室内空气中挥发性有机物污染的研究

挥发性有机物（VOCs）是主要的室内空气污染物。根据调查结果和资料分析，探讨了室内VOCs的污染种类和常见组分、污染途径和污染源强；评价了室内VOCs的污染现状；分析了室内VOCs的污染特征和污染规律；并提出我国在室内VOCs污染研究中现存问题和发展方向。     

住宅建筑建材准备阶段能耗和碳排放灰色分析——以合肥地区为例

建筑生命周期内,尤其是建材准备阶段的能耗和碳排放统计数据相对较少,缺乏精度高且可操作性强的模型.将非等间距灰色系统预测模型应用于合肥地区住宅建筑建材准备阶段能耗和碳排放的分析预测,获得住宅建筑建材准备阶段能耗和碳排放的预测公式,经后验差检验显示预测结果具有足够的精度水平.在此基础上,提出以标准煤作为参考指标的单位碳排放条件下能源利用能力的评价指标.通过对比发现,建材准备阶段单位碳排放条件下的能源利用能力具有较大的提升空间.     

A new method to calculate monthly CO emissions using MOPITT satellite data

A new method is developed to calculate monthly CO emission data using MOZART modeled and MOPITT observed CO data in 2004. New CO emission data were obtained with budget analysis of the processes controlling CO concentration such as surface emission, transport, chemical transform and dry deposition. MOPITT data were used to constrain the model simulation. New CO emission data agree well with Horowitz’s emissions in the spatial distributions. Horowitz’s emissions are found to underes- timate CO emissions significantly in the industrial areas of Asia and North America, where high CO emissions are mainly due to the anthropogenic activities. New CO emissions can better reflect the more recent CO actual emissions than Horowitz’s.     

利用小样本调查数据调整北京市车里程累积率

由于MOBILE中的交通参数缺省值反映的是美国车辆的行驶特征,因此必须利用我国的交通参数来校正MOBILE中的缺省值以提高尾气的计算精度.本文论述了一种基于小样本调查数据来调整MOBILE中车里程累积率参数的算法,对原有算法进行了简化,并根据我国车型分类,对北京市的交通参数进行了调整.结果表明应用调整的车里程累积率计算尾气排放因子同利用MOBILE6的缺省值来计算有显著的区别,VOC的误差是40.23%,CO的误差是30.42%,NOx的误差是17.53%.     

煤热解过程中二次反应作用建模

为了弥补实验方法在研究煤热解中二次反应机理的不足,基于单体结构、碎片断裂、官能团理论和化学反应原理,建立了改进的煤粉热解模型。该模型可以由煤粉特性、反应条件预测热解产物产率及释放过程,将挥发份释放的模拟结果与一些实验结果比较,吻合较好。在此模型基础上,研究产物释放随终温的变化及二次反应的作用。结果表明:反应终温升高挥发份产率的增加主要来源于轻质气体的增加。一次反应气体产物的二次反应对热解过程有抑制作用,随着反应进行,由于化学反应平衡的移动,该抑制作用减弱,通过化学平衡原理分析了该作用的机理。     

装配式与现浇住宅基于全寿命周期的热力学与环境影响评价研究

以北京市某装配式民用住宅楼作为研究对象,建立装配式住宅全寿命周期能耗、耗及CO_2排放量的热力学计算模型。基于调研数据,应用此模型计算出该栋装配式住宅全寿命周期各个阶段的能耗、耗及CO_2排放量;并与传统现浇混凝土住宅进行对比分析,作出能比变化曲线。针对装配式住宅特点,建立围护结构形成阶段热力学计算模型。结果表明,该装配式住宅围护结构形成阶段三项数据均高于现浇住宅;且能比较高,装配式住宅建造需要消耗大量高品位能源。拆除阶段装配式住宅建材高回收利用率有效降低能耗及CO_2排放量。假定建筑50年使用年限,全寿命周期内装配式住宅总能耗及CO_2排放量分别减少15.0%、12.6%;但能比略高于现浇住宅。建立的围护结构形成阶段热力学计算模型能客观评价两类住宅该阶段在能源消耗、能源结构及对环境影响的差异,结合装配式住宅全寿命周期热力学计算模型分析对装配式住宅节能设计有指导意义。     

Study of CNG／diesel dual fuel engine＇s emissions by means of RBF neural network

Great efforts have been made to resolve the serious environmental pollution and inevitable declining of energy resources. A review of Chinese fuel reserves and engine technology showed that compressed natural gas (CNG)/diesel dual fuel engine (DFE) was one of the best solutions for the above problems at present. In order to study and improve the emission performance of CNG/diesel DFE, an emission model for DFE based on radial basis function (RBF) neural network was developed which was a black-box input-output training data model not require priori knowledge. The RBF centers and the connected weights could be selected automatically according to the distribution of the training data in input-output space and the given approximating error. Studies showed that the predicted results accorded well with the experimental data over a large range of operating conditions from low load to high load. The developed emissions model based on the RBF neural network could be used to successfully predict and optimize the emissions performance of DFE. And the effect of the DFE main performance parameters, such as rotation speed, load, pilot quantity and injection timing, were also predicted by means of this model. In resum6, an emission prediction model for CNG/diesel DFE based on RBF neural network was built for analyzing the effect of the main performance parameters on the CO, NOx emissions of DFE. The predicted results agreed quite well with the traditional emissions model, which indicated that the model had certain application value, although it still has some limitations, because of its high dependence on the quantity of the experimental sample data.     

基于能源类碳源估算的湖南省碳排放分析

采用能源消费带来的排碳量作为一个地区的排碳量,从碳排放总量及其与经济增长的关系、碳排放效率、碳排放结构、各产业煤消耗总量等对湖南省碳排放现状进行分析.结果表明:湖南碳排放总量较多,呈上升趋势,在中部8省处于中下等水平;湖南碳排放效率先减少后增加,略低于东部,高于中部、西部及全国平均水平;湖南碳排放主要以煤碳排放为主,占能源消费总量的65%;第二产业对煤和石油消耗最多,第三产业煤消耗最少;2005年3个产业煤排放急剧增加,可以通过调整产业结构,增加第三产业的比重,形成节能型增长方式.