Paneth cells constitute the niche for Lgr5 stem cells in intestinal crypts

Homeostasis of self-renewing small intestinal crypts results from neutral competition between Lgr5 stem cells, which are small cycling cells located at crypt bottoms. Lgr5 stem cells are interspersed between terminally differentiated Paneth cells that are known to produce bactericidal products such as lysozyme and cryptdins/defensins. Single Lgr5-expressing stem cells can be cultured to form long-lived, self-organizing crypt-villus organoids in the absence of non-epithelial niche cells. Here we find a close physical association of Lgr5 stem cells with Paneth cells in mice, both in vivo and in vitro. CD24(+) Paneth cells express EGF, TGF-α, Wnt3 and the Notch ligand Dll4, all essential signals for stem-cell maintenance in culture. Co-culturing of sorted stem cells with Paneth cells markedly improves organoid formation. This Paneth cell requirement can be substituted by a pulse of exogenous Wnt. Genetic removal of Paneth cells in vivo results in the concomitant loss of Lgr5 stem cells. In colon crypts, CD24(+) cells residing between Lgr5 stem cells may represent the Paneth cell equivalents. We conclude that Lgr5 stem cells compete for essential niche signals provided by a specialized daughter cell, the Paneth cell.     

Imbalance between pSmad3 and Notch induces CDK inhibitors in old muscle stem cells

Adult skeletal muscle robustly regenerates throughout an organism's life, but as the muscle ages, its ability to repair diminishes and eventually fails. Previous work suggests that the regenerative potential of muscle stem cells (satellite cells) is not triggered in the old muscle because of a decline in Notch activation, and that it can be rejuvenated by forced local activation of Notch. Here we report that, in addition to the loss of Notch activation, old muscle produces excessive transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta (but not myostatin), which induces unusually high levels of TGF-beta pSmad3 in resident satellite cells and interferes with their regenerative capacity. Importantly, endogenous Notch and pSmad3 antagonize each other in the control of satellite-cell proliferation, such that activation of Notch blocks the TGF-beta-dependent upregulation of the cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors p15, p16, p21 and p27, whereas inhibition of Notch induces them. Furthermore, in muscle stem cells, Notch activity determines the binding of pSmad3 to the promoters of these negative regulators of cell-cycle progression. Attenuation of TGF-beta/pSmad3 in old, injured muscle restores regeneration to satellite cells in vivo. Thus a balance between endogenous pSmad3 and active Notch controls the regenerative competence of muscle stem cells, and deregulation of this balance in the old muscle microniche interferes with regeneration.     

Microenvironmental regulation of stem cells in intestinal homeostasis and cancer

The identification of intestinal stem cells as well as their malignant counterparts, colon cancer stem cells, has undergone rapid development in recent years. Under physiological conditions, intestinal homeostasis is a carefully balanced and efficient interplay between stem cells, their progeny and the microenvironment. These interactions regulate the astonishingly rapid renewal of the intestinal epithelial layer, which consequently puts us at serious risk of developing cancer. Here we highlight the microenvironment-derived signals that regulate stem-cell fate and epithelial differentiation. As our understanding of normal intestinal crypt homeostasis grows, these developments may point towards new insights into the origin of cancer and the maintenance and regulation of cancer stem cells.     

Neocortical excitation/inhibition balance in information processing and social dysfunction

Severe behavioural deficits in psychiatric diseases such as autism and schizophrenia have been hypothesized to arise from elevations in the cellular balance of excitation and inhibition (E/I balance) within neural microcircuitry. This hypothesis could unify diverse streams of pathophysiological and genetic evidence, but has not been susceptible to direct testing. Here we design and use several novel optogenetic tools to causally investigate the cellular E/I balance hypothesis in freely moving mammals, and explore the associated circuit physiology. Elevation, but not reduction, of cellular E/I balance within the mouse medial prefrontal cortex was found to elicit a profound impairment in cellular information processing, associated with specific behavioural impairments and increased high-frequency power in the 30-80?Hz range, which have both been observed in clinical conditions in humans. Consistent with the E/I balance hypothesis, compensatory elevation of inhibitory cell excitability partially rescued social deficits caused by E/I balance elevation. These results provide support for the elevated cellular E/I balance hypothesis of severe neuropsychiatric disease-related symptoms.     

CPUY013对胰腺癌Capan2的生长抑制与诱导凋亡作用

探讨CPUY013对体外培养人胰腺癌细胞Capan2生长抑制及诱导凋亡作用.采用MTT法、克隆原形成法检测CPUY013对Capan2细胞生长的抑制作用,采用流式细胞仪分析CPUY013对细胞周期的影响,Western Blot法检测TopoⅠ、野生型p53、caspase-3、bcl-2和bax蛋白表达的变化.MTT法、集落形成试验结果显示,CPUY013对体外培养的人胰腺癌细胞Capan2有明显的生长抑制作用,处理72 h的IC50值为7.3×10^-7mol/L（MTT法）,CPUY013在8.0×10^-8mol/L浓度可以明显抑制Ca-pan2细胞的集落形成,抑制率为69.6%.同时,CPUY013可剂量依赖地降低Capan2细胞G1期细胞的比例,升高S期细胞的比例,呈现明显的S期阻滞.CPUY013可下调TopoⅠ蛋白的表达,上调细胞中p53、caspase-3、bax蛋白表达,下调bcl-2蛋白表达,并呈剂量依赖性.CPUY013对Capan2细胞具有明显的生长抑制作用,阻滞细胞周期进程,诱导Capan2细胞凋亡,其可能与降低细胞内TopoⅠ蛋白表达,增加p53、caspase-3、bax蛋白表达,降低bcl-2蛋白表达有关.     

Progressive inhibition of the Ca pump and Ca:Ca exchange in sickle red cells

Sickle cell anaemia red cells (SS) were reported to have a high Ca content and an increased Ca uptake on deoxygenation, but their Ca-pump activity was described as normal. This seemed puzzling because the saturated Ca-extrusion rate of the normal, high Ca-affinity Ca pump is about 10 mmol per 1 cells per h (refs 3, 4) and the highest sickling-induced Ca influx reported in SS cells and observed in ATP-depleted sickle-trait (SA) red cells never exceeded 0.2 mmol per 1 cells per h. Normal pump performance is, therefore, incompatible with Ca accumulation unless SS cells have abnormally high Ca-binding capacity. We provide here evidence which suggests that SS cells have normal Ca-buffering capacity and probably genetically normal Ca pumps, but that the sickling process causes progressive Ca-pump failure and a marked reduction in Ca:Ca exchange.     

GH36合金持久缺口敏感性与蠕变和疲劳及其交互作用下的裂纹扩展速率

研究了GH36合金持久缺口敏感性对裂纹扩展速率的影响。结果表明:通过软化的热处理制度来改善材料的持久塑性达到消除持久缺口敏感性的目的,对在蠕变或以蠕变为主的应力条件下延缓裂纹的扩展具有重要意义;而在低周疲劳或以疲劳为主的应力条件下,裂纹扩展速率对强度敏感,而与材料是否存在持久缺口敏感性无关;提高强度可显著提高材料的抗低周疲劳裂纹扩展能力。为使材料在蠕变、疲劳以及蠕变疲劳交互作用下都只有高的抗裂纹扩展能力,应对材料进行强韧化。     

三氧化二砷联合Trolox对人早幼粒白血病细胞HL-60增殖和凋亡的影响

利用MTT法、台盼蓝排染法、Hoechst33258荧光染色法、瑞氏-姬姆萨染色法以及单细胞凝胶电泳法检测了三氧化二砷(As2O3)单独作用及联合Trolox后对人早幼粒白血病细胞HL-60的增殖抑制、凋亡诱导作用及其DNA损伤作用.结果表明,1μmol.L-1As2O3作用即可抑制HL-60细胞的增殖,联合100μmol.L-1Trolox对HL-60细胞增殖抑制作用较As2O3单独作用时明显增强.高浓度的As2O3(4μmol.L-1)作用24h可引起HL-60细胞的凋亡,与Trolox联合作用,在低浓度(1μmol.L-1)下即可引起细胞凋亡.联合100μmol.L-1Trolox可以显著增强As2O3引起的HL-60细胞的DNA损伤.这种损伤可能导致细胞周期阻滞,从而在生长曲线中体现出对HL-60细胞的增殖抑制作用.     

高校院(系)资料室建设和发展初探

论述了高校院(系)资料室的特殊作用,分析了资料室的现状和存在的问题,探讨了如何完善管理和加速建设、发展资料室。     

CELTS中的工具/代理通信协议标准研究

在研究工具／代理通信协议标准的基础上,结合资源信息的描述技术和基于XML的信息表示技术,提出工具与代理通信中消息的XML绑定策略,研制出工具／代理通信应用原型系统,该系统完全符合工具与代理通信协议标准对工具、代理及其之间通信方式的描述和定义,旨在实现分布式工具、代理通信系统间远程消息的规范化传输,探讨其对促进网络教育的规范化、标准化发展的实际作用．     

硒对NO诱导的内皮细胞损伤的抑制机制研究

用外源性NO供体S－亚硝基谷胱甘肽（GSNO）处理人脐静脉内皮细胞系ECV－304细胞，研究其对细胞的损伤机制，并探讨硒在这一过程中的保护作用，通过MTT法测定细胞存活率，分光光度法[测定细胞LDH漏出率及细胞脂质过氧化水平，采用荧光标记技术研究细胞膜流动性变化，结果表明，NO可引起细胞脂质过氧化水平升高，细胞膜流动性下降，导致ECV－304细胞损伤，其作用具有浓度效应，细胞内硒可通过抑制细胞脂质过氧化水平及细胞膜流动性变化从而抑制NO诱导的细胞损伤。     

硒对NO诱导的内皮细胞损伤

用外源性NO供体S-亚硝基谷胱甘肽(GSNO)处理人脐静脉内皮细胞系ECV-304细胞,研究其对细胞的损伤机制,并探讨硒在这一过程中的保护作用.通过MTT法测定细胞存活率、分光光度法测定细胞LDH漏出率及细胞脂质过氧化水平,采用荧光标记技术研究细胞膜流动性变化.结果表明,NO可引起细胞脂质过氧化水平升高,细胞膜流动性下降,导致ECV-304细胞损伤,其作用具有浓度效应;细胞内硒可通过抑制细胞脂质过氧化水平及细胞膜流动性变化从而抑制NO诱导的细胞损伤.     

HA/Ti梯度薄膜材料的体外细胞相容性研究

用射频磁控溅射与水蒸气处理相结合的方法，在医用Ti-6A1-4V合金表面制备HA／Ti梯度薄膜．通过材料与成骨细胞体外共培养，研究实验材料的细胞相容性．结果表明：随着细胞培养时间的延长，两组试样表面细胞均呈典型的S型生长，增殖显著，形态正常．相比之下，HA／Ti梯度薄膜周边和表面的细胞数量更多，贴附更加紧密，显示了良好的细胞亲和力。     

HCAP1基因对Raji细胞凋亡及凋亡相关蛋白Bax/Bcl - 2的作用

目的：研究外源HCAP1基因产物对Burkitt淋巴瘤细胞系Raji细胞凋亡及凋亡相关蛋白Bax／Bcl-2的作用。方法：用脂质体介导的基因转移方法,把外源HCAP1基因转染到Raji细胞中,用流式细胞术和Hochest 33258荧光染色检测细胞凋亡;用Western blot检测外源HCAP1基因对凋亡相关蛋白Bax和Bcl-2蛋白表达的调节。结果：外源HCAPl基因导入Raji细胞24、48和96h后,细胞凋亡率增加。Western blot显示Bax／Bel-2蛋白表达比值明显增高。结论：转染外源性HCAP1基因可诱导Raji细胞凋亡,使Bax／Bcl-2蛋白表达比例上调可能是HCAP1诱导凋亡的机制之一。     

兔角膜缘上皮细胞在体外壳聚糖共混膜上的培养及生物学鉴定

目的：探讨壳聚糖-胶原-硫酸软骨素共混膜作为兔角膜缘上皮细胞体外培养载体的可行性。方法：采用消化培养法,用特殊培养液在壳聚糖-胶原-硫酸软骨素共混膜上培养兔角膜缘上皮细胞,第7d应用免疫组化方法对培养细胞作生物学鉴别并在扫描电子显微镜下观察细胞形态。结果：上皮细胞AE1／AE5单克隆抗体免疫组化阳性,培养第7d的上皮细胞有多种细胞形态,细胞胞体饱满,相互通过突起连接,表面可见微绒毛。结论：兔角膜缘上皮细胞可在壳聚糖-胶原-硫酸软骨素共混膜上生长,并具有分裂增殖能力。