小麦体细胞胚胎发生的细胞组织学研究

以小麦的幼穗为外植体，接种于Ｎ６Ｂ５ＭｓＩ培养基上，３０ｄ后可形成大量愈伤组织．该愈伤组织继代１次后即产生淡黄色颗粒状的胚性愈伤组织和白色致密状的非胚性愈伤组织．将此两种愈伤组织分别转入Ｎ６Ｂ５ＭｓⅡ培养基上，２５ｄ后胚性愈伤组织分化形成大量体细胞胚．本实验从外植体接种后的０～２５ｄ及胚性愈伤组织转入Ｎ６Ｂ５ＭｓⅡ培养基后的０～２６ｄ各分期取样固定，切片观察表明：小麦的幼穗诱导体细胞胚亦为间接发生，且多为外起源．但体细胞胚的发生既有来自于单个胚性细胞的，也有可能来自于多个胚性细胞或分生细胞团，经细胞分裂和分化发育而形成体细胞胚     

Phosphatidylserine-dependent engulfment by macrophages of nuclei from erythroid precursor cells

Definitive erythropoiesis usually occurs in the bone marrow or fetal liver, where erythroblasts are associated with a central macrophage in anatomical units called 'blood islands'. Late in erythropoiesis, nuclei are expelled from the erythroid precursor cells and engulfed by the macrophages in the blood island. Here we show that the nuclei are engulfed by macrophages only after they are disconnected from reticulocytes, and that phosphatidylserine, which is often used as an 'eat me' signal for apoptotic cells, is also used for the engulfment of nuclei expelled from erythroblasts. We investigated the mechanism behind the enucleation and engulfment processes by isolating late-stage erythroblasts from the spleens of phlebotomized mice. When these erythroblasts were cultured, the nuclei protruded spontaneously from the erythroblasts. A weak physical force could disconnect the nuclei from the reticulocytes. The released nuclei contained an undetectable level of ATP, and quickly exposed phosphatidylserine on their surface. Fetal liver macrophages efficiently engulfed the nuclei; masking the phosphatidylserine on the nuclei with the dominant-negative form of milk-fat-globule EGF8 (MFG-E8) prevented this engulfment.     

根癌农杆菌介导的马铃薯遗传转化体系的研究

以重庆主栽品种的叶片和茎段为外植体,研究了不同转化条件(菌液浓度、感染时间、预培养及共培养时间)对转化效率的影响,以及选择压和培养基对抗性愈伤出芽的影响,初步建立了马铃薯品种"台湾红"和"Spunta"的遗传转化体系并获得了转化植株.     

HERG1 K+ channels on the leukemic cells mediated angiogenesis in vitro

Human ether-a-go-go-related gene （HERG1） K^＋ channels are overexpressed in leukemia, which contributes to neoangiogene- sis. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of HERG1 K^＋ channels on leukemia angiogenesis. We cultured human umbili- cal vein endothelial cells （HUVECs） in conditioned media, which were derived from leukemic cells with or without E-4031, a HERG1 K^＋ channel special inhibitor. The HUVECs proliferation was mea- sured using CCK-8 assay and migration by a Trans-well. Endothelial tube formation was investigated using Matrigel. Vascular endothelial growth factor （VEGF） levels were tested by ELISA and VEGF mRNA expression using RT-PCR. Our results revealed that blocking HERG1 K^＋ channels could inhibit leukemia-induced HUVECs pro- liferation, migration, and tube formation in vitro. The results sug- gested that HERG1 K~ channels could increase leukemia angio- genesis. Furthermore, blockage of HERG1 K^＋ channels could also decrease leukemic cells secreting VEGF and expressing VEGF mRNA. HERG1 K^＋ channels have a promoting effect on leukemia angiogenesis, and the possible mechanism may be that HERG1 K^＋ channels enhance VEGF expression. Thus, HERG1 K4 channel is a potential target of antiangiogenesis in leukemia.     

磁控溅射太阳能电池预镀Mo薄膜及其性能

利用磁控溅射法在玻璃基片上进行了太阳能电池预镀层Mo薄膜的制备,研究了氩气分压、溅射功率、溅射时间等工艺条件对Mo膜性能及厚度的影响,并对Mo膜的物理性能及电学性能进行了研究.结果表明,Mo薄膜的厚度与溅射时间近似的成正比关系,Mo膜的电阻率先降低,并在膜厚为0.3 μm处达到最低,而后电阻率逐渐增加.     

磁控溅射太阳能电池预镀Mo薄膜及其性能

利用磁控溅射法在玻璃基片上进行了太阳能电池预镀层Mo薄膜的制备,研究了氩气分压、溅射功率、溅射时间等工艺条件对Mo膜性能及厚度的影响,并对Mo膜的物理性能及电学性能进行了研究。结果表明,Mo薄膜的厚度与溅射时间近似的成正比关系,Mo膜的电阻率先降低,并在膜厚为0.3μm处达到最低,而后电阻率逐渐增加。     

Investigation on apoptosis of neuronal cells induced by Amyloid beta-Protein

Objective: To construct a PC12 cell strain with neuronal differentiation, and observe the apoptosis and pro-liferation activity effects induced these cells by Amyloid beta-Protein (Aβ3-43). Methods: 1) PC12 cells in logarithmic growth phase were subcultured for 24 h. After the culture fluid was changed, the cells were treated with Rat-β-NGF and cultured for 9 days. 2) Neuronal differentiation of PC 12 cells in logarithmic growth phase were divided into four groups:control group (0), experimental group (1), experimental group (2) and experimental group (3). The concentrations of Aβ in the four groups were 0 μmol/L, 1.25 μmol/L, 2.5 μmol/L and 5 μmol/L, respectively. The cells were harvested at 24, 48 and 72 h later and stained with AnnexinV-FITC/PI after centrifugation and washing. Then flow cytometry was conducted to examine the apoptosis percentage. 3) NGF-induced PC12 cells were selected and Aβ with different concentrations was added. The final concentrations of Aβ were 0 μmol/L, 1.25 μmol/L, 2.5 μmol/L and 5 μmol/L, respectively. After the cells were incubated in an atmosphere of 5% CO2 at 37 ℃ in an incubator for 72 h, the OD values were examined. Results: 1)Neuronal differentiated PC12 cell lines were successfully established. 2) Flow cytometric examination indicated that Aβ(1.25, 2.5, and 5.0 μmol/L) could effectively induce apoptosis of neuronal-differented cells at the 24 h, 48 h and 72 h time points. 3) Aβ (0-5.00 μmol/L) had no obvious effect on proliferation or restraining of the neuronal differentiation of the PC 12 cells after a 72 h interacting process. Conclusion: This investigation revealed successful neuronal differentiation of the PC12 cell strain. The induction of apoptosis of the neurocytes by various concentrations of Aβ was observed and the in-fluence of Aβ on induced proliferation of PC 12 cells by Rat-β-NGF was revealed. This study may provide basis for future research on the molecular cure of AD and interdiction of AD evolution.     

新疆海岛棉新海15体细胞胚胎的发生及植株再生

为了扩展可再生棉花的基因型,选取新疆自育海岛棉品种新海15的胚珠为外植体,利用组织培养的方法进行再生体系的建立。结果表明:含0.5mg/L KT和0.5mg/L 2,4-D的MSB培养基,在暗培养条件下可诱导胚珠,产生初始愈伤;愈伤分化则以含0.05/0.1mg/L KT和0.1mg/L 2,4-D的MSB培养基效果较佳;选取浅黄色、结构疏松的愈伤组织在含较高浓度IBA和较低浓度KT、2,4-D的3种调控培养基上依次继代,以此实现胚性愈伤组织的增殖及细胞状态调控;液体悬浮培养和干燥胁迫处理均有利于胚性愈伤的体细胞胚胎诱导;子叶胚的萌发及植株再生则以含谷氨酰胺和天冬酰胺的1/2 MSB培养基效果较佳。     

Phagocytosis and clearance of apoptotic cells is mediated by MER

Apoptosis is fundamental to the development and maintenance of animal tissues and the immune system. Rapid clearance of apoptotic cells by macrophages is important to inhibit inflammation and autoimmune responses against intracellular antigens. Here we report a new function for Mer, a member of the Axl/Mer/Tyro3 receptor tyrosine kinase family. mer(kd) mice with a cytoplasmic truncation of Mer had macrophages deficient in the clearance of apoptotic thymocytes. This was corrected in chimaeric mice reconstituted with bone marrow from wild-type animals. Primary macrophages isolated from mer(kd) mice showed that the phagocytic deficiency was restricted to apoptotic cells and was independent of Fc receptor-mediated phagocytosis or ingestion of other particles. The inability to clear apoptotic cells adequately may be linked to an increased number of nuclear autoantibodies in mer(kd) mice. Thus, the Mer receptor tyrosine kinase seems to be critical for the engulfment and efficient clearance of apoptotic cells. This has implications for inflammation and autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus.     

Glutamatergic synapses on oligodendrocyte precursor cells in the hippocampus

Fast excitatory neurotransmission in the central nervous system occurs at specialized synaptic junctions between neurons, where a high concentration of glutamate directly activates receptor channels. Low-affinity AMPA (alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl isoxazole propionic acid) and kainate glutamate receptors are also expressed by some glial cells, including oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs). However, the conditions that result in activation of glutamate receptors on these non-neuronal cells are not known. Here we report that stimulation of excitatory axons in the hippocampus elicits inward currents in OPCs that are mediated by AMPA receptors. The quantal nature of these responses and their rapid kinetics indicate that they are produced by the exocytosis of vesicles filled with glutamate directly opposite these receptors. Some of these AMPA receptors are permeable to calcium ions, providing a link between axonal activity and internal calcium levels in OPCs. Electron microscopic analysis revealed that vesicle-filled axon terminals make synaptic junctions with the processes of OPCs in both the young and adult hippocampus. These results demonstrate the existence of a rapid signalling pathway from pyramidal neurons to OPCs in the mammalian hippocampus that is mediated by excitatory, glutamatergic synapses.     

Cell-to-cell spread of calcium signals mediated by ATP receptors in mast cells.

Rat basophilic leukaemia cells, like mast cells from which they are derived, have surface Fc epsilon receptors that trigger secretion of inflammatory mediators when crosslinked. Both GTP-binding proteins and a rise in cytosolic calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) are implicated in the secretory mechanism. Here we use a video-imaging technique to report that transient rises in [Ca2+]i initiated in an individual cell can spread from cell to cell in a wave-like pattern by means of a secreted intermediate, in the absence of gap-junctional communication. We find that the leukaemia cells, peritoneal mast cells and mucosal mast cells have cell-surface P2-type purinergic receptors that can trigger similar [Ca2+]i transients. We provide evidence that ATP is rapidly released, and that it can amplify [Ca2+]i signals and initial secretory responses during antigen-stimulation of rat basophilic leukaemia cells.     

SH-SY5Y与U87细胞共培养条件性培养基可降低N-甲基-salsolinol介导THP-1细胞的凋亡

 神经免疫在帕金森病(PD)的致病机理中发挥重要的作用,PD 患者的外周血淋巴细胞的数量发生了变化,提示外周免疫系统在PD 的发生发展中发挥一定的作用。但是外周单核细胞(PBMC)在其中发挥的具体作用尚不清楚。外源性神经毒素(MPTP)类似物,内源性神经毒素(NMSal)可能是导致PD 发生的一种因素。研究采用NMSal 损伤的SH-SY5Y与U87 细胞共培养的条件性培养基培养外周单核细胞THP-1,探讨NMSal 损伤的多巴胺能神经元细胞对外周单核细胞的影响。结果表明,该条件性培养基可以降低NMSal 毒性诱导的THP-1 细胞的凋亡、氧化应激水平(MDA 和H₂O₂)、线粒体的损伤和凋亡相关蛋白FADD、Bax 和caspase3 的表达和活化水平。PD 病人中损伤的多巴胺能神经元与星形胶质细胞的相互作用可能会影响PBMC,进而影响PD 病情的进展。     

慢病毒介导的外源基因在人牙髓干细胞中的表达

牙髓干细胞（dental pulp stem cells,hDPSC）是牙源性的间充质干细胞,具有多向分化潜能.已有的研究表明,一些蛋白因子能够诱导牙髓干细胞的牙向分化,但尚无通过过量表达某些关键基因来诱导牙髓干细胞牙向分化的报道.利用绿色荧光蛋白作为报告基因,探究慢病毒介导的外源基因在牙髓干细胞中的表达,分离并鉴定人的恒牙牙髓干细胞,用携带绿色荧光蛋白标记的慢病毒原液感染DPSC,感染病毒后的DPSC进行传代以验证外源基因的稳定表达,并将感染慢病毒后的DPSC与羟基磷灰石/磷酸三钙（hydroxyapatite/tricalcium phosphate,HA/TCP）混合移植到小鼠肾囊膜下培养8周.结果表明：用绿色荧光蛋白标记的慢病毒能够整合到牙髓干细胞的基因组中并获得稳定的表达,感染慢病毒前后的牙髓干细胞增殖率没有发生改变,感染病毒的hDPSC与HA/TCP混合移植到肾囊膜下仍能够产生牙本质牙髓样结构,因此利用慢病毒载体介导的绿色荧光蛋白并不影响牙髓干细胞的生物学特性,说明在进一步利用慢病毒载体研究过量表达基因在牙髓干细胞牙向分化的作用中,绿色荧光蛋白可以作为标记蛋白.     

Signal transduction pathways mediated by colony stimulating factor-1 receptor

Colony-stimulating factor-1 (CSF-1), which is necessary for cell proliferation and differentiation, regulates both immediate and delayed early responses throughout G1 phase. The binding of CSF-1 to its receptor (CSF-1R) triggers phosphorylation of the receptor and its intrinsic tyrosine kinase. The activated receptor binds directly to cytoplasmic effector proteins, which induce multiple-signal transduction pathways. CSF-1 can induce the c-myc gene expression via Ras and Ets-related proteins. The expression of c-fos/jun family genes is also targeted following the activation of Ras. CSF-1R activates STAT1 and STAT3 to participate in signaling, but JAKs do not appear to contribute to signaling by CSF-1R. CSF-1R activates PI3-kinase, and PI3-ki can interact with downstream proteins by the MAPKK-related pathway independent of Ras/Raf. PC-PLC can enforce signaling in response to CSF-1. Furthermore, the turnover and dephosphorylation by the phosphatase SHPTP1 of CSF-1R are the major mechanism in the negative regulation of signaling by CSF-1R     

Proliferation and differentiation of neuronal stem cells regulated by nerve growth factor

Nerve growth factor plays an important part in neuron-target interactions in the late embryonic and adult brain. We now report that this growth factor controls the proliferation of neuronal precursors in a defined culture system of cells derived from the early embryonic brain. Neuronal precursor cells were identified by expression of the intermediate filament protein nestin. These cells proliferate in response to nerve growth factor but only after they have been exposed to basic fibroblast growth factor. On withdrawal of nerve growth factor, the proliferative cells differentiate into neurons. Thus, in combination with other growth factors, nerve growth factor regulates the proliferation and terminal differentiation of neuroepithelial stem cells.