二元复合驱体系中钠型蒙脱土的表面电性质

利用电势分析仪分析了石油磺酸盐及部分水解聚丙烯酰胺(HPAM)对钠型蒙脱土ζ电势的影响,采用X射线衍射(XRD)测定了钠型蒙脱土于石油磺酸盐、HPAM溶液中结构的变化。结果表明,石油磺酸盐、HPAM均能使钠型蒙脱土的ζ电势变得更负,而且使钠型蒙脱土的XRD峰发生明显的变化,说明HPAM和石油磺酸盐不仅可以吸附到蒙脱土的表面,而且可以吸附到蒙脱土的层间结构中。     

影响油田采出水界面电性质的因素

通过室内试验的方法考察了离子强度、聚合物、石油磺酸盐、粘土及其复合体系等因素对胜利油田孤东4#>原油油水界面电性质的影响.结果表明,聚合物及石油磺酸盐在一定浓度范围内均能使模拟油珠表面ζ电势升高,浓度较高时,油滴表面ζ电势基本不再随浓度增加而发生明显改变.粘土和油滴间形成的OMA结构ζ电势高于蒙脱土及油滴单一体系粒子的ζ电势.在含聚合物体系中,OMA结构ζ电势高于相应单一体系中粒子ζ电势,且OMA结构的ζ电势随聚合物和蒙脱土浓度的变化规律与相应单一体系相似.石油磺酸盐浓度较低时,OMA结构ζ电势高于相应单一体系粒子ζ电势;石油磺酸盐浓度较高时,OMA结构ζ电势与单一石油磺酸盐体系中油滴表面ζ电势逐渐接近.在三因素混合体系中,粒子ζ电势均高于单一体系中ζ电势值,各组分对另一组分在油水界面上的吸附都具有不同程度的影响,但在对油水界面电性质的影响方面,这些组分之间并不存在明显的协同效应.     

胶联蒙脱土对水中有机优先污染物的静态吸附研究

试验采用实验室合成的胶联蒙脱土作为吸附剂，对水中六种低浓度有机优先污染物（苯、甲苯、乙苯、二氯甲烷、氯仿和四氯化碳）进行了静态吸附实验。结果表明：胶联蒙脱土对六种有机物吸附平衡时间均小于２ｈ，吸附容量远远大于蒙脱土原土，对胶联蒙脱土进行的Ｘ衍射分析、吸水试验以及加热再生试验表明，聚铝阳离子进入蒙脱土层间，使蒙脱土（００１）层间距扩大到２１１ｎｍ，胶联蒙脱土对水的亲合力较原土大幅度降低；在１５０℃下     

蒙脱土对胜利原油油水界面性质及油水分离的影响

用室内实验的方法研究了蒙脱土对胜利原油油水界面性质及油水分离的影响.结果表明,当蒙脱土吸附了原油中的界面活性组分后容易聚集到油水界面上参与界面膜的形成,使界面膜强度显著增加,且膜强度有随蒙脱土浓度的增大而增大的趋势.蒙脱土对原油中界面活性组分的吸附使得蒙脱土可与原油模拟油的油滴间形成OMA结构,其zeta电位明显高于蒙脱土及油滴的zeta电位.蒙脱土的水化作用使得OMA结构中夹带了较多的水,这种夹带的水随OMA结构一起上浮到乳状液的上层浓相中,使得O/W型乳状液的稳定性增强,导致油水分离更加困难.     

蒙脱土对胜利原油油水界面性质及油水分离的影响

用室内实验的方法研究了蒙脱土对胜利原油油水界面性质及油水分离的影响。结果表明,当蒙脱土吸附了原油中的界面活性组分后容易聚集到油水界面上参与界面膜的形成,使界面膜强度显著增加,且膜强度有随蒙脱土浓度的增大而增大的趋势。蒙脱土对原油中界面活性组分的吸附使得蒙脱土可与原油模拟油的油滴间形成OMA结构,其zeta电位明显高于蒙脱土及油滴的zeta电位。蒙脱土的水化作用使得OMA结构中夹带了较多的水,这种夹带的水随OMA结构一起上浮到乳状液的上层浓相中,使得O/W型乳状液的稳定性增强,导致油水分离更加困难。     

十六烷基三甲基溴化铵直接处理钙基蒙脱土

采用离子交换法直接用十六烷基三甲基溴化铵处理钙基蒙脱土, 成功制备出理想的有机蒙脱土, 经红外光谱分析（FTIR）、 差热分析（DTA）和X射线晶体衍射(XRD)分析等测试手段表征. 研究了蒙脱土处理方式、 离子交换时间和次数对有机蒙脱土结构的影响. 结果表明, 有机蒙脱土的层间距由1.49　nm扩大到2.21　nm.     

聚酰亚胺/蒙脱土纳米复合材料的制备与表征

用十六烷基三甲基溴化铵对钠基蒙脱土处理得到了有机土蒙脱，以均苯四甲酸酐和4，4‘-二氨基二苯醚为原料，利用溶液聚合原位插层法合成了聚酰亚胺／蒙脱土纳米复合材料．x-射线衍射(XRD)、红外分析(FTIR)测定了处理前后蒙脱土结构的变化，结果表明插层剂已进入到蒙脱土层阃并使层间距增大，扫描电镜(SEM)对材料的微相结构进行了分析，TCA测试了材料的热性能．     

矿物-腐殖酸复合体对菲的吸附研究

摘要:选用高岭土、蒙脱土、针铁矿为代表性矿物，腐殖酸（HA）为代表性有机质，制备了矿物-HA复合体，通过FTIR、XRD、DSC等表征手段分析HA与矿物复合前后的形态结构的变化，并研究不同溶液化学条件下HA与矿物复合前后对菲吸附规律. 结果表明:与矿物复合后HA的玻璃态转变温度Tg由64.6℃变为32.6（高岭土-HA）、51.5（针铁矿-HA）、16.5、77.7℃（蒙脱土-HA），体现了HA的结构及致密程度发生了改变. 矿物-HA复合体对菲吸附的Koc值比未复合的HA减小50%左右，线性程度有所增强. 相对于Ca2+而言，Na+的存更有利于HA及其复合体对菲的吸附. 离子强度对菲在不同矿物-HA复合体上吸附的影响并不完全一致；较低的pH 4有利于菲在各种矿物-有机质复合体上的吸附，此时，蒙脱土-HA复合体对菲的吸附亲和力最大. 研究为阐明HOCs在土壤/沉积物中的迁移转化规律具有重要的意义.     

有机改性蒙脱土的制备及其吸附性能的研究

以十六烷基三甲基溴化铵（CTAB）和十二烷基苯磺酸钠（SDBS）为改性剂,利用恒温水浴法对蒙脱土（MMT）进行有机改性,以调节其比表面积和层间距;采用x-射线粉末衍射（XRD）对改性前后蒙脱土的物相组成和层间距进行了表征,并探讨了有机改性对蒙脱土吸附性能的影响。结果表明,SDBS—MMT改性效果不明显,而CTAB—MMT的吸附能力较MMT增强很多,甚至可以完全吸附10mg／L的染料,直至浓度达到30mg／L,都可以全部吸附,而MMT和SDBS—MMT吸附效果一般。实验过程中发现搅拌对染料的吸附有利,搅拌10min后静置4h的SDBS—MMT、CTAB—MMT、MMT的吸附量比直接静置6h的吸附量大。吸附时间的增加对染料的吸附效果有影响,搅拌时间达到20min时,CTAB—MMT可以将染料全部吸附,而SDBS—MMT和MMT就不能全部吸附。     

4-(6-胺基己氧基)-4''''-氰基联苯蒙脱土插层材料的制备与表征

为了制备液晶／蒙脱土纳米复合材料，以4-（6-胺基己氧基）-4’-氰基联苯（Ⅰ）作为插层剂对蒙脱土进行有机化处理．FT-IR、XRD、TGA和TEM测试表明，有机插层剂已进入蒙脱土的层间，层间距由1．24nm增加到2．47nm。且改变了层间微环境，有力地增强了液晶分子和蒙脱土的相容性．     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Jane Eyre——A Feminist In The 19th Century

In the 19th century the society was controlled by men, and women were just appendants of them, they had not any rights and freedom. But Jane was an exception, she showed some characteristics of early feminist. Jane showed her characteristics of feminism in three aspects: rebellion, equality, and independence. These characteristics were helpful to her success, and feminism is the only way out for women of that time.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-