A simple Fourier transform spectrometer for terahertz applications

A simple Fourier transform spectrometer was designed and constructed for the measurement of detectors,sources,passive devices and materials in the terahertz(THz) range.It can be operated at frequencies between 0.3 and 1.5 THz,using a 50-μm-thick Mylar-film beam splitter.The spectral range can be changed by altering the thickness of the beam splitter.The highest frequency resolution is 750 MHz.We studied the properties of heterodyne detectors including superconductor mixers and semiconductor harmonic mixers,direct detectors including an InSb semiconductor bolometer,superconducting tunnel junctions and the Golay cell,and sources including Gunn oscillators and a microwave source with its multipliers,as well as various materials and passive devices including Si wafers and metal mesh filters.     

砷化镓太赫兹光导天线的制备及性能研究

用半绝缘砷化镓(SI-GaAs)材料制备了太赫兹(THz)光导天线和天线阵列,其电极间隙分别为50μm、100μm、150μm。用THz时域光谱系统(THz-Time domain system)测试和比较了三种不同电极间隙天线的THz辐射性能,研究了电极间隙的大小对光导天线辐射THz性能影响。实验表明相同衬底材料、几何结构和制作工艺的天线,辐射出的THz电磁波的频谱基本相同,与电极间隙无关;光导天线THz电磁波远场辐射强度与外加偏置电场和天线的有效辐射面积成正比。光导天线阵列在相同的偏置电场以及相同激光光源的情况下比常规光导天线有更强的辐射THz波的能力。     

太赫兹场作用下一维超晶格的非线性响应

研究了太赫兹电场下一维超晶格的电子力学行为,通过驰豫近似求解了单微带内的密度矩阵动力学方程,由电偶极子行为方程计算得到了超晶格的太赫兹响应及其功率耗散,并考虑了碰撞在消除瞬时效应的重要性.超晶格的光学性质依赖于很强的动力学局域.     

Experimental observation of electron-hole recollisions

An intense laser field can remove an electron from an atom or molecule and pull the electron into a large-amplitude oscillation in which it repeatedly collides with the charged core it left behind. Such recollisions result in the emission of very energetic photons by means of high-order-harmonic generation, which has been observed in atomic and molecular gases as well as in a bulk crystal. An exciton is an atom-like excitation of a solid in which an electron that is excited from the valence band is bound by the Coulomb interaction to the hole it left behind. It has been predicted that recollisions between electrons and holes in excitons will result in a new phenomenon: high-order-sideband generation. In this process, excitons are created by a weak near-infrared laser of frequency f(NIR). An intense laser field at a much lower frequency, f(THz), then removes the electron from the exciton and causes it to recollide with the resulting hole. New emission is predicted to occur as sidebands of frequency f(NIR)?+?2nf(THz), where n is an integer that can be much greater than one. Here we report the observation of high-order-sideband generation in semiconductor quantum wells. Sidebands are observed up to eighteenth order (+18f(THz), or n = 9). The intensity of the high-order sidebands decays only weakly with increasing sideband order, confirming the non-perturbative nature of the effect. Sidebands are strongest for linearly polarized terahertz radiation and vanish when the terahertz radiation is circularly polarized. Beyond their fundamental scientific significance, our results suggest a new mechanism for the ultrafast modulation of light, which has potential applications in terabit-rate optical communications.     

Active terahertz metamaterial devices

The development of artificially structured electromagnetic materials, termed metamaterials, has led to the realization of phenomena that cannot be obtained with natural materials. This is especially important for the technologically relevant terahertz (1 THz = 10(12) Hz) frequency regime; many materials inherently do not respond to THz radiation, and the tools that are necessary to construct devices operating within this range-sources, lenses, switches, modulators and detectors-largely do not exist. Considerable efforts are underway to fill this 'THz gap' in view of the useful potential applications of THz radiation. Moderate progress has been made in THz generation and detection; THz quantum cascade lasers are a recent example. However, techniques to control and manipulate THz waves are lagging behind. Here we demonstrate an active metamaterial device capable of efficient real-time control and manipulation of THz radiation. The device consists of an array of gold electric resonator elements (the metamaterial) fabricated on a semiconductor substrate. The metamaterial array and substrate together effectively form a Schottky diode, which enables modulation of THz transmission by 50 per cent, an order of magnitude improvement over existing devices.     

飞秒激光中超热电子束的传输特性

为了探索超热电子束的传输特性,利用光学CCD相机在靶背法线方向测量了光学渡越辐射(OTR)积分成像图案.实验在100 TW掺钛蓝宝石激光器上进行,飞秒激光与固体靶作用后,靶表面发光信号由空间分辨装置聚焦成像并引到CCD狭缝上.在厚度为100μm的Ta靶背表面观测到渡越辐射(TR)光斑呈现较平滑的圆形结构,而且中心亮度高于周围,这显然包含了非相干与相干渡越辐射的成分,与理论模拟结果比较接近;在复合靶10μm Ta+20μm Cu+1μm Ta背表面观测到TR光斑虽然也呈现大致的圆形结构,但光斑极不均匀,中间有很明显的光斑分裂,大约有两个分离的光斑出现.所有这些现象反映了超热电子束的传输特性.     

多智能体系统对移动放射性辐射源的环绕跟踪

针对多智能体系统对移动放射性辐射源的环绕跟踪问题进行了研究,利用一种全新的方法,证出多智能体系统在有限时间内对移动放射性辐射源群组进行环绕跟踪。通过设计三个不同的分布式估算器分别对辐射源的几何中心、环绕半径以及极角进行估计,最后将得到的估计值为环绕智能体设计分布式控制协议,使得智能体在有限时间内能够将所有辐射源包围在环绕圈内,并实现均匀分布。最后,通过MATLAB仿真验证了控制方案的有效性。     

Generating 0.42 THz radiation from a second harmonic gyrotron

Gyrotrons are high powered coherent electromagnetic radiation sources, and are considered to be available powerful sources that have the potential to bridge the so-called terahertz gap. In the University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, a second harmonic gyrotron has been designed, manufactured, and tested. The gyrotron generated radiation at a 0.423 THz frequency in 5μs pulses with an 8.1 Tesla magnetic field, with a power per pulse of about 4.4 kW. To date this is the highest frequency recorded for vacuum electronic devices in China. The gyrotron design, operation and measurements are presented.     

太赫兹科学技术及其应用

近20年来,随着低尺度半导体技术、超快激光技术以及超快光电子技术的飞速发展,太赫兹科学技术表现出了极大的应用潜力.作为一种新型的相干光源,太赫兹辐射在物理化学、信息和生物学等基础研究领域,以及材料、国防、医学等技术领域具有重大的科学价值和广泛的应用前景.文章全面总结了目前太赫兹技术在基础研究领域和民用技术研究领域的应用,以及太赫兹技术在保密通信、反隐身雷达、化学和生物制剂的探测等领域的重要应用前景.     

梯度功能材料的优化设计及发展

梯度功能材料是 2 0世纪 80年代出现的一种新型功能材料 ,具有许多优良性能 ,因此 ,得到广泛应用。该文论述了梯度功能材料的优化设计与制备方法 ,其设计思想是通过 2种或 2种以上性质不同的材料 ,连续改变其组成、组织、结构与空隙等要素 ,使其内部界面消失 ,得到可应用于高温环境下新型功能材料。目前 ,该材料的发展已突破耐高温材料的领域 ,并向能源、化工、光学、电学及生物医学工程等领域发展与应用     

CO_2激光器泵浦CH_3OH产生THz激光的理论分析

以激光速率方程理论为基础出发点,搭建出三能级系统模型,从而对光泵的CH3OH分子产生THz激光机理和动力学过程做了理论分析。结合实验参量,使用CO2激光器输出的9P(36)支线泵浦CH3OH气体分子产生118.8μm的THz激光,并在工作气压为10 Pa,温度为常温(20℃)下,分析了三能级粒子数密度变化情况及输出功率波形特征,以及改变缓冲气压、腔内温度和输出镜反射率的情况下,对激光输出功率的影响。结果表明,理论计算结果能较好地反映光泵产生THz激光的过程。     

Radiation theory comparison for magnetoacoustic tomography with magnetic induction （MAT-MI）

Based on the principle of Lorentz force induced acoustic vibration, radiation theory comparison between acoustic point and dipole sources was conducted for magnetoacoustic tomography with magnetic induction （MAT-MI）. It is proved that each acoustic source of MAT- MI is produced by the divergence of the magnetically induced Lorentz force, and the detected acoustic pressure is the integral of all diffraction sources inside the object. Wave clusters are produced by abrupt pressure changes at conductivity boundaries, and only the configurations in terms of shape and size of phantom models can be recon- structed. However, different from point source, positive and negative pressures are generated by the radiation pat- tern of dipole sources. Reverse vibration phases of wave clusters in collected waveforms and opposite polarities of borderline stripes in reconstructed images are produced at conductivity boundaries, representing the direction of conductivity changes. The experimentally collected wave- forms and reconstructed images of the aluminum foil cylinder and cylindrical saline gel phantom model agree well with simulated results. The favorable results prove the validity of the radiation theory of acoustic dipole source and provide basis for further investigation of conductivity reconstruction for MAT-MI.     

温度对LiNbO3 晶体THz辐射产生效率的影响

利用超短激光脉冲泵浦电光晶体LiNbO₃产生脉冲THz辐射, 并用非线性光学差频原理解释了THz的产生机制. 改变泵浦激光能量, 实验结果表明, THz脉冲波形的最大振幅与泵浦激光能量为平方关系, 随泵浦能量的增大, 晶体温度逐渐升高, 增加了对所产生THz辐射的吸收, 并逐渐偏离平方关系. 通过降低晶体温度, 减小TO声子-极化子因非谐振衰减为两个声学声子而引起的THz吸收, 提高了THz的产生效率.      

桶内γ放射源的定量重建

考虑到实现放射性废物的分布位置和剂量的快速准确测定,对核设施的安全运行、放射性废物评估和处理有重要的意义.作者针对在实际放射源测量中只能获得较少γ相机投影数据的问题,研究使用基于压缩感知的稀疏重建技术实现桶内黑体放射源的三维分布定量重建.通过对桶内模拟放射源与真实放射源两组投影数据的重建,表明该算法能够在稀疏投影条件下精确重建出桶内放射源的三维位置、形状及相对强度等信息,实现桶内放射源的定量三维重建.      

Formation of zirconium metallic glass

Bulk metallic glasses are commonly produced by the rapid cooling of liquid alloys. They have emerged over the past decade as a novel class of materials, with attractive properties and technological promise. The bulk metallic glasses so far produced contain three or more component elements. These complex compositions are necessary to frustrate the crystallization of the liquid melt on cooling, but can also lead to phase separation, which is detrimental to the thermal and mechanical properties of metallic glasses. Here we report, using X-ray diffraction measurements, the formation of a bulk metallic glass from elemental zirconium at high static pressures and low temperatures (relative to its melting temperature at atmospheric pressure). Amorphous zirconium can be recovered at ambient conditions and demonstrates a superior thermal stability compared to amorphous alloys, which could lead to new high-temperature applications of amorphous metals.     

Metal wires for terahertz wave guiding

Sources and systems for far-infrared or terahertz (1 THz = 10(12) Hz) radiation have received extensive attention in recent years, with applications in sensing, imaging and spectroscopy. Terahertz radiation bridges the gap between the microwave and optical regimes, and offers significant scientific and technological potential in many fields. However, waveguiding in this intermediate spectral region still remains a challenge. Neither conventional metal waveguides for microwave radiation, nor dielectric fibres for visible and near-infrared radiation can be used to guide terahertz waves over a long distance, owing to the high loss from the finite conductivity of metals or the high absorption coefficient of dielectric materials in this spectral range. Furthermore, the extensive use of broadband pulses in the terahertz regime imposes an additional constraint of low dispersion, which is necessary for compatibility with spectroscopic applications. Here we show how a simple waveguide, namely a bare metal wire, can be used to transport terahertz pulses with virtually no dispersion, low attenuation, and with remarkable structural simplicity. As an example of this new waveguiding structure, we demonstrate an endoscope for terahertz pulses.     

Phase-resolved measurements of stimulated emission in a laser

Lasers are usually described by their output frequency and intensity. However, laser operation is an inherently nonlinear process. Knowledge about the dynamic behaviour of lasers is thus of great importance for detailed understanding of laser operation and for improvement in performance for applications. Of particular interest is the time domain within the coherence time of the optical transition. This time is determined by the oscillation period of the laser radiation and thus is very short. Rigorous quantum mechanical models predict interesting effects like quantum beats, lasing without inversion, and photon echo processes. As these models are based on quantum coherence and interference, knowledge of the phase within the optical cycle is of particular interest. Laser radiation has so far been measured using intensity detectors, which are sensitive to the square of the electric field. Therefore information about the sign and phase of the laser radiation is lost. Here we use an electro-optic detection scheme to measure the amplitude and phase of stimulated radiation, and correlate this radiation directly with an input probing pulse. We have applied this technique to semiconductor quantum cascade lasers, which are coherent sources operating at frequencies between the optical (>100 THz) and electronic (<0.5 THz) ranges. In addition to the phase information, we can also determine the spectral gain, the bias dependence of this gain, and obtain an insight into the evolution of the laser field.     

内燃机部件声辐射效率研究(二)——影响因素及应用

为了考察各种影响因素与声辐射效率的关系以及声辐射效率研究在噪声源识别中的应用效果，对网格划分数量、边界固定条件、部件安装状态、激励方式以及材料等声辐射效率影响因素进行了油底壳实验，并对柴油机主要部件振动测量结果进行计算分析．结果表明，离散计算法能够对受到各种因素影响的复杂问题进行研究，计算得到的声功率级比通过声音测量得到的声功率级高0．59dB（A），说明声辐射效率的研究结果用于识别噪声源的实践中是准确可靠的．     

同步辐射技术和透射电镜技术以及密度泛函理论相结合的综合表征方法及其应用

同步辐射技术和透射电镜技术是研究材料的重要表征手段,广泛应用于物理、化学、材料、环境与能源等学科的前沿研究领域.这两种技术方法,其物理原理是光子和电子与材料的相互作用,包括光子在材料中的散射与吸收,电子的衍射与能量损失等,从而演化出各种具体表征手段.从物理本质看,基于量子力学的密度泛函理论,其本征函数可以与同步辐射X射线的衍射和透射电镜电子的衍射得到的电荷密度相对应,而其本征值则可以与同步辐射X射线的吸收谱和光电子谱以及透射电镜电子的能量损失谱得到的能级或能带信息相对应.这些对应关系使得这两种技术手段和理论计算方法可以互相验证也可以互相补充,从而对材料的结构和电子信息的分析更为全面细致.本文综述了同步辐射技术和透射电镜技术的进展,通过典型材料表征进行举例说明,这两种技术结合密度泛函理论,能够深入分析功能材料的晶体结构信息以及各种物理化学性能.最后展望了这三种方法相结合的未来发展趋势.     

电子束和γ-ray对UHMWPE纤维的辐照效应对比研究

γ-ray和电子束是高能辐照源,高能射线不仅可以处理被加工物表面,同时可深入其内部,且工艺控制简单,可进行常温或者低温加工,具有节能、无环境污染等特点.分别采用γ-ray和电子束辐照超高相对分子质量聚乙烯(UHMWPE)纤维,采用电子自旋共振(ESR)、红外光谱(IR)、差示扫描量热法(DSC)、X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、凝胶含量和拉伸实验等表征手段对不同的辐照效应进行研究,旨在改善纤维表面惰性,探索合理使用两种辐射源辐照改性材料的适用范畴,为更好地利用辐照技术对UHMWPE纤维表面改性提供理论依据.