塔里木盆地煤显微组分显微傅里叶红外光谱特征及意义

应用显微红外光谱技术,对塔里木盆地侏罗纪煤中有代表性的3种组分角质体,镜质体、丝质体在不同热模拟温度下的结构组成变化特征进行了研究,结果表明：角质体结构组成中含有较丰富的长链脂族结构,而芳香结构和含氧官能团的含量则相对减少;与此相反,丝质体结构组成中芳香烃占绝对优势,而脂族结构含量则很少,镜质体结构组成介入体和丝质体之间,含有较多的短链脂族结构和芳香结构。据此推断,角质体具有高的生烃潜力,是一种倾油组分;镜质体生烃潜力中等,是一种倾气组分,但也可以生成一定数量的液态烃;丝质体生烃潜力很小,对煤成烃的贡献微不足道,另外,随热模拟温度的升高,3种组分中的脂族结构和含氧官能团都呈现明显的由强到弱的变化,而芳香结构比较稳定,在整个生烃热演化过程中则呈现芳环缩合度增加芳烃相对富集的趋势。由此说明,煤生烃过程主要是一种脂族结构和含氧基团不断脱落,芳香结构不断缩聚的过程。     

澳大利亚Eromanga盆地海相页岩成熟度评价方法探讨

采用镜下传统方法测得澳大利亚Eromanga盆地白垩系Toolebuc页岩的镜质体反射率偏低,未达到生烃门限,但现场油气显示情况表明,Toolebuc页岩已进入生烃门限,传统方法测得的镜质体反射率不能反映该区域Toolebuc页岩的真实成熟度。分析研究认为,Toolebuc页岩干酪根类型以Ⅰ、Ⅱ型为主,Ⅲ型很少,且显微组分中镜质体含量比较低,因此,传统方法测得的镜质体反射率不能反映该区域Toolebuc页岩的真实成熟度。采用激光拉曼光谱多种显微组分荧光变化分析法(FAMM)及盆地模拟的方法对该区域Toolebuc页岩成熟度进行了新的评价,评价结果显示,Toolebuc页岩成熟度能达到0.7%以上,已进入生烃门限,与实际情况比较吻合。     

塔东古城地区烃源岩地球化学特征分析

根据有机地球化学分析结果,讨论塔东古城地区烃源岩地球化学特征。却尔却克组泥岩有机质丰度低,大部分为非烃源岩,少量差烃源岩(TOC>0.4%)主要位于却尔却克组近底部的位置。根据全岩镜检分析及组分碳同位素分析,却尔却克组有机质类型主要为III型(贫氢)。根据"镜状体"反射率换算的等效镜质体反射率数据,有机质成熟度Ro=1.27-1.94%,已达到高成熟演化阶段。     

下古生界高过成熟烃源岩中的镜状体

对塔里木、鄂尔多期和华北东部寒武－奥陶系碳酸盐岩和泥页岩全岩和干酪根样品进行了有机岩石学分析，确认出其中普遍存在镜状体，根据对爱沙尼亚奥陶系库克油页岩不同温度下加水热解系列样品残渣的镜检分析比较，提出下古生界高过成熟烃源岩中镜状体主要来源于藻类体的热解残留物，它是下古生界高过成熟烃源岩的主要有机显微组分，镜状体反射率可作为良好有机成熟度指标。     

镜煤和丝炭的有机地球化学特征对比及其热解性能研究

本文研究结果表明阜新煤田主要煤层煤中丝炭主要是氧化成因，而镜煤则形成于相对还原环 境。成煤环境中的氧化还原条件对镜煤和丝炭各自有机地球化学特征和产烃潜力均有重要的影 响。镜煤和丝炭热解产烃潜力差别很大，但热解过程中产生的烃类的成分组成十分相似，都是以 气态烃为主，其中甲烷含量占８５％以上。因此，这一实验结果证明镜煤和丝炭主要是生气母质而 不是生油母质。     

吉木萨尔凹陷二叠系芦草沟组烃源岩有机岩石学特征及其赋存状态

综合运用岩心观察、薄片鉴定、地球化学参数分析等方法,对准噶尔盆地吉木萨尔凹陷吉32井二叠系芦草沟组烃源岩开展了有机岩石学精细研究。结果表明:综合反射光、透射光特征,烃源岩有机质赋存形式划分为有形态有机质、无形态有机质和次生有机质,有机显微组分划分为5组12组分,以腐泥组无结构藻类体和沥青质体为主,次生组含量普遍较高,镜质组和惰质组含量较低,壳质组含量极少;依据有机质组分荧光性、含量、形态等特征,有机显微组分在岩石矿物中具有5种赋存状态,有机显微组分类型及含量具有显著的非均质性,与所赋存的岩石岩性组分、结构、构造具有明显的对应关系;腐泥组无结构藻类体和无定形体等富氢有机组分与有机碳含量和生烃潜力呈正相关关系,为该区主要的生烃有机组分。     

低勘探程度地区烃源岩综合评价——以塔里木盆地西南拗陷石炭系烃源岩为例

综合考虑烃源岩沉积时的内在属性和沉积之后的外在演化两个方面,筛选烃源岩厚度、总有机碳含量及镜质体反射率评价参数,并提出等效有机碳厚度概念,利用等效有机碳厚度和镜质体反射率参数的交会叠合,建立了低勘探程度地区烃源岩综合评价方法。运用此方法对塔里木盆地西南拗陷石炭系烃源岩进行综合评价,预测最有利烃源岩位于研究区的乌恰—喀什—阿克陶和莎车—泽普—叶城一带。该方法预测的有利烃源岩区域与目前的勘探现状吻合,显示了此评价方法在低勘探程度地区的可行性。     

四川盆地侏罗系陆相页岩成熟度与显微组分孔隙发育特征

为查明四川盆地复兴地区侏罗系页岩成熟度及有机质孔隙发育特征,通过镜质体反射率、拉曼光谱、岩石热解多手段联合确定成熟度,同时采用光学显微镜和聚焦离子束扫描电镜相结合的方法,初步分析了不同显微组分有机质孔隙发育特征。研究结果表明：复兴地区凉二段和东岳庙段页岩均处于高成熟热裂解生湿气阶段(1.2%o<2.0%);凉二段页岩因埋深较浅成熟度略低,整体在1.25%～1.5%;东岳庙段页岩成熟度相对较高,整体在1.6%～1.8%。有机显微组分以镜质体为主,其次为惰性组和固体沥青,干酪根类型以Ⅱ₂型和Ⅲ型为主。主要发育4种类型的有机质孔,即固体沥青孔隙、镜质体孔、惰质组孔和生物碎屑孔。有机质孔隙以固体沥青孔为主,镜质体和惰质组内部多均质致密,极少发育孔隙,部分细胞腔被固体沥青、黏土矿物或黄铁矿充填,形成少量孔隙;生物碎屑内部可见微孔,矿物边缘发育絮状有机质孔。有机显微组分类型及含量是控制复兴地区侏罗系页岩有机质孔隙发育的关键。     

乐亭凹陷泥质烃源岩初步评价

为开展中古生界地质综合评价,明确乐亭凹陷及周边地区中古生界勘探方向与勘探目标,根据乐亭凹陷以及周边的测井资料,经过对其泥岩岩样的地化分析,应用所测岩样中有机碳含量（TOC）、热解生烃潜量（S1＋S2）、氢指数（IH）、岩石热解烃最高峰温度（Tmax）、镜质体反射率（Ro）等指标,对乐亭凹陷新生界和中生界的两套泥质烃源岩从有机质丰度、有机质类型和有机质成熟度三个方面进行初步评价。结果表明,这两套烃源岩为一般-较好烃源岩,有机质类型以Ⅱ2型有机质为主,达到了成熟演化阶段。表明乐亭凹陷下的这两套烃源岩具有一定的生烃潜力。     

基于热模拟实验探讨湘鄂西地区黑色页岩孔隙结构演化

利用湘鄂西地区低成熟度龙马溪组富有机质页岩制备不同热演化梯度的热模拟样品,分别进行低温N_2吸附等实验定量表征其孔隙结构,分析在有机质生烃过程中,页岩孔隙结构的变化规律,并将模拟样品与自然样品的实验结果进行对比分析,研究有机质成熟度对页岩孔隙结构的影响。结果表明:区内以发育有机质内孔隙为主的黑色页岩的热演化过程分为3个阶段:①有机质内部孔隙遭受压实和破坏作用(2%Ro3%),能够进行热解生烃的有机质消耗殆尽,部分生烃产物未能从页岩孔隙中及时排出,造成部分孔隙被堵塞;②有机质内部孔隙广泛发育阶段(3%Ro4%),有机质热解生烃导致微孔和介孔孔隙数量增多,页岩孔隙结构的非均质性增强,分形维数不断增大;③有机质热解消耗殆尽阶段(Ro4%),页岩中有机质逐渐被热解消耗殆尽,内部生烃作用残余的较小孔隙孔径增大,孔隙结构趋于简单。在有机碳含量较高的页岩中,甲烷分子的吸附空间主要由有机质生烃作用形成的孔隙提供,随着热成熟度不断提高,有机质热解生烃导致其自身含量减少,从而不利于甲烷分子的吸附。     

Carbon isotope kinetics of gaseous hydrocarbons generated from different kinds of vitrinites

Kinetics study of gaseous hydrocarbons generated from vitrinites based on pyrolysis of gold tube closed system shows that the activation energies of methane generated from telocollinite are higher than that from desmocol-linite due to structure differences. But carbon isotope ratios of generated methane in pyrolysates of vitrinites at the same temperature points are similar. Carbon isotope ratio of methane may decrease in the early stage of gas generation and then increase in the later stage. But at higher temperature, δ13C1 decreases slightly or almost keeps stable with increasing temperature. Since it is known that carbon isotope distillation is controlled by time, temperature and carbon isotope ratio of bulk organic matter, the character of side chains connected to macromolecule of vitrinite and distribution of activation energies have no obvious effect on carbon isotope fraction. Decreasing trend of δ13C1 in the early stage may be caused by contagious structure of vitrinite or differences of activation energies between 12C-12C and 12C-13C are not strictly constant at different ranges of activation energy area.     

川中—川西南地区雷三段碳酸盐烃源岩生烃评价

评价川中—川西南地区中三叠统雷口坡组第三段暗色碳酸盐烃源岩的生烃能力,预测雷口坡组天然气新的勘探领域.在典型钻井岩心和岩屑样品的有机地球化学特征分析基础上,结合测井解释TOC技术,刻画出27口井的有效烃源岩厚度,并且应用有机质热模拟参数法对各井烃源岩的生气强度进行定量计算.研究表明:暗色碳酸盐烃源岩的残余有机碳质量分数...     

Discussion of gas enrichment mechanism and natural gas origin in marine sedimentary basin,China

There are abundant natural gas resources in Chinese marine sedimentary basin. The exploration hot shots of natural gas are the Palaeozoic marine strata here in recent years, and several large scale gas fields have been discovered. Chinese Palaeozoic high-post matured and coal measure hydrocarbon source rocks are mainly prone to gas generation in the present. This research considered that gas source rocks and TSR are the key cause of gas enrichment of marine strata. High-quality argillaceous and coal measure hydrocarbon rocks are distributed widely in the Palaeozoic marine strata, which have been in highly matured phase in the present. The argillaceous source rock generally contains various sulfates that could accelerate crude oil cracking to gas for TSR occurrence, and coal measure source rock mainly generates gas, so Chinese marine basin gives priority to accumulating gas. Marine strata have not founded oil reservoirs in the Sichuan Basin and Ordos Basin, and they consist mainly of dry gas. Marine natural gases are the mixed gases of oil cracking gas and coal-formed gas in a general way, oil cracking gases contain usually some H2S and CO2. Hydrocarbon carbon isotopes are very complicated, and methane and ethane isotopic values bear apparent reversal caused by thermal evolution and mixing among different genetic types of natural gas. Coal-formed gases are the main component of Chinese marine natural gas. The Upper Permian of the Sichuan Basin and the Carboniferous-Permian of the Ordos Basin coal measure hydrocarbon source rock present large hydrocarbon generation potential, which are the prospecting highlight of marine natural gas hereafter. Oil cracking gas exploration will be paid much attention to in the Tarim Basin because of the lack of coal measure hydrocarbon source rock.     

Discussion of gas enrichment mechanism and natural gas origin in marine sedimentary basin, China

There are abundant natural gas resources in Chinese marine sedimentary basin. The exploration hot shots of natural gas are the Palaeozoic marine strata here in recent years, and several large scale gas fields have been discovered. Chinese Palaeozoic high-post matured and coal measure hydrocarbon source rocks are mainly prone to gas generation in the present. This research considered that gas source rocks and TSR are the key cause of gas enrichment of marine strata. High-quality argillaceous and coal measure hydrocarbon rocks are distributed widely in the Palaeozoic marine strata, which have been in highly matured phase in the present. The argillaceous source rock generally contains various sulfates that could accelerate crude oil cracking to gas for TSR occurrence, and coal measure source rock mainly generates gas, so Chinese marine basin gives priority to accumulating gas. Marine strata have not founded oil reservoirs in the Sichuan Basin and Ordos Basin, and they consist mainly of dry gas. Marine natural gases are the mixed gases of oil cracking gas and coal-formed gas in a general way, oil cracking gases contain usually some H2S and CO2. Hydrocarbon carbon isotopes are very complicated, and methane and ethane isotopic values bear apparent reversal caused by thermal evolution and mixing among different genetic types of natural gas. Coal-formed gases are the main component of Chinese marine natural gas. The Upper Permian of the Sichuan Basin and the Carboniferous-Permian of the Ordos Basin coal measure hydrocarbon source rock present large hydrocarbon generation po- tential, which are the prospecting highlight of marine natural gas hereafter. Oil cracking gas exploration will be paid much attention to in the Tarim Basin because of the lack of coal measure hydrocarbon source rock.     

东濮凹陷三叠系致密砂岩储层裂缝与油气成藏

 根据露头、岩心、薄片观察、成像测井、声发射实验、包裹体测温、原油族组成、原油组分碳同位素分析等技术,在分析裂缝分布特征和成藏特征的基础上,探讨了东濮凹陷北部三叠系裂缝形成期次与油气成藏的匹配关系。研究认为,研究区以构造裂缝为主。裂缝及其溶蚀孔洞的孔隙度平均为2.25%,渗透率为40×10^-3 μm²左右,是主要的储集空间和渗流通道。三叠系致密砂岩储层裂缝主要分两期形成,分别为燕山运动期和喜马拉雅运动期。三叠系储层油源为古近系沙三段和沙四段烃源岩,其生烃高峰期主要为东营组沉积末期-馆陶组沉积时期（晚期裂缝形成时期）,而造成三叠系砂岩致密的压实、胶结等成岩作用主要在新生代以前完成。油气生成时期与喜马拉雅期有效裂缝的形成时间匹配良好,而与基质孔隙的发育匹配关系较差,从而造成研究区裂缝含油,砂岩的基质孔隙基本不含油。     

论冀中地区O、C—P凝析气藏的形成条件

据凝析油轻烃组成、甲烷及其同系物碳同位素组成、天然气与源岩吸附气指纹时比、双环倍半萜组合特征及地质结构的综合分析,查明O、C—P大多数提析气藏的油气主要来源于石炭—二叠系煤系腐植型有机质,混入了部分下第三系的油气。对石炭—二叠系成烃特点的分析表明,R。=0.6%～1.3%,以成气为主,生油为辅,原始油气比一般大于1OOCm3/t。成熟期的石炭—二叠系有机质的成烃特点和具备油气富集的良好地质条件是O、C—P凝析气藏形成的基本条件。     

川东小河坝砂岩天然气成藏地球化学研究

天然气成藏地球化学研究包括气源、生烃时期、烃源灶及圈闭形成时间等内容。从天然气组成、碳同位素分析入手,确定川东下志留统小河坝砂岩天然气气源为龙马溪组黑色页岩、深灰色泥岩;通过有机相分析、埋藏史分析、TTI计算,认为源岩生烃潜力大,晚三叠世至早侏罗世达到生烃高峰期,形成两个大面积的烃源灶,可提供充足的烃源;再利用构造演化史、流体包裹体均一温度确定关键时刻为晚三叠—早侏罗世。在天然气成藏地球化学分析的基础上,建立小河坝砂岩的天然气成藏体系。     

Thermal simulation of the formation and evolution of coalbed gas

Thermal simulation experiment of gas generation from the peat and the coals were performed using the high temperature and pressure apparatus, at temperature ranging from 336.8-600℃, a pressure of 50MPa and two heating rates of 20℃/h and 2℃/h, and the evolution and formation of coalbed gas components were studied. Results show that for the coals, the gaseous products are mainly composed of hydrocarbon gases. However, for the peat the content of hydrocarbon gases in gaseous products is lower than that of non-hydrocarbon components. In the generated hydrocarbon gases methane is predominant and heavy hydrocarbon gases (C2-5) are present in small amount. Meanwhile, carbon dioxide (CO2) predominates the generated non-hydrocarbon gases, and hydrogen (H2) and sul-furated hydrogen (H2S) are existent in trace amount. It is also observed that temperature is the main factor controlling the evolution of coalbed gas generation. With increasing vitrinite reflectance, methane rapidly increases, CO2 sightly increases, and C2-5 hydrocarbons first increase and then decrease. The peat and Shanxi formation coal have a higher generative potential of coalbed gases than coals and Taiyuan formation coal, respectively, reflecting the effect of the property of organic matter on the characteristics of coalbed gas component generation. In this study, it is found that low heating rate is favorable for the generation of methane, H2 and CO2, and the decomposition of C2-5 hydrocarbons. This shows that heating time plays an important controlling role in the generation and evolution of coalbed gases. The results obtained from the simulation experiment in the study of coalbed gases in natural system are also discussed.     

东濮凹陷户部寨气田天然气成藏地球化学特征

主要通过天然气组分、碳同位素、氩同位素、轻烃等地球化学数据,分析了东濮凹陷户部寨气田天然气来源、运聚相态,并结合烃源岩的埋藏演化史和断层活动期,综合判断了天然气充注成藏的时间,分析了成藏过程。研究表明,户部寨气田沙三下亚段—沙四段天然气主要为沙一期石炭—二叠系生成的煤成气,运移以游离相为主,混有很少量东营中期濮卫洼陷沙三下—沙四上亚段生成的油型气。     

排烃效率对于酪根累计产烃率影响的数学模拟

通过简化有机质成烃机理,利用有机演化过程中元素组成的变化,建立了不同排烃条件下干酪根成烃的数学模型,计算了不同演化程度时的干酪很累计产烃率和有机碳恢复系数。结合实验室模拟结果,分析讨论了排烃条件对有机演化进程的影响。该方法可为油气资源评价提供较为系统准确的参数。