CO2跨临界双级压缩循环性能研究及理论分析

为了探索CO2跨临界双级循环系统性能提高的方法,基于热力学循环分析方法,对CO2跨临界双级压缩循环建立了数学模型,并进行了理论分析．结果表明：在分析的几种循环中,2个气体冷却器双级循环最优高压最高,带中间冷却器和膨胀机双级循环最优高压最低;低压缩机效率对整个循环性能的影响要比高压缩机效率更为显著;带中间冷却器的循环存在最佳质量分配比;随蒸发温度增加,带中间冷却器的循环要比2个气体冷却器的循环最优中间压力变化要小;气体冷却器出口温度对循环性能的影响,要比蒸发温度的影响大;相同条件下,2个气体冷却器带膨胀机双级循环和带中间冷却器和膨胀机双级循环性能最优,2个气体冷却器双级循环性能最差,膨胀机循环性能要普遍优于节流阀循环性能．     

利用喷射提高跨临界二氧化碳系统的性能

建立了跨临界二氧化碳蒸气压缩／喷射制冷循环中喷射器的数学模型，讨论了系统稳定运行时的蒸发温度、气体冷却器内压力及其出口温度、过热度等因素对系统性能的影响．结果表明，当工作流流量同扩压段出口蒸气流量相等时系统能够稳定运行．同时，升高蒸发温度能提高系统性能，但蒸气压缩／喷射循环相对简单循环性能系数的提高程度变小；气体冷却器内压力存在最优值，但降低压力能够增大系统性能的改善程度；升高气体冷却器出口温度会降低系统性能，但蒸气压缩／喷射循环相对简单循环性能系数的提高程度将先增大，然后迅速减小．与上述因素相比，过热度的影响很小．     

CO2跨临界两级压缩及膨胀机循环的性能分析

为了提高CO2跨临界制冷系统的性能,建立了单级膨胀机循环与4种不带膨胀机的两级压缩循环的数学 模型,并进行了性能计算．结果显示,当膨胀机的效率达到60％时,在给定的气体冷却器出口温度以及蒸发温度范 围内(低于-10 ℃时除外),单级膨胀机循环的性能系数高于两级压缩循环的性能系数．当蒸发温度低于-10℃ 时,带中冷器的两级循环的性能占优势．另外,4种两级压缩循环的排气温度都低于单级膨胀机循环的排气温度．     

N_2O跨临界喷射/压缩制冷循环的理论研究

为了解决CO_2跨临界循环能效低、排气压力高的问题,将天然工质N_2O用于跨临界循环,建立了相应的理论模型,比较了N_2O和CO_2用于跨临界喷射/压缩制冷循环和简单跨临界循环的性能,并对N_2O用于跨临界循环中的热稳定性进行了分析.研究结果表明:N_2O系统的性能系数和排气压力均优于CO_2,性能系数较CO_2系统分别增加了13%和9%,而排气压力分别降低了16%和13%;CO_2系统采用喷射/压缩跨临界循环后性能系数比简单跨临界循环提高了15.2%,稍高于N_2O系统的11.6%,说明使用喷射器对于CO2系统性能提升更为有利.分析了高压侧排气压力、蒸发温度和气体冷却器出口温度对于CO_2和N_2O跨临界喷射/压缩制冷循环的影响.结果表明:工况变化时N_2O和CO_2系统性能的变化规律一致,且气体冷却器出口温度越低、蒸发温度越高时,N_2O系统的性能系数增加越明显;制冷系统中N_2O的热稳定性能很好,不会分解.     

CO2跨临界两级压缩制冷循环热力学分析

采用热力学方法对CO2跨临界两级制冷循环性能进行了分析，并与单级系统进行了对比。结果表明，采用两级压缩可提高CO2循环的COP，相同工作条件下，两级压缩与单级压缩系统相比，其COP可提高5％左右；一定的蒸发温度下，CO2循环的最佳冷却压力在9.0MPa左右；采用回热器在循环最佳冷却压力以下可大幅度提高系统性能，超过最佳冷却压力以后，对系统的改善很小；相同压缩终了压力下，两级压缩的排气温度可比单级压缩低18℃左右。     

CO2滑片膨胀机热力过程试验研究

为了提高制冷系统的效率，研制了滑片膨胀机，以替代跨临界CO2制冷循环中的节流阈．利用膨胀机气缸上2只相隔一定角度的压力传感器，获得了工作腔内压力随转角变化的完整曲线（p-θ图），并通过p-θ图分析了膨胀机的内部热力过程．结果表明：研制的滑片膨胀机能够实现连续、稳定的膨胀过程，但严重的内部泄漏使得膨胀过程中的压力下降非常迅速，并导致过度膨胀现象发生；[第一段]     

CO_2跨临界双级压缩带中间冷却器系统

对双级压缩系统中间冷却器从理论上分析了带中间冷却器的双级压缩循环的性能规律.在给定的蒸发温度和气体冷却器出口温度下,系统存在最优的压缩机排气压力使得性能最优;同时在每一个压缩机排气压力下,也存在最优的中间压力使得系统性能最优;对比选择超临界CO2和亚临界CO2在管外、管内的换热及压降关联式,设计和模拟中间冷却器.建立带中间冷却器的双级压缩系统,通过实验探索此种双级压缩系统的规律,验证了带中间冷却器双级压缩系统最优压缩机排气压力和最优中间压力的存在以及在提高CO2跨临界循环性能的作用.利用自行设计的中间冷却器,在实验工况下,系统制冷性能系数可达2.5,制热性能系数为3.5.     

CO2跨临界循环滚动活塞膨胀机的研究与开发--试验测试部分

为提高CO2跨临界循环的效率，降低系统的节流损失，用CO2膨胀机代替系统中的节流阀，并对其回收膨胀功进行了研究，设计和开发了两代CO2滚动活塞膨胀机样机，给出了两代CO2膨胀机的特点，同时进行了试验对比．试验测试结果表明滚动活塞形式的膨胀机在超临界和两相区运行是可行的．第二代膨胀机明显优于第一代膨胀机，可见采取的降低泄漏、减小摩擦等措施非常有效．膨胀机在CO2跨临界循环中运行，存在最佳转速，使膨胀机的输出功率达到最大。     

跨临界CO2蒸气压缩/喷射制冷循环理论分析

对跨临界CO2蒸气压缩/喷射制冷循环的理论研究,特别是对喷射器工作特性进行数值模拟,有助于改善实验系统的制冷性能。使用动量守恒和能量守恒方程建立了喷射器模型,同时考虑了系统稳态下喷射器出口干度和喷射系数的耦合关系。比较了不同的CO2冷却放热压力、蒸发温度、喷射器喷嘴效率和扩压效率等对理论循环性能的影响。理论分析表明:优化的喷射系数能显著改善制冷循环性能,蒸发温度和CO2冷却放热压力对系统性能的影响比较大,系统性能系数和喷射器喷射系数对喷射器的喷嘴效率和扩压效率的变化不敏感。     

R290/CO2蒸气压缩复叠式制冷系统实验

通过建立R290／CO2复叠式制冷系统实验台，对R290／CO2蒸气压缩复叠式制冷循环进行了实验研究，结果表明，CO2循环在较低温度下运行，黏性对CO2经过压缩机的性能影响较大，对流过管路的影响较小，CO2压缩机的压力比高于11290压缩机的压力比，但由于CO2压缩机由吸入的较低温度的工质冷却，CO2压缩机的排气温度低于11290压缩机的排气温度；CO2循环的能量损失较大，使得CO2循环的性能系数低于11290循环的性能系数．在CO2循环中可利用无吸排气阀的回转式压缩机，用膨胀机代替节流阀，以提高R290／CO2复叠式制冷循环的性能系数．     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Jane Eyre——A Feminist In The 19th Century

In the 19th century the society was controlled by men, and women were just appendants of them, they had not any rights and freedom. But Jane was an exception, she showed some characteristics of early feminist. Jane showed her characteristics of feminism in three aspects: rebellion, equality, and independence. These characteristics were helpful to her success, and feminism is the only way out for women of that time.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-