VIC模型与新安江模型径流模拟对比研究

分别选取VIC模型与新安江模型作为分布式和集总式水文模型的代表,以太湖上游山区西苕溪流域为例,以Nash-Suttcliffe效率系数为目标函数,用SCE-UA (shuffled complex evolution algorithm)自动优化算法进行参数自动率定,探究不同结构的模型在径流模拟中的差异性.模拟结果表明:VIC模型和新安江模型在该地区日降雨径流模拟中都表现出了较好的适用性,率定期模型效率系数分别为0.76和0.77,验证期分别为0.84和0.82;但是在月时间尺度上,VIC模型和新安江模型则表现出了较大的差异,率定期分别为0.78和0.87,验证期则分别为0.85和0.91;从月均方根误差和平均绝对误差来看,新安江模型也表现了更好的模拟性能.从丰水(25％)、平水(50％)和枯水(25％)三个流量等级探究VIC模型和新安江模型的模拟及预测效果,结果显示:VIC模型在丰水时模拟较好,新安江模型在平水和枯水时模拟较好,尤其是在低流量时,模拟能力远优于VIC模型.     

基于VIC模型的黑河上游流域径流模拟不确定性分析

研究采用VIC(variable infiltration capacity)模型对黑河上游流域地区的水循环过程进行模拟,并应用GLUE(generalized likelihood uncertainty estimation)不确定性分析方法定量探讨模型参数的敏感性和输出的不确定性.研究结果表明,VIC模型率定期和验证期的Nash效率系数分别为0.62和0.64,流量过程线拟合较好;所选需测定的VIC模型的7个参数中,最大基流量Dmax、下层土壤最大含水量的比例系数Ws以及第一层土壤含水层厚度d13个参数对模型敏感,其中参数d1最为敏感;除部分低流量区外,实测流量基本在置信度90%下模型预报的不确定性范围内.研究结果表明,VIC模型能够较好地模拟黑河上游流域的径流变化过程,具有较好的适应性.     

基于MODIS和SRM的拉萨河流域融雪径流模拟研究

积雪融水是高海拔地区重要的水资源补给,开展高海拔地区的融雪径流模拟研究具有重要的理论价值和现实意义.拉萨河流域是典型的高海拔地区,本文借助遥感和GIS技术,结合MODIS (moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer)遥感数据和DEM资料分析拉萨河流域不同高程的雪盖分布状况和雪盖衰退曲线.基于SRM(snowmelt runoff model)构建了拉萨河流域融雪径流模型,对流域2002-2003年融雪径流过程进行了模拟,确定性系数达0.80,模拟结果较好,基本反映了拉萨河流域融雪期的径流过程,初步探讨了缺资料地区融雪径流的模拟方法.     

太湖流域洪水过程水文-水力学耦合模拟

太湖流域洪水灾害日趋频繁、洪灾损失越来越大.针对太湖流域河网水系复杂等特点,本文将流域分为山区和平原区,分别构建分布式水文模型VIC和水力学模型ISIS.其中,上游山区划分为9个子流域,19个流量节点,构建了太湖流域山区分布式VIC水文模型,为平原区ISIS模型提供山区边界入流;平原区河网概化为795条河道和2 394个河道断面植入ISIS模型.选取1999年大洪水为典型,对所建水文-水力学耦合模型进行验证.结果表明:VIC模型在上游山区适用性较好,湖西和浙西山区总水量的模拟相对误差分别为9.73%和-11.18%,N-S效率系数达到0.81和0.72,ISIS模型模拟的6个站点汛期最高水位与实测值的绝对误差大多控制在±10cm以内,模拟的各站峰现时间也与实测值基本吻合,平均误差为2d,基本可以满足平原河网地区洪水模拟的精度要求.     

基于TRMM数据的拉萨河流域降水时空分布规律研究

以拉萨河流域为研究区,通过与流域内地面站点降水数据的对比研究,在月和年尺度上评估了热带降雨观测计划(TRMM)降水数据的精度,并研究了拉萨河流域降水时空分布规律.结果表明,在月尺度上,TRMM降水量与站点实测降水量相关系数R2为0.96,平均绝对偏差MAE为7.1mm,纳什效率系数NSE为0.93;在年尺度上,两者的相关系数R2为0.86,平均绝对偏差MAE为57.1mm.总体上说,卫星降水数据与地面降水数据在拉萨河流域具有良好的一致性,较高的精度和可信度.在降水空间分布上,拉萨河流域整体呈现由东南向西北递减的趋势;在降水时间分布上,大部分降水集中在6~9月,最大值在7、8月,两月总降水量为303.1mm,占全年降水的50.4%,11月至次年3月很少有降水发生,最小值在12月,为1.8mm,仅占全年降水的0.3%.     

蚁群算法在黑河上游VIC模型参数校正中的应用

参数优选是水文模型应用过程中的一项基础性工作.蚁群算法结合了分布式计算和正反馈机制,是一种较容易理解和实现的元启发式算法,已在求解复杂组合问题中展示出优异的性能.本文将蚁群算法应用于黑河上游VIC模型的参数优选中,通过与SCE-UA算法对比,探究蚁群算法在VIC模型中的适用性.经过蚁群算法优选的VIC模型在率定期(2003—2006年)和验证期(2007—2008年)的Nash效率系数分别为0.62和0.65,结果优于SCE-UA算法模拟结果.通过对蚁群算法在应用过程中的参数设定进行初步探究,结果表明:当蚂蚁数目为60,信息素蒸发系数为0.2时,蚁群算法在黑河上游水文模拟中易获得较好的率定结果.研究结果显示:蚁群算法是一种有效的VIC模型参数优选方法,适宜在其他水文模型参数优化进行推广.     

HBV模型在汤旺河流域的应用研究

通过对汤旺河流域构建HBV模型进行日径流模拟研究,来评估HBV模型在我国东北地区的适用性.在对参数进行敏感性分析的基础上进行模型参数率定和验证,并以流域出口晨明站为例,选择多种假定的情景,分析降水和气温的变化对于径流的影响.结果表明,HBV模型中响应模块(K_0、K_1、K_2、UZL)和汇流模块(MAXBAS)的几个参数最为敏感,土壤模块参数(BETA、LP)较敏感;模型在汤旺河流域模拟效果理想,4个站点控制流域的Nash-Sutcliffe效率系数Reff和确定性系数R2均达0.77以上,能较好地模拟洪水对降雨的响应过程,表明模型在东北地区具有较好的适用性,且降水的变化较气温对汤旺河流域的水文循环影响更大.     

密云水库流域非点源模型系统

以密云水库流域为研究背景,在对流域内各类污染源调查的基础上,集成应用流域数字高程模型(DEM)、土地利用、土壤、气象、水文与水质、农业管理措施等数据,建立了基于SW AT模型的密云水库流域非点源模型系统,并采用长系列实测数据对模型系统进行了参数率定和模型验证。结果表明,无论是潮河还是白河流域,径流和泥沙的模拟结果较好,决定系数(r2)和N ash模拟效率系数均达到了0.77以上;潮河流域入库总氮、总磷负荷的模拟结果要优于白河流域。研究表明,基于SW AT模型构建的非点源模型系统完全能应用于密云水库入库的非点源污染负荷模拟和预测。     

黄河上游西柳沟流域淤地坝系对径流影响的模拟分析

黄河上游西柳沟流域水土流失情况严重,流域内修建了不同规模的淤地坝,以改善研究区因水土流失而引起的水沙灾害问题.为探讨淤地坝对流域径流过程的影响,根据淤地坝运行机理,本文在SWAT模型的基础上开发了淤地坝水循环模块,构建了适用于西柳沟流域的分布式水文模型,并根据流域出口断面实测月流量数据对改进的模型进行参数率定及模型验证.分析表明,改进后的SWAT模型率定期与验证期的确定系数R~2均在0. 70以上,纳什效率系数E_(NS)均在0. 5以上,相对误差Re均小于20%,模型模拟效果较好.同时,综合考虑淤地坝地理位置、规模等特性,设置不同情景,利用改进的SWAT模型对不同淤地坝情景下西柳沟水文过程的响应进行了模拟分析.结果表明,西柳沟淤地坝系减水效果明显,随着淤地坝数量的增加,流域出口流量明显减少:与现状淤地坝情形(39座骨干坝)相比,无淤地坝情形下流域出口年均流量将会增加25%左右;未来新建79座骨干坝后的流域出口流量比现状情形减少约75%.本研究利用改进后的SWAT模型量化了淤地坝工程对径流的影响,为进一步研究淤地坝坝系影响下的水沙关系奠定基础.     

雅鲁藏布江拉萨河流域水文模型应用比较研究

雅鲁藏布江是我国水能资源最丰富的河流之一,拉萨河作为雅鲁藏布江支流中流域面积最大、最长的河流,更是西藏自治区水利开发的重点,但拉萨河流域水文模型应用研究甚少。本文介绍改进的TOPMODEL,并应用该模型和新安江模型对拉萨河流域进行水文模拟,结果表明：两模型都取得了较好的模拟效果,弥补了雅鲁藏布江拉萨河流域水文模型应用研究的不足,为开展缺资料地区的水文模型应用研究进行了一定的尝试。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the     

An affordable accurate evaluation of the binding conformations predicted by molecular docking studies in bio-system

Franck-Condon factors bridge the gap between theoretical modeling and experimental observations for molecular electronic spectroscopy and electron transfer.Under the displaced harmonic oscillator approximation,multidimensional Franck-Condon factors are decomposed into a product of many one-dimensional(1D)Franck-Condon(FC)factors,and each 1D-FC factor is associated with one Huang-Rhys factor that determines the leading contribution of     

Call for Papers

<正>"The Journal of Shanghai Normal University:Mathematics"is published by Shanghai Normal University as regular issues of The Journal of Shanghai Normal University each year from 2014 in English.The editors-in-chief of the issues are professors Yuhao Cong and Maoan Han.The Journal of Shanghai Normal University was started in 1958 with