莺歌海盆地现今地温场及热结构研究

为评价莺歌海盆地地热资源优劣和了解盆地深部构造热演化,本文在收集莺歌海盆地及其邻区现有热物性参数的基础上,通过新增的9口钻井13个热物性参数,利用一维稳态热传导公式,计算了莺歌海盆地1 000 m、2 000 m、3 000 m深度界面处地层温度;并沿着穿过盆地中央凹陷附近的地震测线采用分层阶段函数模型,计算了莺歌海盆地不同层位的热流分配关系(热结构)。计算时根据地震波的速度变化将地壳分为沉积盖层、上地壳上部、上地壳下部低速带与下地壳4层进行计算。结果表明：莺歌海盆地1 000 m、2 000 m、3 000 m深度界面的地层温度分布特征表现为沿着河内凹陷—临高凸起南西方向—泥底辟一带温度较高,盆地北西、南东区域附近温度较低,地层温度的整体分布特征与地壳减薄及断裂发育有明显关系;地壳热流对地表热流的贡献占比41%,地幔热流对地表热流的贡献占比为59%。因此,莺歌海盆地具有“冷壳热幔”的岩石圈热结构特征。     

鸟取MJMA 7.3级地震震源区地震层析成像研究

采用2000年日本鸟取MJMA7.3级地震的907个余震及其地方震的24 756个P波和22 547个S波到时,确定鸟取地震震源区的P波、S波和泊松比的三维结构.在震源区地震波速变化幅度达4%,泊松比变化幅度达9%.在11 km深度发现高波速和低泊松比异常,表明这一部位为刚性的粗糙断层面,形成断裂带的锁定结构,它的破裂产生鸟取地震的主震.低波速和高泊松比异常在震源区之下的地壳中出现,这与菲律宾板块俯冲带的脱水过程和岩浆活动有关,导致Daisen弧后火山的形成.流体运动和岩浆活动,对鸟取地震的成核和破裂过程有重大的影响.     

确定地震破裂带长度的新方法--以中卫1709年7½地震为例

目的利用地震地表破裂与震级、震源深度的关系,估算地震地表破裂带长度.方法在总结前人成果基础上,结合最新实地调研结果,建立了地震破裂长度与震级、震源深度的关系式和地表现代活动破裂标志,研究宁夏中卫1709年7 1/2级地震破裂带的规模.结果利用关系式确定的破裂带基本长度为103 km,根据地表地震破裂标志确定的中卫地震地表破裂带长度为110 km,估算结果与实际调研结果基本吻合;该地震地表破裂带不仅跨过了黄河,延伸到了大堆堆沟一带,而且还继续向西延伸到了小洪山一带.结论地震地表破裂长度不仅与震级有关,还与震源深度有关,所建立的关系式具有一定的实用性,可以利用地表破裂规模估算古地震强度.     

确定地震破裂带长度的新方法--以中卫1709年7 1/2地震为例

目的利用地震地表破裂与震级、震源深度的关系,估算地震地表破裂带长度。方法在总结前人成果基础上,结合最新实地调研结果,建立了地震破裂长度与震级、震源深度的关系式和地表现代活动破裂标志,研究宁夏中卫1709年712级地震破裂带的规模。结果利用关系式确定的破裂带基本长度为103km,根据地表地震破裂标志确定的中卫地震地表破裂带长度为110km,估算结果与实际调研结果基本吻合;该地震地表破裂带不仅跨过了黄河,延伸到了大堆堆沟一带,而且还继续向西延伸到了小洪山一带。结论地震地表破裂长度不仅与震级有关,还与震源深度有关,所建立的关系式具有一定的实用性,可以利用地表破裂规模估算古地震强度。     

四川汶川Ms8．0级地震同震干涉形变场定量分析

利用星载合成孔径雷达差分干涉测量技术（D-InSAR）和60景日本ALOS／PALSAR1．1级雷达数据,采用两通差分干涉处理模式,对2008年5月12日汶川Ms8．0级地震的同震干涉形变场进行了研究．通过对干涉处理中图象配准、噪声滤波和相位解缠等若干关键算法的优化使用,成功获取了震中周围较大区域的形变干涉纹图和数值化位移场分布图,并通过形变等值线和跨断层剖面线对形变场进行了定量分析,客观揭示了汶川地震地表形变场的全貌及其空间动态变化特征．结果显示,汶川地震造成的地表形变场影响范围很大,但形变主要集中在断层两侧附近区域,在上下盘各约100km以外的远场区形变量较小．按形变幅度和梯度的差异整个形变场可分为三个区域,一个是位于断裂带及其附近的非相干带所指示的强烈变形区,长度约250km,宽度在西南方向约35—15km,在东北方向约15—10km,西南宽东北窄,最大宽度位于汶川和映秀之间,这说明破裂由西南向东北扩展．这一区域是本次地震中形变最强烈,并形成地震地表破裂带的区域,该区域的形变InSAR已无法测出．另一个是位于非相干带南北两侧具有清晰可辨连续并向发震断层收敛的包络状干涉条纹所示的次级变形区,该区域在断层两侧的宽度各约70km,视线向位移为上盘沉降,沉降幅度约在-100cm以上,下盘抬升,抬升幅度约在120-130cm以下．上盘及断层附近干涉条纹相对密集,跨断层形变曲线粗糙锯齿,显示形变过程复杂,变形非均匀性突出．沿发震断层走向出现多处规模不等的局部隆起和沉降．远离发震断层的发散状宽缓条纹分布区域为远场弱变形区,形变量约为-20-30cin．这些形变特征反映了发震断层运动的分段差异性、上下盘之间的相对逆冲性及逆断层型地震上盘破坏的复杂性．初步分析认为汶川?     

确定地震破裂带长度的新方法——以中卫1709年15／2地震为例

目的利用地震地表破裂与震级、震源深度的关系，估算地震地表破裂带长度。方法在总结前人成果基础上，结合最新实地调研结果，建立了地震破裂长度与震级、震源深度的关系式和地表现代活动破裂标志，研究宁夏中卫1709年15/2级地震破裂带的规模。结果利用关系式确定的破裂带基本长度为103km，根据地表地震破裂标志确定的中卫地震地表破裂带长度为110km，估算结果与实际调研结果基本吻合；该地震地表破裂带不仅跨过了黄河，延伸到了大堆堆沟一带，而且还继续向西延伸到了小洪山一带。结论地震地表破裂长度不仅与震级有关，还与震源深度有关，所建立的关系式具有一定的实用性，可以利用地表破裂规模估算古地震强度。     

2023年2月6日土耳其M7.8级地震地表破裂带初步调查

2023年2月6日,土耳其发生两次M7.8级地震,在Hatay省形成地表破裂带。通过对Hatay省Karatas和Hassa地区地表破裂带的初步野外调查,发现断破裂带走向为N5°E至N20°E,延伸长度大于40 km,性质为左旋逆冲,最大同震位错的逆冲量为50～60cm,走滑量为2 m左右。此次地震始于Narl?断裂,并向东安纳托利亚断裂带南北双向传播,从而使得研究区断裂走滑位错自北向南有减小的趋势,并逐渐尖灭消失。     

2023年甘肃积石山Ms6.2级地震震害异常的启示

2023年12月18日,甘肃省临夏回族自治州积石山县发生Ms6.2(Mw5.9)级地震,震源深度10 km。此次地震造成大量的人员伤亡、房屋倒塌和地质灾害。为了对该次地震的震害有初步认识,基于已有文献资料、高精度遥感数据和野外调查数据,本文尝试对该次地震的灾害特征展开分析。结果表明：该次地震为逆冲型事件,发震断裂为拉脊山北缘断裂东段;震源浅叠加松散覆盖层产生了明显的地震波放大效应,使得极震区的地面运动峰值加速度(PGA)异常高,强震动使得房屋大量倒塌;而位于断裂上盘的积石山崩塌及滑坡地质灾害相对不发育,仅在黄土覆盖的官亭盆地产生了数百处小型滑坡和中川乡一处较大规模的地震液化滑坡泥流。     

方正断陷多期构造叠合构造解析及模式分析

为了理清方正断陷多期构造叠合引起的盆地变形,断陷内部构造样式多样及构造解析存在多解性的问题,通过对地震资料的重新梳理、区域构造特征及郯庐断裂演化的分析,结合伸展、走滑拉分、走滑挤压以及后期抬升剥蚀等多期构造叠加对方正断陷的影响,对构造解析提出了新的认识和方法,并建立了方正断陷伸展-走滑-挤压三维应力模式。研究认为断陷西部改造程度弱,继承了断陷初期白垩系盆地的伸展模式,断陷东部后期挤压推覆改造强度大,伸展模式已不适用,必须考虑逆冲推覆构造的影响,断陷中部发育的伊汉通断裂走滑特征明显,花状构造发育,以伊汉通断裂为界断陷东西两侧表现为不对称差异走滑断陷特征,伊汉通断裂两侧应用走滑模式解析,因此,对于多构造叠合断陷盆地不能单纯地用伸展模式来解析,更应考虑后期的改造模式,在此基础上形成了一套复杂断陷盆地构造解析方法。     

双差定位法在龙门山断裂带震源重定位中的应用

为研究龙门山断裂带附近地区的地震波衰减特征,通过双差定位法对龙门山断裂带653个地震重新进行了精确定位。结果表明:重新定位后震中经纬度和震源深度的精度均得到改善,没有了震源深度为0的地震,最小震源深度为0.8 km,10~20 km深度存在明显的发震层;重新定位后震源的测定误差在E-W方向平均为1.49 km,在N-S方向平均为1.41 km,在垂直方向平均为1.91 km。可见双差定位法的定位精度较高,研究成果可用于计算龙门山断裂带附近地区地震记录的震源距离和获取SH分量。     

The role of fluids in lower-crustal earthquakes near continental rifts

The occurrence of earthquakes in the lower crust near continental rifts has long been puzzling, as the lower crust is generally thought to be too hot for brittle failure to occur. Such anomalous events have usually been explained in terms of the lower crust being cooler than normal. But if the lower crust is indeed cold enough to produce earthquakes, then the uppermost mantle beneath it should also be cold enough, and yet uppermost mantle earthquakes are not observed. Numerous lower-crustal earthquakes occur near the southwestern termination of the Taupo Volcanic Zone (TVZ), an active continental rift in New Zealand. Here we present three-dimensional tomographic imaging of seismic velocities and seismic attenuation in this region using data from a dense seismograph deployment. We find that crustal earthquakes accurately relocated with our three-dimensional seismic velocity model form a continuous band along the rift, deepening from mostly less than 10 km in the central TVZ to depths of 30-40 km in the lower crust, 30 km southwest of the termination of the volcanic zone. These earthquakes often occur in swarms, suggesting fluid movement in critically loaded fault zones. Seismic velocities within the band are also consistent with the presence of fluids, and the deepening seismicity parallels the boundary between high seismic attenuation (interpreted as partial melt) within the central TVZ and low seismic attenuation in the crust to the southwest. This linking of upper and lower-crustal seismicity and crustal structure allows us to propose a common explanation for all the seismicity, involving the weakening of faults on the periphery of an otherwise dry, mafic crust by hot fluids, including those exsolved from underlying melt. Such fluids may generally be an important driver of lower-crustal seismicity near continental rifts.     

Fine three-dimensional P-wave velocity structure beneath the capital region and deep environment for the nucleation of strong earthquakes

A detailed 3-D P-wave velocity model of the crust and uppermost mantle under the capitol region is determined with a spatial resolution of 25 km in the horizontal direction and 4-17 km in depth. We used 48750 precise P-wave arrival time data from 2973 events of local crustal earthquakes, controlled seismic explosions and quarry blasts. These events were recorded by 123 seismic stations. The data are analyzed by using a 3-D seismic tomography method. Our tomographic model provides new information on the geological structure and complex seismotectonics of this region. Different patterns of velocity structures show up in the North China Basin, the Taihangshan and the Yanshan Mountainous areas. The velocity images of the upper crust reflect well the surface geological, topographic and lithological features. In the North China Basin, the depression and uplift areas are imaged as slow and fast velocity belts, respectively, which are oriented in NE-SW direction. The trend of velocity anomalies is the same as that of major structure and tectonics. Paleozoic strata and Pre-Cambrian basement rocks outcrop widely in the Taihangshan and Yanshan uplift areas, which exhibit strong and broad high-velocity anomalies in our tomographic images, while the Quaternary intermountain basins show up as small low-velocity anomalies. Most of large earthquakes, such as the 1976 Tangshan earthquake (M 7.8) and the 1679 Sanhe earthquake (M 8.0), generally occurred in high-velocity areas in the upper to middle crust. However, in the lower crust to the uppermost mantle under the source zones of the large earthquakes, low-velocity and high-conductivity anomalies exist, which are considered to be associated with fluids, just like the 1995 Kobe earthquake (M 7.2) and the 2001 Indian Bhuj earthquake (M 7.8). The fluids in the lower crust may cause the weakening of the seismogenic layer in the upper and middle crust and thus contribute to the initiation of the large crustal earthquakes.     

Lithospheric structure of the Rio Grande rift

A high-resolution, regional passive seismic experiment in the Rio Grande rift region of the southwestern United States has produced new images of upper-mantle velocity structure and crust-mantle topography. Synthesizing these results with geochemical and other geophysical evidence reveals highly symmetric lower-crustal and upper-mantle lithosphere extensional deformation, suggesting a pure-shear rifting mechanism for the Rio Grande rift. Extension in the lower crust is distributed over a region four times the width of the rift's surface expression. Here we propose that the laterally distributed, pure shear extension is a combined effect of low strain rate and a regionally elevated geotherm, possibly abetted by pre-existing lithospheric structures, at the time of rift initiation. Distributed extension in the lower crust and mantle has induced less concentrated vertical mantle upwelling and less vigorous small-scale convection than would have arisen from more localized deformation. This lack of highly focused mantle upwelling may explain a deficit of rift-related volcanics in the Rio Grande rift compared to other major rift systems such as the Kenya rift.     

Uppermost mantle structure of the North China Craton: Constraints from interstation Pn travel time difference tomography

The uppermost mantle is the key area for exchange of heat flux and material convection between the crust and lithospheric mantle. Spatial variations of lithospheric thinning and dynamic processes in the North China Craton could inevitably induce the velocity heterogeneity in the uppermost mantle. In this study, we used Pn arrivals from permanent seismic stations in North China and surrounding regions to construct a tomographic image of the North China Craton. The tomographic method with Pn travel time difference data were used to study the velocity variations in the uppermost mantle. Pn velocities in the uppermost mantle varied significantly in the Eastern, Central and Western blocks of the North China Craton. This suggests that the lithosphere beneath different blocks of the North China Craton have experienced distinct tectonic evolutions and dynamic processes since the Paleozoic. The current uppermost mantle has been imprinted by these tectonic and dynamic processes. Fast Pn velocities are prominent beneath the Bohai Bay Basin in the Eastern Block of the North China Craton, suggesting residuals of the Archean lithospheric mantle. Beneath the Tanlu Fault Zone and Bohai Sea, slow Pn velocities are present in the uppermost mantle, which can be attributed to significant lithospheric thinning and asthenospheric upwelling. The newly formed lithospheric mantle beneath Yanshan Mountain may be the dominant reason for the existence of slow Pn velocities in this region. Conversely, the ancient lower crust and lithospheric mantle already have been delaminated. In the Central Block, significant slow Pn velocities are present in Taihangshan Mountain, which also extends northward to the Yinchuan-Hetao Rift on the northern margin of the Ordos Block and Yinshan Orogen. This characteristic probably is a result of hot asthenospheric upwelling along the active tectonic boundary on the margin of the Western Block. The protracted thermal erosion and underplating of hot asthenospheric upwelling may induce lithospheric thinning and significant slow velocities in the uppermost mantle. Fast velocities beneath the Western Block suggest that the thick, cold and refractory Archean lithospheric keel of craton still is retained without apparent destruction.     

Deep crustal structure of Baiyun Sag,northern South China Sea revealed from deep seismic reflection profile

This paper discusses deep crustal architecture of the Baiyun Sag of the Pearl River Mouth Basin, northern South China Sea based on velocity analysis, time-depth conversion and seismic interpretation of the deep seismic reflection profile DSRP-2002. The profile was acquired and processed to 14 S TWT by the China National Offshore Oil Corp. (CNOOC) in 2002. It extends across the Baiyun Sag of the Pearl River Mouth Basin, from the northern continental shelf of the SCS to the deepwater province. As the first deep seismic reflection profile in the Pearl River Mouth Basin, this profile reveals seismic phases from basement down to upper most mantle. The Moho surface appears in the profile as an undulating layer of varying thickness of 1-3 km. It is not a single reflector interface, but a velocity gradient or interconversion layer. The crust thins stepwisely from the shelf to the continental slope and the abyssal plain (from north to south), and also thins under depocenters. The crustal thickness is only 7 km in the depocenter of the main Baiyun Sag, which corresponds to a Moho upwelling mirroring the basement topography. In the lower slope and the ocean-continental transition zone of the southernmost portion of the profile, three sub-parallel, NW-dipping strong reflectors found at depths around 10--21 km are interpreted as indications of a subducted Mesozoic oceanic crust. Crustal faults exist in the northern and southern boundaries of the Baiyun Sag. The intense and persistent subsidence of the Baiyun Sag might be related to the long-term activity of the crustal faults.     

Three-dimensional crustal velocity structure of P-wave in East China from wide-angle reflection and refraction surveys

The 3-D crustal structure of P-wave velocity in East China is studied based on the data obtained by wide-angle seismic reflection and refraction surveys.The results suggest that a deep Moho disconti-nuity exists in the western zone of the study region,being 35―48 thick.High-velocity structure zones exist in the upper crust shallower than 20 km beneath the Sulu and Dabie regions.The cause of high-velocity zones is attributable to high-pressure metamorphic(HPM) and ultra-high-pressure metamorphic(UHPM) terran...     

Origin of the Changbai intraplate volcanism in Northeast China： Evidence from seismic tomography

Seismic images of the mantle beneath the active Changbai intraplate volcano in Northeast China determined by teleseismic travel time tomography are presented. The data are measured at a new seismic network consisting of 19 portable stations and 3 permanent stations. The results show a columnar low-velocity (-3%) anomaly extending to 400 km depth under the Changbai volcano. High velocity anomalies are visible in the mantle transition zone, and deep earthquakes occur at depths of 500--600 km under the region,suggesting that the subducting Pacific slab is stagnant in the transition zone, as imaged clearly also by global tomography.These results suggest that the Changbai intraplate volcano is not a hotspot like Hawaii but a kind of back-arc volcano related to the upwelling of hot asthenospheric materials associated with the deep subduction and stagnancy of the Pacific slab under northeast Asia.     

Subcontinental-scale crustal velocity changes along the Pacific-North America plate boundary

Transient tectonic deformation has long been noted within approximately 100 km of plate boundary fault zones and within active volcanic regions, but it is unknown whether transient motions also occur at larger scales within plates. Relatively localized transients are known to occur as both seismic and episodic aseismic events, and are generally ascribed to motions of magma bodies, aseismic creep on faults, or elastic or viscoelastic effects associated with earthquakes. However, triggering phenomena and systematic patterns of seismic strain release at subcontinental (approximately 1,000 km) scale along diffuse plate boundaries have long suggested that energy transfer occurs at larger scale. Such transfer appears to occur by the interaction of stresses induced by surface wave propagation and magma or groundwater in the crust, or from large-scale stress diffusion within the oceanic mantle in the decades following clusters of great earthquakes. Here we report geodetic evidence for a coherent, subcontinental-scale change in tectonic velocity along a diffuse approximately 1,000-km-wide deformation zone. Our observations are derived from continuous GPS (Global Positioning System) data collected over the past decade across the Basin and Range province, which absorbs approximately 25 per cent of Pacific-North America relative plate motion. The observed changes in site velocity define a sharp boundary near the centre of the province oriented roughly parallel to the north-northwest relative plate motion vector. We show that sites to the west of this boundary slowed relative to sites east of it by approximately 1 mm yr(-1) starting in late 1999.     

Velocity structure of the crust and uppermost mantle in the boundary area of the Tianshan Mountains and the Tarim Basin

A portable 3-component broadband digital seismic array was deployed across the Tianshan orogenic belt (TOB) to investigate the lithospheric structure. Based on receiver function analysis of the teleseismic P-wave data, a 2-D S-wave velocity profile of the boundary area of the TOB and the Tarim Basin was obtained at the depths of 0--80 km.Our results reveal a vertical and lateral inhomogeneity in the crust and uppermost mantle. Four velocity interfaces divide the crystalline crust into the upper, middle and lower crust. A low velocity zone is widely observed in the upper-middle crust. The depth of Moho varies between 42 and 52 km. At the north end of the profile the Moho dips northward with a vertical offset of 4--6 km, which implies a subduction front of the Tarim Basin into the TOB. The Moho generally appears as a velocity transitional zone except beneath two stations in the northern Tarim Basin, where the Moho is characterized by a typical velocity discontinuity. The fine velocity structure and the deep contact deformation of the crust and upper most mantle delineate the north-south lithospheric shortening and thickening in the boundary area of the TOB and the Tarim Basin, which would be helpful to constructing the geodynamical model of the intracontinental mountain-basin-coupling system.     

苏丹国穆格莱德盆地构造特征及演化

用盆地分析的方法确定了穆格莱德盆地的原型为伸展断陷盆地.由于改造状况不同,出现3种类型:第一类是未受改造的伸展断陷盆地,第二类是挤压反转的伸展断陷盆地,第三类是走滑改造的伸展断陷盆地.盆地内半地堑、半地垒不对称地交替变化是通过调节带调节其变形或位移,该盆地调节带有6种类型,其构造样式为地垒状凸起、鼻状构造和走向斜坡,具有纵向、横向和斜向3种走向.盆地构造演化有3期:(1)早白垩世早期,随着非洲-南美泛大陆裂开,产生了第一期伸展断陷盆地;(2)早白垩世晚期到晚白垩世,随着原始大西洋的扩张,形成了第二期伸展断陷盆地;(3)新生代,随着区域沉降,演化为伸展坳陷盆地.油气储量主要分布在第二期伸展断陷盆地,油气具有跨时代聚集、高产富集的特点.