Electrochemical investigation on the hydrogen permeation behavior of 7075-T6 Al alloy and its influence on stress corrosion cracking

The hydrogen permeation behavior and stress corrosion cracking (SCC) susceptibility of precharged 7075-T6 Al alloy were investigated in this paper. Devanthan–Stachurski (D-S) cell tests were used to measure the apparent hydrogen diffusivity and hydrogen permeation current density of specimens immersed in 3.5wt% NaCl solution. Electrochemical experiment results show that the SCC susceptibility is low during anodic polarization. Both corrosion pits and hydrogen-induced cracking are evident in scanning electron microscope images after the specimens have been charging for 24 h.     

Temperature distribution study during the friction stir welding process of Al2024-T3 aluminum alloy

Heat flux characteristics are critical to good quality welding obtained in the important engineering alloy Al2024-T3 by the friction stir welding (FSW) process. In the present study, thermocouples in three different configurations were affixed on the welding samples to measure the temperatures: in the first configuration, four thermocouples were placed at equivalent positions along one side of the welding direction; the second configuration involved two equivalent thermocouple locations on either side of the welding path; while the third configuration had all the thermocouples on one side of the layout but with unequal gaps from the welding line. A three-dimensional, non-linear ANSYS computational model, based on an approach applied to Al2024-T3 for the first time, was used to simulate the welding temperature profiles obtained experimentally. The experimental thermal profiles on the whole were found to be in agreement with those calculated by the ANSYS model. The broad agreement between the two kinds of profiles validates the basis for derivation of the simulation model and provides an approach for the FSW simulation in Al2024-T3 and is potentially more useful than models derived previously.     

桥式起重机桥架疲劳裂纹扩展的数值分析

采用有限元方法,计算某桥式起重机桥架的最大主应力分布,通过应力状态判断桥架某处裂纹的主要断裂类型,并利用扩展有限元方法(XFEM),计算桥架在最大载荷和最小载荷两种状态下不同裂纹长度时裂纹的尖端应力强度因子(SIF),由此根据Paris疲劳裂纹扩展公式的基本理论,描述该处疲劳裂纹扩展的基本规律,建立裂纹长度与交变应力循环周期数的函数关系,对起重机桥架裂纹短期内快速扩展的原因给出量化分析。结果表明,低应力的循环作用是该处裂纹形成和快速扩展的原因。     

Anodic dissolution of a crack tip at AA2024-T351 in 3.5wt% NaCl solution

The anodic dissolution process of a crack tip at 2024-T351 aluminium alloy (AA2024-T351) was determined by means of scanning Kelvin probe (SKP). Wedge-open loading (WOL) specimens were immersed in a 3.5wt% NaCl solution. After various durations of immersion, the Volta potential distributions around the crack were measured by SKP and the surface morphologies were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). It is found that there is a nonuniform distribution of Volta potential around the crack. Before immersion, the Volta potential at crack tip is more negative than that in other regions. However, after immersion, a converse result occurs with the most positive Volta potential measured at the crack tip. SEM observations demonstrate that the noticeable positive shift of Volta potential results from the formation of corrosion products which deposit around the crack tip. Energy-dispersive spectrometry (EDS) analysis shows that the corrosion products are mainly Al oxide and Cu-rich particles. These observations implicate that the applied stress contributes to the preferential anodic dissolution of the crack tip and the redistribution of Cu.     

原位TiC颗粒细化喷射沉积7075铝合金组织的机理

采用原位反应喷射沉积法制备TiCP/7075(TiCP体积分数为2.91%)铝合金,观察其微观组织. 应用Image Tool软件及平均截线法统计平均晶粒尺寸,并与喷射沉积7075铝合金进行对比. 发现前者的晶粒尺寸比后者减小50%左右,表明原位TiC颗粒对喷射沉积7075铝合金组织具有显著的细化作用. 从形核的属性、速度以及过程的晶体学分析对其细化机理进行了解释.     

7075-T6铝合金单向超声振动车削表面质量及形貌特征

对7075-T6铝合金试件采用普通切削(CT)和振动切削(UVC)加工方法进行了加工实验,分析了2种切削加工方法在不同参数下对铝合金试件加工表面粗糙度的影响.试验研究结果表明:在相同的进给量和切削深度情况下,随着车削速度的变化,普通切削获得的加工表面粗糙度先减小后增大再减小,但随着转速的增大进入高速切削后,工件表面粗糙度值逐渐趋于稳定;随着进给量的增加超声振动硬车削与普通硬切削加工表面粗糙度都呈上升趋势,超声振动切削表面粗糙度较小;在切削速度、进给量相同的条件下,普通硬质切削7075铝合金加工表面粗糙度随着切削深度的增加而增加,而超声振动切削7075铝合金加工表面粗糙度随着切削深度的增加先减小后增加.通过对获得实验数据的分析以及对车削加工获得的加工表面显微形貌的观测,证实了超声振动加工在难加工材料加工中的优势.     

Isothermal grain growth of reactive spray formed 7075 alloys in semi-solid state

The grain growth behavior in reactive spray formed 7075+2.91vol%TiC Al alloy was studied and compared with that of spray formed 7075 Al alloy at semi-solid state. The effects of in-situ TiC particles on the microstructure of spray formed 7075 Al alloy were also investigated. The specimens were heat-treated isothermally at various temperatures between the solidus and liquidus of 7075 Al alloy for times in the range of 10-60 min, then quenched in water. The microstructure of reheated specimens was characterized using scanning electron microscopy and optical microscopy. The grain size was measured using a mean linear intercept method.Results show that the in-situ TiC particles can effectively retard grain growth and refine the grain at a limited size. The grain growth exponent in Arrhenius equation increases from 2 to 3, which indicates that the in-situ TiC particles have the significant pinning effect on grain coarsening in the semi-solid state.     

形变强化对疲劳裂纹萌生的组织效应

通过对３种具有不同冷轧变形量且滚压分层组织的残余应力为零的薄板试样进行疲劳试验,探讨了在残余应力效应与组织强化效应分离后,形变强化对疲劳裂纹萌生的作用．结果表明：提高材料屈服强度,降低应力水平,则形变强化对延缓裂纹萌生的效果显著．     

基于改进神经网络的疲劳裂纹扩展速率预测

裂纹的萌生与扩展是一个复杂的非线性动力学过程,裂纹扩展速率具有非线性动力学系统的混沌现象和自组织特征.将BP神经网络和L-M贝叶斯正则化算法相结合,可使BP神经网络在推广能力、收敛速度和逼近精度上能够获得很大的提高.文章利用16MnR钢CT试样实测数据进行网络训练,训练好的神经网络可以对该材料的疲劳裂纹扩展速率进行较为精确的预测.     

钢箱梁横隔板-U肋疲劳裂纹钢板加固参数分析

通过建立带疲劳裂纹的钢箱梁横隔板-U肋局部有限元模型,分析钢板加固机理。通过提取连接焊缝焊趾应力评价受损构件钢板加固效果。通过提取胶层应力分析钢板加固后的胶层破坏模式,提取裂纹尖端应力强度因子用于研究钢板加固效果。通过设置多种工况,研究加固件面积、形状、厚度等参数对于加固效果的影响。研究表明：钢板加固可显著改善横隔板-U肋焊缝应力水平。钢板可有效贴合疲劳裂纹,加固作用体现为代替受损截面参与构件协同受力。钢板加固面积对于加固效果影响较大,沿横隔板与U肋连接焊缝方向延长加固件,可提升加固效果。短裂纹加固时适当增加板厚。设置十字形加劲肋加固效果劣于等效增加板厚。     

Aging behavior and fatigue crack propagation of high Zn-containing Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloys with zinc variation

In the present work, the influence of two-step aging treatments on hardness, electrical conductivity and mechanical properties of two high Zn-containing Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloys with zinc content variation was investigated and the detailed T76 aging parameters were proposed. The microstructure of the precipitates were studied by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HREM) and then quantitatively investigated with the aid of an image analysis. The fatigue performances were researched by the fatigue crack propagation (FCP) rate test and fracture morphology was observed with scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results show that the matrix precipitate size distributions of both alloys had significant difference, so as to fatigue crack propagation rates and fracture appearance. The shear and bypass mechanisms of dislocation-precipitate interactions were employed to explain the difference. Among the shearable precipitates, the proportion of larger size precipitates for the higher zinc content alloy is bigger than that for the lower zinc content alloy. The coarse shearable precipitates hinder the propagation of the fatigue cracks, leading to inferior FCP rate. For both alloys, the shear mechanism possesses the dominant factor, finally causing a preponderance in the FCP resistance for the higher zinc content alloy than the lower one.     

7075-T6合金超声辅助搅拌摩擦焊接头搅拌区组织与力学性能

搅拌区的金属流动不充分容易导致轴肩影响区与搅拌针影响区之间的过渡区出现疏松缺陷并恶化接头的力学性能.在不同焊接参数条件下,对7075-T6铝合金分别进行常规搅拌摩擦焊接(FSW)和超声辅助搅拌摩擦焊接(UAFSW),研究了超声振动对接头搅拌区的金属流动行为、微观组织特征和力学性能的影响.结果表明:相同焊接参数下,UAFSW接头搅拌区的力学性能均优于FSW接头.焊接参数为1000r/min-110mm/min 的UAFSW接头搅拌区的抗拉强度和延伸率最高,分别达到515MPa和17.3%.在搅拌摩擦焊接过程中施加轴向超声振动可以显著降低搅拌区金属的屈服应力和流变应力,促进塑化金属沿板厚方向的流动.消除搅拌区中过渡区的疏松缺陷,并细化微观组织,是接头力学性能提高的主要原因.     

残余应力与拘束对GH4169合金疲劳及蠕变-疲劳裂纹扩展速率影响研究

为深入理解残余应力与拘束在疲劳载荷下的交互作用,以镍基高温合金GH4169为研究对象,选用紧凑拉伸(CT)试样,对不同拘束CT试样的上方施加不同大小的预加载荷从而在裂尖产生不同应力。将该应力作为残余应力,系统研究残余应力和拘束交互作用下GH4169合金的疲劳和蠕变–疲劳裂纹扩展速率。结果表明：随着裂尖残余压应力的增加,不同拘束下GH4169合金的疲劳和蠕变–疲劳裂纹扩展速率均降低。与低拘束试样相比,高拘束试样的疲劳和蠕变–疲劳裂纹扩展速率对残余应力的变化更加敏感,这主要与裂尖Mises应力和垂直于裂纹扩展方向的正应力有关。与疲劳裂纹扩展速率相比,蠕变-疲劳裂纹扩展速率对残余应力的变化更加敏感。     

Influence of chemical liquids on the fatigue crack growth of the AZ31 magnesium alloy

The fatigue crack growth behavior of an AZ31 magnesium alloy was investigated by comparing the effect of zirconate and phosphate chemical liquids. The morphology, components, and phase compositions of the chemical depositions at the fatigue crack tip were analyzed by employing scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and X-ray diffraction (XRD), respectively. For samples with and without the chemical liquids, their stress-intensity factor values at the fatigue crack tip were compared by using a stress-strain gauge. The results demonstrated that a zirconate film (Zr_xO_y·Zn_xO_y) and a phosphate film (Zn₃(PO₄)₂·4H₂O and MgZnP₂O₇) could be formed on the fatigue crack-surface at the fatigue crack tip. The stress distribution was changed because of the chemical depositions and the causticity of the chemical liquids. This could decrease the stress-intensity factor value and thus effectively cause fatigue crack closure, which reduces the fatigue crack growth rate. Moreover, it was found that the fatigue crack closure effect of zirconates was more positive than that of phosphates.     

残留压缩应力对倾斜裂纹变形的影响

对于具有中心孔的混合型条件下的裂纹,提出了用沿着裂纹的不连续变位量来直接计算裂纹的Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型应力扩大系数(KⅠ)mes和(KⅡ)mes的方法.在拉伸载荷的作用下,利用这种方法讨论了裂纹上下表面接触和裂纹周围存在的压缩残留应力对(KⅠ)mes和(KⅡ)mes产生的影响.其结果是,压缩残留应力的存在使(KⅠ)mes减小的同时,裂纹上下表面的相互接触使(KⅡ)mes下降.     

基于裂纹扩展的齿轮弯曲疲劳寿命仿真分析

从齿轮内部存在缺陷这一事实出发,研究不同载荷、不同缺陷位置对齿轮寿命的影响.根据齿轮无损探伤验收标准设定的初始缺陷,应用边界元分析软件FRANC3D(fracture analysis code in 3dimensions)计算了裂纹前沿不同位置处的应力强度因子,对齿轮在不同载荷条件下进行裂纹扩展的仿真,得到不同载荷条件下载荷循环次数与裂纹长度关系曲线及齿轮寿命与齿根应力幅值曲线.     

Effect of thermal aging on the fatigue crack growth behavior of cast duplex stainless steels

The effect of thermal aging on the fatigue crack growth (FCG) behavior of Z3CN20-09M cast duplex stainless steel with low ferrite content was investigated in this study. The crack surfaces and crack growth paths were analyzed to clarify the FCG mechanisms. The microstructure and micromechanical properties before and after thermal aging were also studied. Spinodal decomposition in the aged ferrite phase led to an increase in the hardness and a decrease in the plastic deformation capacity, whereas the hardness and plastic deformation capacity of the austenite phase were almost unchanged after thermal aging. The aged material exhibited a better FCG resistance than the unaged material in the near-threshold regime because of the increased roughness-induced crack closure associated with the tortuous crack path and rougher fracture surface; however, the tendency was reversed in the Paris regime because of the cleavage fracture in the aged ferrite phases.     

应力幅比对2A12-T4铝合金多轴疲劳裂纹萌生及扩展行为的影响

许多工程结构在服役过程中往往承受着复杂的多轴疲劳载荷,仅靠单轴载荷来简化复杂载荷状态的失效预测方法将不再适用。因此,准确预测复杂载荷下工程结构的多轴疲劳失效行为对提高结构安全性具有重要意义。疲劳裂纹萌生及扩展是疲劳失效行为最直观的反应,针对2A12-T4铝合金实心圆棒试件,在相同的等效von Mises应力幅值下,开展了不同应力幅比下的多轴疲劳试验。采用金相显微镜对试件表面裂纹萌生及扩展行为进行了观测,研究了不同应力幅比下试件表面裂纹形态及扩展路径,探讨了不同应力幅比下2A12-T4铝合金多轴疲劳失效行为。结果表明,对于2A12-T4铝合金,试件表面均存在多条裂纹,导致疲劳破坏的主裂纹只有1条;裂纹萌生方向接近于最大切应力幅值平面,裂纹扩展第Ⅰ阶段的长度与方向同时受到应力幅比的影响;主裂纹扩展路径主要沿着最大切应力幅值平面,最大切应力幅值是引起2A12-T4铝合金多轴疲劳失效的主要控制参量。     

压力容器低周疲劳裂纹扩展率的工程计算方法

针对工程上常见的破坏性极大的压力容器的疲劳问题 ,提出了一个适合于压力容器的弹塑性疲劳裂纹扩展率计算公式 .该公式采用弹塑性分离的形式 ,主要适用于Paris区和高速扩展区的一部分 .通过公式的验证 ,说明该公式的合理性 ,并给出了便于应用的工程计算方法 .     

固溶温度和稳定化工艺对GH864合金疲劳裂纹扩展特征的影响

研究了不同固溶温度和稳定化处理工艺后GH864合金的裂纹扩展情况.通过分析合金的微观组织,断口形貌以及lga--lgNi/Nf、da/dN--a及da/dN--N曲线特征,定量计算了裂纹萌生期、稳态扩展期及失稳瞬断期在整个疲劳断裂过程中所占比例,并进一步分析影响各自比例的微观组织因素.结果表明:随着固溶温度的升高,晶粒尺寸增加,合金的裂纹扩展速率降低,同时裂纹的萌生期的比例降低,而裂纹的扩展期比例则会增加;随稳定化时间的延长和温度的升高,晶界碳化物析出量增加,降低了合金的裂纹扩展速率,但是裂纹萌生期的比例在逐渐增加.