催化柴油中碱性氮化物的GC／MS分析

本文用GC/MS技术研究了临商催化柴油中的碱性氮化物,鉴定出苯胺类、喹啉类、吡啶类和吲哚类81种化合物.     

液化气中硫醇结构组成研究

用化学分离结合GC/DFPD、GCMS仪器分析方法对液化气中的硫醇结构组成进行了分析研究,建立了易于操作的液化气中硫醇分离流程及硫醇的定性定量分析方法.结果表明,液化气中主要含有结构比较简单的硫醇,以甲硫醇和乙硫醇为主,这与液化气的组成特点相符合.     

安庆催化裂解(DCC)汽油硫醇硫难以脱除的原因分析

采用无碱脱臭Ⅱ型工艺 ,在较低的操作空速下对安庆催化裂解 (DCC)汽油进行了脱臭试验。对安庆预碱洗DCC汽油的分析表明 ,其硫醇以C4 及C5硫醇为主 ,另外还有C6～C8硫醇及大于C8的大分子硫醇。对脱臭汽油先进行萃取浓缩 ,再用气相色谱对其进行检测 ,无硫醇硫存在。由此可知 ,安庆DCC汽油中存在干扰硫醇硫测定的物质 ,使分析值偏大 ,这是安庆DCC汽油硫醇硫含量不合格及硫醇硫看似难以脱除的根本原因     

安庆催化裂解（DCC）汽油硫醇硫难以脱除的原因分析

采有无套脱臭Ⅱ型工艺，在较低的操作空速下对安庆催化裂解（DCC）汽油进行了脱臭试验。对安庆预碱洗DCC汽油的分析表明，其硫醇以C4及C5硫醇为主，另外还有C6－C8硫醇及大于C8的大分子硫醇，对脱臭汽油先进萃取浓度，再用气相色谱对其进行检测，无硫酸硫存在，由此可知，安庆DCC汽油中存在干扰硫醇硫测定的物质，使分析值偏大，这是安庆DCC汽油硫醇硫含量不合格及硫醇硫看似难以脱除的根本原因。     

液化气中硫醇结构组成研究

用化学分离结合GC／DFPD、GC-MS仪器分析方法对液化气中的硫醇结构组成进行了分析研究，建立了易于操作的液化气中硫醇分离流程及硫醇的定性．定量分析方法。结果表明，液化气中主要含有结构比较简单的硫醇，以甲硫醇和乙硫醇为主，这与液化气的组成特点相符合。     

用H_2O_2-有机酸氧化脱除催化裂化柴油中的硫化物

用 30 %H2 O2 HCOOH对催化裂化柴油中的含硫化合物 (主要为苯并噻吩类 )进行了氧化 ,然后用溶剂萃取法脱除柴油中的硫化物的氧化产物。所用萃取剂包括N甲基吡咯烷酮、N ,N二甲基甲酰胺、二甲亚砜、乙腈、硝基甲烷 ,其中 ,N ,N二甲基甲酰胺和二甲亚砜效果最好 ,在剂油 (体积 )比为 1∶2、溶剂含水量为 5 %及萃取时间为 10min的条件下 ,柴油总硫含量从 0 .8%降至 0 .3% ,柴油收率为 70 %～ 80 %。对未处理柴油、氧化柴油及氧化萃取柴油进行了GC/FPD分析 ,发现催化裂化柴油中苯并噻吩的脱除率为 6 0 %。GC/MS分析表明 ,氧化产物主要为以 1,1二氧苯并噻吩类为主的砜类 ,共鉴定出了 2 3种砜类     

催化裂化液体产品中硫化物的形态分析

应用气相色谱–脉冲火焰光度检测器(GC–PFPD)对俄罗斯原油常压渣油进行催化裂化反应后,所得液相产物中的含硫化合物进行定性定量分析。结果表明:所含硫化物以噻吩类、苯并噻吩类、二苯并噻吩类为主。采用不同的平均校正因子对催化汽油和柴油馏分中的总硫及主要硫化物含量进行分析。考察了催化裂化反应中剂油比及温度对催化汽油和柴油中总硫及主要硫化物含量的影响。     

柴油深度加氢脱硫过程中硫化物转化规律的研究

采用气相色谱-脉冲火焰光度计检测器(GC-PFPD)对催化柴油中的硫化物及其形态分布进行了分析,发现催化柴油中硫化物的类型主要为苯并噻吩类(BTs)和二苯并噻吩类(DBTs).研究表明,苯并噻吩类硫化物比较容易被脱除,而当催化柴油中总硫含量在500×10-6时其主要硫化物形态为二苯并噻吩类;不同烷基取代的DBTs的加氢脱硫(HDS)转化率不同,其被加氢脱除由易到难顺序为C1DBT→C2DBT→C3DBT;而单个硫化物被加氢脱除由易到难顺序为DBT→4-MDBT→2,4,6-TMDBT→4,6-DMDBT.实验发现,加氢柴油中的硫化氢可以被氧化成元素硫,从而影响总硫分析结果.采用GC-PFPD可以有效地对最低硫含量在(5～20)×10-6的超低硫柴油中硫化物以及元素硫进行分析鉴定,为加氢催化剂和加氢工艺的筛选提供必要的依据.     

LDO催化大豆油制备生物柴油的研究

为解决生物柴油酯交换过程中的产物与催化剂分离问题,制备了镁铝复合氧化物(LDO),以镁铝复合氧化物为催化剂催化大豆油和甲醇酯交换反应制备生物柴油,通过正交试验考察反应温度、醇油物质的量比、催化剂用量、反应时间等因素对制备过程的影响,优化制备工艺.研究表明:镁铝复合氧化物可以用于以大豆油甲醇为原料酯交换反应制备生物柴油工...     

高芥酸含量菜籽油制备生物柴油及其性能研究

对高芥酸含量菜籽油制备的生物柴油及其性能进行了系统的研究。以气相色谱质谱联用 (GC MS)法分析了高芥酸菜籽油制备得到的生物柴油的主要成分为芥酸、油酸、亚油酸及二十碳烯酸甲酯。通过碱催化酯交换法,得到了较理想 的工艺合成条件为：醇油摩尔比5∶1, 反应温度60℃,催化剂用量（质量分数）1％,酯交换转化率923％。依据相关生物柴油标准,得到高芥酸 生物柴油主要性能指标为十六烷值51,燃烧值39673J／g,酸值035mg/g,黏度5594mm2／s,闪点131℃。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Jane Eyre——A Feminist In The 19th Century

In the 19th century the society was controlled by men, and women were just appendants of them, they had not any rights and freedom. But Jane was an exception, she showed some characteristics of early feminist. Jane showed her characteristics of feminism in three aspects: rebellion, equality, and independence. These characteristics were helpful to her success, and feminism is the only way out for women of that time.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the     

An affordable accurate evaluation of the binding conformations predicted by molecular docking studies in bio-system

Franck-Condon factors bridge the gap between theoretical modeling and experimental observations for molecular electronic spectroscopy and electron transfer.Under the displaced harmonic oscillator approximation,multidimensional Franck-Condon factors are decomposed into a product of many one-dimensional(1D)Franck-Condon(FC)factors,and each 1D-FC factor is associated with one Huang-Rhys factor that determines the leading contribution of