农杆菌介导法的植物遗传转化

农杆菌介导的基因转化是一种使外源DNA转移到目的植株的天然系统,通过植物表达载体上DNA的加工与转移将外源DNA转运到植物细胞中。因其具有易操作、低费用、高效率、插入片段确定性好和转基因拷贝数低等独特优点,已经成为转基因策略中的首选方法,在植物的遗传转化中得到广泛应用。     

共转化CBF4和bar基因蒙农杂种冰草植株的分子检测

在获得转CBF4和bar基因蒙农杂种冰草植株的基础上,应用PCR和Southern杂交技术检测外源基因在转基因蒙农杂种冰草植株中的整合及拷贝数.确定外源基因CBF4和bar基因已经整合到冰草基因组中,并且是以多拷贝的整合方式插入受体细胞的染色体上.说明外源基因对蒙农杂种冰草成功地进行了转化,可以作为后期转基因冰草植株研究及培育转基因冰草新品种的材料.     

植物转基因沉默的发生机理和应用

随着转基因技术在农业生产等领域的深入发展,转基因沉默现象已引起越来越多人的关注.基因沉默的机制是多方面的,包括转基因的拷贝数和构型、在植物上的整合位点、转基因的转录水平等.研究基因沉默的原因并寻找相应的方法来进行控制,对于植物基因工程的发展以及转基因沉默的应用有着重要的意义.     

一种新型叶绿体表达系统的构建

针对目前的叶绿体转基因技术存在载体构建步骤繁琐耗时的问题,建立了一种新型的不需自带启动子的叶绿体表达系统,选择模式植物烟草叶绿体中的假基因作为外源基因的插入位点.通过基因枪转化法获得4株独立的叶绿体转化植株.此新技术可实现叶绿体载体构建的时间、技术成本最小化,从而促进转基因叶绿体的应用.     

转基因植物中外源基因的有效表达及其安全性评价

综述了在转基因植物中实现外源基因高效表达的多种途径 ,其中包括启动了优化 ,转译序列的修饰 ,信号肽的使用 ,叶绿体的转化以及转基因沉默的控制 ,同时还介绍了外源基因在转基因后代中的遗传稳定性以及转基因植物的安全性问题     

转基因植物中外源基因的沉默

在转基因植物中外源基因不能正常表达,呈失活状态的现象称为基因沉默。造成基因沉默的因素主要有插入位置、重复序列和甲基化。基因沉默一般可以归为转录水平和转录后水平上。外源基因沉默阻碍了植物转基因技术在生产上广泛应用,根据对大量转基因植物的分析和研究,人们提出了造成基因沉默的可能机制,如ＲｄＲＰ－ｃＲＮＡ模型、ＲＮＡ阈值模型以及ＲｄＤＭ模型等。深入了解外源基因沉默的机制以提高基因表达效率,是顺利开展植物     

单子叶植物的FLP/frt位点特异性重组系统的构建

来自于啤酒酵母2?μm质粒的FLP/frt位点特异性重组系统可用于转基因植物（细胞）筛选完成后去除选择标记基因.水稻肌动蛋白actin基因启动子和玉米泛素ubiquitin基因启动子可有效驱动单子叶植物中外源基因的转录.为培育去除选择标记基因的抗盐耐旱单子叶转基因植物，构建了适合于单子叶植物的FLP/frt位点特异性重组系统. 该系统由含有FLP重组酶基因的植物表达载体pCAMBIA3300 Ubi FLP bar和含有frt位点的植物双抗（抗除草剂、抗盐耐旱）表达载体pCAMBIA1300 Ubi TsPPase frt als frtm以及pCAMBIA1300 Actin1 AtNHX1 frt als frtm组成.     

应用实时荧光定量PCR检测外源基因拷贝数的新方法

介绍一种采用实时荧光定量PCR法鉴定重组细胞株基因组中外源基因拷贝数的方法.首先根据研究对象建立标准品,以拟检测的外源基因设计特定的引物,得出标准曲线,然后在不同重组细胞株中对外源基因进行Real-Time PCR鉴定,根据结果与标准品比对得出实际的拷贝数.结果表明:以转染sPDGFRα基因的重组CHO-K1细胞为例,采用该方法,利用标准品制备的标准曲线具有较高的扩增效率和良好的线性关系,并且具有较大的线性范围(101-105拷贝);测得各重组细胞株外源基因拷贝数不同,3次独立实验表明结果一致.与传统杂交技术鉴定转基因拷贝数相比,该方法具有高效省时、更稳定、高通量和低成本等优点.     

苜蓿转基因研究进展

植物遗传转化是指利用分子生物学的手段将外源基因导入受体植物,使其获得新的性状.传统的育种方法进展缓慢,周期长,而且短期内性状表现不明显.转基因技术比传统的育种方法能快速有效地定向培育植物新品种,获得的新性状比较明显.因此,它已成为植物育种研究领域热点.目前常用的植物遗传转化法包括农杆菌介导,基因枪直接转化等方法,但农杆菌介导法由于外源基因整合的拷贝数少,重排程度低,转化效率高,是最常用的苜蓿遗传转化法.现在通过农杆菌介导法已获得了抗逆,抗除草剂和品质改良等新性状转基因苜蓿,为苜蓿遗传育种开辟了一条新的途径.     

Cre/Loxp系统在转基因拟南芥杂交后代中的删除效率分析

在位点特异性重组酶系统Cre/Loxp中,重组酶Cre可以识别两个同向Loxp位点,并删除Loxp位点之间的所有外源基因,最终只留下一个识别位点.基于这一原理,以拟南芥为材料,构建带有同向Loxp位点的植物双元表达载体pCA-Loxp以及携带Cre基因的植物载体pCXSN-nlsCre,利用花序浸染法将二者分别转化野生型拟南芥.经逐步筛选得到各自的单拷贝纯合植株,分别以转基因纯合pCXSN-nlsCre和pCA-Loxp为父本或母本进行杂交,收集杂交后代种子.经萌发后对幼苗进行GUS组织化学染色、DNA检测以及测序分析等,最终证实该系统能成功删除拟南芥杂交子代中的外源基因,其基因删除效率高达82.2%.     

通过遗传转化获得含多基因的水稻转基因纯合植株

利用基因枪法将含有4个不同基因的3个质粒共转化由粳稻品种鄂宜105号和鄂晚5号种子胚诱导的愈伤组织（5－10d龄）。从轰击的986块愈合组织中共再生出169株独立的转基因水稻植株（转化率为17％）。PCR／Southern blot分析显示70％以上的转基因植株含有所有4个基因。GUS组织化学分析、Western blot和或RT－PCR分析表明所有4个基因的共表达率为70％。未观察到任何质粒在整合中存在优势,转基因拷贝数也与基因表达量无关。遗传分析证实外源基因在后代植株中大多以孟德尔方式遗传。从其R1代为3：1孟德尔方式遗传的后代R2代植株中,鉴定含有3个或4个不同基因的转基因纯合植株系。PCR／Southern blot分析证实了这些转基因纯合植株系。这些系的植株具有相似的外源基因表达量。我们证实通过基因枪介导的共转化,结合常规育种方法筛选可以获得含多基因的转基因水稻纯合植株。这项技术为利用基因同时改良作用多个性状提供了一种途径。     

转基因植物标记基因的研究进展

随着商业化植物转基因品种的不断出现,人们对转基因植物的安全问题谈论得越来越多,其中争论的焦点之一即筛选标记基因的安全性。科学工作者尝试培育具安全选择标记基因或无选择标记的转基因植物,目的是提高转基因植物安全性,使之更易为广大消费者所接受。本文就这方面的研究进展作一综述。     

Digestive stability and acute toxicity studies of exogenous protein in transgenic rice expressing lysine-rich fusion proteins

Evaluating exogenous protein expressed in transgenic crops is one of the most effective methods of assessing the safety of transgenic plants. The objective of this study was to assess the food safety of genetically modified (GM) rice containing a lysine-rich fusion protein gene (transgenic GL gene rice) by in vitro digestion and acute toxicity testing of exogenous protein, according to the national standard of the People’s Republic of China. The exogenous protein was rapidly degraded in the simulated gastric and intestinal fluids. In the acute experiment, the exogenous protein was injected into Institute of Cancer Research (ICR) mice via the tail vein at a dose of 438 mg kg-1 body weight. No adverse effects on animal behavior or mortality were observed during the following 15-day period and there were no significant biological changes in body weight, serum biochemistry parameters, relative organ weights or histopathological examinations, compared with the control group. Therefore, exogenous protein in transgenic GL gene rice has a low potential allergenicity or toxicity risk.     

转基因马铃薯植株中外源基因PCR扩增和拷贝数测定

本文报道一种简便、快速、可靠，同时又适合大量转基因植株中外源基因测定的ＰＣＲ检测技术，同时改进了转基因植物中总ＤＮＡ提取方法，并且用窄缝转移杂交测定了转基因植株中外源基因拷贝数。     

Site-independent expression of the chicken beta A-globin gene in transgenic mice

The level of expression of exogenous genes carried by transgenic mice typically varies from mouse to mouse and can be quite low. This behaviour is attributed to the influence of the mouse chromatin near the site of transgene integration. This 'position effect' has been seen in transgenic mice carrying the human beta-globin gene. It was however, abolished when DNase I hypersensitive sites (normally found 65 to 44 kilobases (kb) upstream) were linked to the human beta-globin transgene. Thus, the upstream DNA (previously named a dominant control or locus activation region, now denoted a locus control region) conferred the ability to express human beta-globin at high levels dependent on copy number on every mouse carrying the construct. We report here an investigation of chicken beta A-globin gene expression in transgenic mice. A 4.5-kb fragment carrying the beta A-globin gene and its downstream enhancer, without any far upstream elements, is sufficient to ensure that every transgenic mouse expresses chicken globin messenger RNA at levels proportional to the transgene copy number. Thus the chicken DNA elements that allow position-independent expression can function in mice. In marked contrast to the human beta cluster, these elements are no farther than 2 kb from the gene. The location of the elements within the cluster demonstrates that position independence can be mediated by DNA that does not define a gene cluster boundary.     

Tissue-specific expression of rat myosin light-chain 2 gene in transgenic mice

One approach to determining how the differential expression of specific genes is regulated in higher organisms is to introduce cloned copies of the genes (or parts of the genes) into the genomes of individual organisms from the very beginning of their development. The way in which the exogenous genetic information behaves during the development of the experimental organisms can then provide a means of defining the DNA sequences that restrict the expression of the gene to specific cell types and times of development. So far, several different genes have been introduced into the genomes of mice, but in only a few cases have the exogenous genes retained the tissue specificity of expression of the equivalent endogenous genes. I report here that in two out of three 'transgenic' mice carrying copies of the rat gene for skeletal muscle myosin light chain 2, the exogenous gene is expressed specifically in skeletal muscle cells. The sequences contained in the cloned copy of the myosin light-chain 2 gene used in these experiments are thus sufficient to confer a tissue-specific pattern of expression.     

Inheritance and expression of multiple disease and insect resistance genes in transgenic rice

2—3 anti-fungal disease genes are coinserted with hygromycin phosphotransferase in the same vector. Two insecticidal genes and PPT acetyl transferase genes are placed in another one. The vectors are co-delivered to rice embryonic cellus tissue at a molar ratio of 1︰1 using the particle gun method. 55 independent regenerated lines have been obtained through screening for hygromycin resistance. Of these, 70% transgenic plants harbor 6—7 foreign genes. The genes on the same vectors are always co-delivered to rice plant. Northern blot analysis has indicated that the multiple foreign genes give stable expression. In the 6 transgenic plants carrying 6—7 foreign genes, multiple foreign genes tend to integrate in 1 or 2 genetic loci. Progeny segregation is consistent with Mendel’s 3︰1 segregation law. 8 homozygous R₁ transgenic plants harboring 2—3 anti-fungal and 2 insecticidal genes are selected from large number of transgenic progeny screening for hygromycin and Basta resistance.     

Functional characterization and mapping of two MADS box genes from peach (Prunus persica)

Previously an AGAMOUS gene homologue PpMADS4 and a FRUITFULL gene homologue PpMADS6 were isolated from peach (Prunus persica), and both genes were shown to express in the developing floral and fruits. To gain insight into their function, the two genes were constitutively expressed in Arabidopsis thaliana and their effects on plant growth and floral organ development were studied in this work. The transgenic plants all displayed early flowering and conversion of inflorescence to floral meristem. However, the two genes had different effects on the floral organ structures in A. thaliana. The transgenic plants overexpressing PpMADS4 displayed homeotic conversion of floral organs, and par- ticularly the perianth abscission was inhibited. The plants overexpressing PpMADS6 showed early flowering, produced higher number of carpels, petals, and stamens than nontransgenic plants, and pod shatter was prevented; significantly, the transgenic plants yielded more than one siliques from a single flower. A SSR molecular marker was developed for PpMADS4, and it was then assigned into the G5 linkage group of Prunus sp. Both PpMADS4 and PpMADS6 genes were located at the same region in the G5 linkage group. Our results showed the potential application of these two MADS box genes for crop and fruit tree improvement.     

Integration and inheritance stability of foreignBt toxin gene in the bivalent insect-resistant transgenic cotton plants

Genetic and expressional stability of Bt toxin gene is crucial for the breeding of insect-resistant transgenic cotton varieties and their commercialization. Genomic Southern blot analysis of R₃, R₄ and R₅ generations of bivalent transgenic insect-resistant cotton plants was done in order to determine the integration, the copy number and the inheritance stability of Bt toxin gene in the transgenic cotton plants. The results indicated that there was a 4.7 kb positive band in the Southern blot when the genomic DNA of the bivalent transgenic insect-resistant cotton plants and the positive control (the plasmid) were digested with HindⅢ respectively. This result proved that the Bt toxin gene had been integrated into the genome of the cotton in full length. There is only one XhoⅠ restriction site in the Bt toxin gene. Southern blot analysis indicated that many copies of Bt toxin gene had been integrated into the genome of the cotton when the genomic DNA of transgenic plants was digested with XhoⅠ. Among them, there were four copies (about 17.7, 8, 5.5 and 4.7 kb in size) existing in all the tested plants of ₃, R₄ and R₅ generations. The preliminary conclusion was that there were more than four copies of Bt toxin gene integrated into the genome of the cotton, among them, more than one copy can express and inherit steadily. This result provides a scientific basis for the breeding of the bivalent insect-resis- tant transgenic cotton plants and its commercialization.