Synthesis of CNT film on the surface of micro-pyramid array and its intense pulsed emission characteristics

We developed a new scheme to suppress the electric-field-screening effect in high growth density of a carbon nanotube(CNT) film during its intense pulsed emission.We synthesize the CNT film on a tridimensional surface(t-CNT film).The tridimensional surface includes wet etched silicon pyramids,and the Ni layer is electroless plated thereon.The intense pulsed emission characteristics of the t-CNT and planar-grown CNT(p-CNT) films were measured using a diode structure in single-pulse mode.The even turn-on field decreased from 5.5 V/μm for p-CNTs to 2.8 V/m for t-CNTs,and the peak emission current increased from 232 A for p-CNTs to 324 A for t-CNTs at a peak field intensity ～12.2 V/m.The peak current of the t-CNT film increased by ～39.7% over the p-CNT film.It is clear that the micro-pyramid array can effectively suppress the field screening effect to improve the electron-emission of CNT films.     

Electron field emission from nano-crystalline Si films deposited by inductively coupled plasma CVD at room temperature

ELECTRON FIELD EMISSION IS ONE OF THE INTERESTING PER- FORMANCES OF NANO-SCALE MATERIALS [1-3]. CARBON NANO- TUBES HAVE BEEN DEMONSTRATED TO BE THE MOST FASCINAT- ING MATERIAL OF ELECTRON FIELD EMISSION, BUT THEIR INSTA- BILITY OF EMISSION DUE TO THE AGING EFFECT LIMITS THEIR APPLICATION IN VACUUM ELECTRONICS [4]. SI TIPS HAVE MORE FAVORITE GEOMETRIC FEATURE AND MORE STABLE C…     

Laser induced photoemission electron and the generation of high Rydberg states of atoms and molecules

Laser induced photoemission electron was produced by directing 532 nm and/or 355 nm onto stainless steel plate on a time of flight mass spectrometer. Multiple charged ions and high Rydberg states of atoms or molecules were successfully generated by impacts of the photoemission electrons. The high Rydberg states ( n ～40-100) thus produced were separated from ions, produced by direct electron impact ionization, by a 3 V DC electric field and then ionized by a delayed pulsed HV electric field in a ZEKE-PFI manner. Relationship between generation/property of high Rydberg states of atoms/molecules and experimental conditions could be investigated. Relationship between the electron accelerating voltage and high Rydberg states of Ar was described.     

低电子亲和势的场助热电子发射阴极

具有金属 /绝缘层 /半导体 /金属结构的场助热电子发射阴极是大屏幕显示器中的主要候选部件。电子发射受到各层薄膜的厚度、材料组分和结晶状态等的严重影响。由Au/Ag双层薄膜构成的上电极使得电子亲和势降低0 .5 e V,发射电流提高了数倍。半导体材料 Zn1 - x Mgx O具有低的电子亲和势以及适合电子注入的带隙宽度 ,并且已经较为容易地用溅射方法制备。上电极和半导体层之间的晶格匹配可以降低电子在界面上的散射 ,对提高发射电流是很重要的 ,这已经在 Zn1 - x Mgx O/Au和 L i F/Au界面上实现。在绝缘层和半导体层之间引入界面态控制层可以大大降低驱动电压 ,对采用宽带隙半导体层的阴极尤其具有实用价值     

Evaluation of energy transfer and utilization efficiency of azo dye removal by different pulsed electrical discharge modes

The degradation of an azo dye, acid orange 7 （AO7）, caused by different high voltage pulsed electrical discharge modes （spark, streamer and corona discharge） induced by the various initial conductivities was investigated. A new type of pulsed high voltage source with thyratron switch and Blumlein pulse forming net （BPFN） was used. The typical discharge waveforms of voltage, current, power, pulse energy and the pictures of spark, streamer and corona discharge modes were presented. The results indicated that pulsed electrical discharges led to complete decolorization and substantial decrease of the chemical oxygen demand （COD） of the dye solution. The main intermediate products were monitored by GC-MS. The discharge modes changed from spark to streamer and to corona discharge, and the streamer length decreased with the liquid conductivity increasing. At a constant input power, the peak voltage, peak current, peak power and energy per pulse of the three discharge modes ranked in the following order： spark 〉 streamer 〉 corona. The effective energy transfer efficiency of AO7 removal was higher for spark discharge （57.2%） than for streamer discharge （40.4%） and corona discharge （27.6%）. Moreover, the energy utilization efficiency of AO7 removal for spark discharge was 1.035×10^9 mol/J, and for streamer and corona discharge they were 0.646×10^-8 and 0.589×10^-8 mol/J. Both the energy transfer efficiency and the energy utilization efficiency of spark discharge were the highest.     

Ultrafast isomerization dynamics of retinal in bacteriorhodopsin as revealed by femtosecond absorption spectroscopy

A femtosecond （fs） broad-band absorption apparatus was used to measure the early photoisomerlzation process of bacteriorhodopain＇s （BR） photocycle to reveal the character of the important Intermediate of J625 and to obtain a deeper understanding of the role of photoisomerizaUon in BR photocycle. Two time constants of 0.5 pa （95%） and 2.0 pa （5%） were brought out by global fitting on thirty curves In the nser-lnfrared reglon. We suggest that the first time constant results from the decay of I480 intermediate, and the longer component might be associated with BR isomer. The global analysis over 450, 540, 630, 710 and 870 nm traces identified two time constants, -0.5 and -3 pa. The slower component can be extracted from the processes of both J625→BR568 （540 nm） and J625→K590 （630 nm）, suggesting J-intermediate takes a partial cis configuration. The obvious negative feature in early delay time of 700- 760 nm reglona was attributed to the radiative transition （stimulated emission） from the Franck-Condon actlve conflguratlon along the isomerization potential surface of all-trans-retinal.     

Fabrication and field emission performance of arrays of vacuum microdiodes containing CuO nanowire emitters grown directly on glass without a catalyst

Arrays of vacuum microelectronic sources are fabricated on a glass substrate using cupric oxide (CuO) nanowire emitters. The arrays of electron sources possess a microdiode structure, which can effectively induce field emission and control the delivery of emitted electrons to the anode in a triode-type device operation. A technique for precisely growing CuO nanowires at the centre of microcavities in an array without using a catalyst and at temperatures as low as 400°C is presented. Such a simplified fabrication procedure results in improved field emission performance from the array compared with previous vacuum microelectronic devices. Typical prototype devices have turn-on gate voltages as low as 169 V to give emission current densities of 10 μA/cm2 at the anode. The ratio of anode current to cathode current reaches ~0.85, and the maximum change in emission current density per volt is 1 μA/cm2. Electron emission from the arrays is stable and reproducible under either pulsed or direct current fields. These characteristics indicate that microgate-controlled CuO nanowire emitters may find application in practical devices.     

Metallic phases of Dong Ujimqin mesosiderite: A field emission scanning electron microscope study

The microstructure of Fe-Ni metallic phases in Dong Ujimqin mesosiderite was studied using the field emission SEM. Taenite is characterized by a zoned structure, consisting of outer clear taenite and inner cloudy zone (CZ). CZ has a typical "island-honeycomb" microstructure. The average size of the island phase is about 358 nm, suggesting a cooling rate of ～ 0. 5℃/Ma at low temperature (<400℃ ). The Ni concentration profiles across kamacite and zoned taenite were also measured by electron probe microscope analysis (EPMA). Formation of the Fe-Ni metallic phases, microstructure in Dong Ujimqin mesosiderite was discussed based on the new low-temperature Fe-Ni phase diagram.     

Si雪崩冷阴极的电子发射特性

采用离子注入和快速退火法可制备Ｓｉ浅ｐ－ｎ结阵列，通过真空清洁处理和铯氧激活后制成阵列式Ｓｉ浅ｐ－ｎ结雪崩冷阴极，其最高电子发射效率为１６％。本文介绍阵列式Ｓｉ雪崩冷阴极的制各方法，给出了Ｓｉ冷阴极的雪崩电子发射特性，讨论了影响发射稳定性的主要因素。     

Study of the varve record from Erlongwan maar lake, NE China, over the last 13 ka BP

In a sediment sequence from Erlongwan maar lake that spans the last 13 ka BP, two main varve types can be recognized： biogenic varves （from the present to -11.2 ka BP, 0-632 cm） and clastic varves （from -11.2 to -12.7 ka BP, 632-700 cm）. Based on the dominant types of algae contained in the sediment, the biogenic varves can be classified into dinocyst-biogenic varves （0-63 cm） and mixed （dinocyst and diatom）-biogenic varves （214-632 cm）. In this paper, the formation process and components of the varve are described, the possible reason for the types of varve changing throughout the record is discussed and a high-resolution varve chronology is established spanning the last 13 ka BP. Although further varve counting and error assessment are needed, the results presented here represent a solid foundation for studying the palaeoclimate record of Erlongwan maar lake.     

Discovery of ∼4.0 Ga detrital zircons in the Changdu Block,North Qiangtang,Tibetan Plateau

Using in situ zircon dating by LA-ICP-MS and MC-ICP-MS, detrital zircon of 3981±9 Ma age was found in metamorphic rocks of the Ningduo Rock Group, Changdu Block of Northern Qiangtang. This is the oldest age record that has been found in the Qiangtang area. This finding also constitutes the third zircon locality in China with an age older than 3.9 Ga. Thus, the discovery provides new information for the study of Hadean crust. In addition, we found 3.51–3.13 Ga, ∼2440 Ma, ∼1532 Ma, ∼982 Ma and ∼618 Ma age peaks from 100 test spots. The younger ages of ∼982 Ma and ∼618 Ma correspond to the formation of the Rodinian super-continent and the Pan-African event, respectively. These findings suggest a close relationship between these zircons and the Gondwanan super-continent. The age of ∼618 Ma defines the lower limit on the deposit time of the protolith for the garnet-mica-quartz schist in the Ningduo Rock Group. Zircons with an age of ∼982 Ma generally display a negative ɛ_Hf(t) and a two-stage Hf model with concentrated ages around 1933–2553 Ma. This pattern indicates that the source area of the Ningduo Rock Group underwent a significant separation of depleted mantle into the crust during the Paleoproterozoic Era. However, zircons with ages of 2854–3505 Ma also show a negative ɛ_Hf(t) and a two-stage Hf model with a concentration of ages around 3784–4316 Ma. These results demonstrate that the source area of the Ningduo Rock Group contains a residual amount of ancient (Hadean) crustal materials. This paper provides new information on the relationship between the basement of the Qiangtang area and the Paleoproterozoic basements of the Gangdese and Himalayan regions, which constrains the northern boundary of Gondwana.     

金刚石薄膜场致发射的研究

给出了以硅片和钼片作基底,在不同掺杂状态下的几种金刚石薄膜的发射特性和两种金刚石 薄膜的扫描电子显微镜照片及喇曼光谱.测试结果表明,掺杂后的金刚石薄膜的发射电流密 度可增大一个数量级.     

双丝脉冲MAG焊的焊接稳定性

针对双丝焊中焊接稳定性差的问题,搭建了双丝脉冲熔化极活性气体保护电弧焊（MAG焊）焊接系统,利用LabVIEW信号采集系统和高速摄像系统采集焊接过程中焊接电流和电弧电压波形,并同步拍摄电弧形态和熔滴过渡过程．选取后丝一个周期内电流峰值为表征参量对其进行方差分析,研究前后丝沿焊接方向间距对焊接过程稳定性的影响;利用离散傅里叶变换的方法对电信号进行功率谱分析,研究后丝预设峰值电压对焊接过程稳定性的影响．结果表明：双丝间距对稳定性的影响主要是由于两电弧间电磁力的作用,间距控制在12mm以内或30mm以外时,焊接过程稳定性较好,在20mm左右易发生断弧;后丝电源峰值电压预设为32．5v时焊接过程稳定性较好,偏小易发生短路,偏大有断弧现象发生．     

Finding of ancient materials in Cathaysia and implication for the formation of Precambrian crust

U-Pb dating for fifty-six detrltsl zircons from a paragneiss in Nanxiong area, northern Guangdong Province, Indicates that the latest Neoproterozoic sediments in Cathaysia hinterland are composed of numerous Grenvillian and Necerchaean clasUc materials, as well as some Mesoproterozolc detritus. Minor Paleoarchaean （3.76 Ga） and Mesoarchaean （3.0-3.2 Ga） zircons, which are the oldest zircons In South China, also are firstly found in the sediments, suggesting that the Cathaysia Block may contsln very old materials. The Hf isotope compositions of thirty-seven zircons reveal that these clastlc materials have different origins. Minor zircons crystslllzed from magma generated from relatively juvenile crust, while the parental magma of most zircons was derived from ancient crust. Integration of U-Pb dating and Hf Isotope analysis of these zircons suggests that the generation of juvenile crust in the Cathaysia block mainly occurred at 2.5-2.6 Ga. Mesoarchaean （3.0-3.3 Ga）, late Paleoproterozolc （-1.8 Ga） and Paleoarchaean （-3.7 Ga） may also be important episodes of crustal growth. Grenvllllan magmatism is extremely Intense, but it mainly involved recycling of ancient crustal components with little formation of Juvenile crust. The marked presence of -2.1 Ga Hf model ages and the absence of the zircons with crystsllizatlon ages at -2.1 Ga suggest that the parental magma of many zircons was probably derived from the mixed source consisting of Neoarchaean and late Paleoproterozoic materlals.     

丝网印刷碳纳米管显示器驱动电路的研制

为解决采用丝网印刷技术制作的碳纳米管显示器件(CNT-FED)驱动电压高、亮度均匀性差的问题,设计并实现了电压控制的寻址与显示分离型的驱动电路.采用分离高压控制器件实现了行、列驱动电压波形,并利用反向高压控制暗像素点,不仅能满足丝网印刷CNT-FED 700~1 000 V的高压驱动要求,并且有效抑制了漏电流导致的串亮现象.在各行电路上设计了限流电阻,对场发射电流起到反馈作用,有效改善了亮度均匀性.该驱动电路成本低,且从电路角度提升了丝网印刷CNT-FED的亮度和发光均匀性.测试结果表明:由新电路驱动的CNT-FED可实现动画显示,峰值亮度可达到1 400 cd/m2.     

Field Emission Characterization of 1D-Nanostructural ZnO Grown at Low Temperature

Ondeu-ctdio rmse nhsaivoen aaltt rwaicdteed b aan gdr-egaatp d neaaln oosft uartctteunrtialon se bmeiccaounse-of their remarkable physical and chemical properties[1 ,2].Amongthose properties ,the highaspect ratio of these materi-als makes them genuine can…     

Dependence of the stability of organic light-emitting diodes on driving mode

We investigated the effects of pulsed current (PC) and direct current (DC) driving modes on the stability of organic light-emitting diodes with and without hole-injection layers (HILs).Two different HIL materials were used:copper phthalocyanine (CuPc) and 4,4’,4″-tris(3-methylphenylphenylamino)triphenylamine (m-MDTATA).It was found that the half-lives of devices using PC driving modes were different from those of comparable devices using DC driving modes.For the devices without HILs,with CuPc HILs and with MTDATA HILs,the half-lives of the devices were changed by factors of 1.91,1.41 and 0.86,respectively,when operated in PC rather than DC driving modes.Our analysis of the electrical characteristics of the corresponding hole-only devices showed that the number of holes injected into devices was greatly reduced by inserting an m-MTDATA layer compared with other designs.The results indicate that different ratios of injected electrons and holes can be obtained in these devices.Moreover,these ratios play a dominant role in the dependence of the stability of the device on the driving mode.     

Field emission characteristics of ZnO nanotetrapods and the effect of thermal annealing in hydrogen

Large-scale tetrapod-like ZnO nanostructures have been synthesized using a thermal chemical vapor deposition method on a silicon substrate. The high-purity nanotetrapods show sharp tips geometry with a wurtzite structure. The field emission properties of the uniform ZnO nanostructural material are investigated at different anode-cathode distances. The turn-on field for the ZnO nanotetrapods is found to be about 3.7 V/μm at a current density of 1 μA/cm^2. The field emission behavior obeys Fowler-Nordheim relationship. More importantly, the field emission properties are improved after annearing in hydrogen, and therefore high emission current and low turn-on field are obtained. These results indicate that tetrapod-like ZnO nanostructures are a promising candidate for cold cathode emitters.     

PZT阴极的XPS研究

通过对PZT 阴极进行XPS 微观分析及发射前后性能参数变化的对比,在极化反转致电子发射的理论基础上,从发射电子的能量出发,发射后介电常数的减小及XPS分析得出的表面介质层的增厚均增大了发射电子能量,合理解释了实验中观察到的多次发射后起始阈值降低的现象。在此基础上制做的非化学计量整比铁电阴极具有更低的发射起始阈值。     

Evidence for cold events in the early Holocene from the Guliya ice core, Tibetan Plateau, China

Evidence for the “8.2 ka cold event” has been provided mostly from the circum-North Atlantic area. However, whether this cold event occurred in other places is a key to understanding its cause. Here, we provide the evidence for the “8.2 ka cold event” from the Guliya ice core in the northwest Tibetan Plateau, and it was found that the peak cooling (~8.3—8.2 ka) in this ice core was about 7.8—10℃, which was larger than the cooling in the North Atlantic region. The primary causes for this episode were diminished solar activity and weakened thermohaline circulation. Moreover, another weak cold event, centered about 9.4 ka, was also recorded in the Guliya ice core record. These two cold events were concurrent with the ice-rafting episodes in the North Atlantic during the early Holocene, which implies that the millennial-scale climatic cyclicity might exist in the Tibetan Plateau as well as in the North Atlantic.