基于预应力效应的波形钢腹板曲线箱梁扭转应力分析

为深入研究预应力效应对波形钢腹板曲线箱梁翘曲应力的影响,将预应力等效荷载应用到波形钢腹板曲线箱梁的计算中。通过乌曼斯基第二翘曲理论,根据波形钢腹板曲线箱梁的力学特性,建立了考虑预应力效应的波形钢腹板曲线箱梁的扭转微分方程,并采用初参数法求得约束扭转应力。研究结果表明:在非对称布置预应力钢束的情况下,将考虑预应力效应与不考虑预应力效应所引起的约束扭转应力进行对比,得到由预应力效应所引起的约束扭转正应力的比例达到33%,由预应力效应所引起的约束扭转剪应力的比例达到14.28%,由此可见在非对称布筋的情况下预应力效应产生的扭转效应不能忽视。将本研究的计算结果与有限元计算结果进行比较,吻合较好,表明本研究计算方法精度较高,可进一步完善波形钢腹板曲线箱梁桥的计算理论。     

波形钢腹板箱梁的扭转应力分析

与普通混凝土腹板箱梁相比,波形钢腹板箱梁由于其结构的特殊性,截面抗扭刚度较小,由扭转产生的翘曲应力较大.为深入研究波形钢腹板箱梁扭转产生的翘曲应力,文中在箱梁理论的基础上,根据波形钢腹板箱梁的力学特性,将波形钢腹板作为正交异性板,采用乌氏第二理论,推导出波形钢腹板箱梁的扭转微分方程,并采用初参数法求得约束扭转正应力和约束扭转剪应力.将计算结果与已有的试验结果相比较,结果表明文中分析的精确度较高.     

单箱多室波形钢腹板组合箱梁约束扭转剪应力分析

波形钢腹板组合箱梁扭转刚度小、截面易发生翘曲变形.为合理计算单箱多室波形钢腹板组合箱梁约束扭转时的剪应力,对剪力流进行分解,根据剪力流的传递路径、微元体纵向平衡及翘曲位移连续性,引入能够反映各室箱壁剪力流传递规律的常数,考虑波形钢腹板的褶皱效应推演出截面几何特性和剪应力的实用计算公式.基于Reissner原理建立约束扭转控制微分方程,并用初参数法求得解析解.用该文解析法和ANSYS有限元法计算偏心荷载作用下简支箱梁的扭转剪应力,并引入反映扭转剪应力对总剪应力影响的剪应力增大系数和翘曲剪应力对扭转剪应力贡献的剪应力系数,详细分析了梁宽和箱室数量对剪应力的影响.研究结果表明：该文解析解与ANSYS有限元解吻合良好;梁宽增大和箱室数量增加均可降低扭转剪应力;约束扭转使得外腹板剪应力增大系数达到1.69,且腹板间的总剪应力表现出明显的分布不均匀性;翘曲剪应力对扭转剪应力的影响显著,设计时不可忽略;设计时应考虑混凝土顶底板扭转剪应力对主拉应力的影响,避免斜裂缝的产生.     

应用二维折迭联结单元的波形钢腹板PC梁分析

通过考虑波形钢腹板的折迭效应,提出应用二维折迭联结单元来近似模拟其三维折迭效应的计算方法,建立了简单的二维有限元模型.并应用该方法计算了两个不同比例尺寸的波形钢腹板预应力混凝土试验梁,通过对计算结果与试验结果的比较,证实了这种方法的可行性.应用提出的计算模型,对波形钢腹板PC梁的截面应力、波形钢腹板的受力性能、横向加劲对受力的影响等进行了分析.     

波形钢腹板PC组合箱梁的扭转振动特性

根据波形钢腹板PC组合箱梁的特性,运用Hamilton原理推导了波形钢腹板PC组合箱梁考虑剪切变形时的扭转振动频率计算公式.以5.2 m波形钢腹板试验梁为对象进行了模态试验,并利用有限元软件ANSYS建立波形钢腹板PC组合箱梁的模型进行模态分析.通过对试验梁模态试验的扭转振动频率的实测值、理论计算值以及有限元分析数据进行对比分析,证明了理论公式推导的正确性,论证了有限元模型的适用性,并通过分析得出剪切变形对波形钢腹板PC组合箱梁的扭转振动性能有较大影响.文中还利用参数分析的方法,分析波形钢腹板厚度以及波折角对该组合箱梁的扭转振动频率的影响,结果表明:随着钢腹板厚度的增加,波形钢腹板PC组合箱梁的扭转振动频率相应增大;随着钢腹板波折角的增大,波形钢腹板PC组合箱梁的扭转振动频率有所减小.     

波形钢腹板箱梁畸变应力分析

在箱梁理论的基础上,根据波形钢腹板箱梁的力学特性,对波形钢腹板箱梁由畸变引起的翘曲正应力进行了研究.考虑到波形钢腹板具有褶皱效应,把波形钢腹板看作正交异性板,利用波形钢腹板箱梁中各板元平面力系的平衡关系,推导出波形钢腹板箱梁的畸变控制微分方程.采用弹性地基梁法解出波形钢腹板箱梁的畸变角和畸变双力矩,最终得到纵向畸变正应...     

钢腹板-混凝土组合箱梁试验研究与有限元分析

进行波形钢腹板-混凝土组合箱梁和平钢腹板-混凝土组合箱梁的模型试验.提出模拟钢腹板-混凝土组合结构的有限元方法,并在大型通用程序ANSYS中实现.有限元计算结果得到了模型梁试验结果的验证,可用于钢腹板-混凝土组合结构的数值分析.试验与数值分析结果表明,两种组合箱梁的总体受力在弹性阶段和弹塑性阶段相似.相对于平钢腹板-混凝土组合箱梁,波形钢腹板-混凝土组合箱梁由于波形钢腹板的折迭效应,其抗变形能力和抗裂性能较相对较弱,但抗剪性能和抗屈曲能力较好.在破坏模式上,波形钢腹板-混凝土组合箱梁属于整体破坏,平钢腹板-混凝土组合箱梁属于平钢腹板局部屈曲破坏,其极限承载力小于波形钢腹板-混凝土组合箱梁.平钢腹板刚度小,在实际工程应用过程中应进行加劲,以防止局部屈曲破坏早于整体破坏的发生,同时也有利于避免施工过程的局部变形.     

波形钢腹板的设计方法

针对大跨径波形钢腹板PC组合箱梁结构中的波形钢腹板的失稳破坏形式,分别对波形钢腹板的剪应力、局部屈曲强度、整体屈曲强度以及合成屈曲强度进行了计算,绘制出了波形钢腹板局部剪切屈曲界限图和整体剪切屈曲界限图,给出了波形钢腹板的一般设计方法和步骤,并将世界上已建的部分波形钢腹板PC组合箱梁桥的波形钢板的设计资料进行了归纳整理.验证结果表明,剪切屈曲界限图可用于波形钢腹板的参数设计,山东鄄城黄河大桥控制参数均位于适用范围内,为波形钢腹板的设计提供了依据.     

波形钢腹板混凝土组合梁挠度计算的初参数法

为准确计算波形钢腹板混凝土组合梁的挠度,推导了考虑剪切变形影响的波形钢腹板混凝土组合梁的挠曲线初参数方程.首先分析了波形钢腹板混凝土组合梁截面上剪应力的分布特点,得到了腹板剪应力的简化计算公式;然后推导了其挠曲线的初参数方程,提出了组合梁挠度的计算方法,进而对承受跨中集中荷载、两点对称荷载和均布荷载等3种典型荷载作用下的波形钢腹板混凝土组合梁的挠度进行分析,并将其结果与试验实测值、有限元结果进行比较,验证了文中理论方法的准确性和适用性;最后利用文中理论方法和有限元方法分析了跨高比和宽高比对波形钢腹板混凝土组合梁剪切变形的影响,并给出了波形钢腹板混凝土组合梁挠度计算是否需要考虑剪切变形影响的跨高比界限建议值.     

新型内衬组合波形钢腹板的剪切行为

针对内衬混凝土约束波形钢腹板褶皱效应致使支承区预应力导入效率降低的不足,提出了一种采用滑槽-栓钉式连接的新型内衬. 为探索设置新型内衬对波形钢腹板褶皱效应和剪切性能的影响,设计了分别采用纯波形钢腹板和新型内衬组合波形钢腹板的工字钢梁试件,通过本构关系、焊接残余应力和几何初始缺陷幅值的敏感性分析,建立了数值模拟方案,并将数值模拟结果与文献试验结果对比,以验证模拟方案的合理性. 随后对比研究了新型内衬组合波形钢腹板和纯波形钢腹板的轴向刚度、应变分布、屈曲模态和抗剪强度. 结果表明：所采用的数值模拟方案能准确模拟结构的屈曲模态、极限承载力和应变分布. 设置新型内衬后,结构的轴向刚度基本不变;纯波形钢腹板和新型内衬组合波形钢腹板的正应变和剪应变分布基本一致,且正应变均服从拟平截面假定,剪应变沿腹板高度均匀分布;设置新型内衬前后腹板屈曲模态均为交互屈曲模式;设置新型内衬后,结构的极限承载能力提高约23%,破坏时的竖向挠度增大约71%;设置新型内衬提升了腹板的面外刚度,约束了早期面外位移的开展速度,在加载后期,新型内衬的存在限制了面外位移的开展程度.     

Universal scaling relations in food webs

The structure of ecological communities is usually represented by food webs. In these webs, we describe species by means of vertices connected by links representing the predations. We can therefore study different webs by considering the shape (topology) of these networks. Comparing food webs by searching for regularities is of fundamental importance, because universal patterns would reveal common principles underlying the organization of different ecosystems. However, features observed in small food webs are different from those found in large ones. Furthermore, food webs (except in isolated cases) do not share general features with other types of network (including the Internet, the World Wide Web and biological webs). These features are a small-world character and a scale-free (power-law) distribution of the degree (the number of links per vertex). Here we propose to describe food webs as transportation networks by extending to them the concept of allometric scaling (how branching properties change with network size). We then decompose food webs in spanning trees and loop-forming links. We show that, whereas the number of loops varies significantly across real webs, spanning trees are characterized by universal scaling relations.     

Single-species models for many-species food webs

Most species live in species-rich food webs; yet, for a century, most mathematical models for population dynamics have included only one or two species. We ask whether such models are relevant to the real world. Two-species population models of an interacting consumer and resource collapse to one-species dynamics when recruitment to the resource population is unrelated to resource abundance, thereby weakening the coupling between consumer and resource. We predict that, in nature, generalist consumers that feed on many species should similarly show one-species dynamics. We test this prediction using cyclic populations, in which it is easier to infer underlying mechanisms, and which are widespread in nature. Here we show that one-species cycles can be distinguished from consumer resource cycles by their periods. We then analyse a large number of time series from cyclic populations in nature and show that almost all cycling, generalist consumers examined have periods that are consistent with one-species dynamics. Thus generalist consumers indeed behave as if they were one-species populations, and a one-species model is a valid representation for generalist population dynamics in many-species food webs.     

Simple rules yield complex food webs

Several of the most ambitious theories in ecology describe food webs that document the structure of strong and weak trophic links that is responsible for ecological dynamics among diverse assemblages of species. Early mechanism-based theory asserted that food webs have little omnivory and several properties that are independent of species richness. This theory was overturned by empirical studies that found food webs to be much more complex, but these studies did not provide mechanistic explanations for the complexity. Here we show that a remarkably simple model fills this scientific void by successfully predicting key structural properties of the most complex and comprehensive food webs in the primary literature. These properties include the fractions of species at top, intermediate and basal trophic levels, the means and variabilities of generality, vulnerability and food-chain length, and the degrees of cannibalism, omnivory, looping and trophic similarity. Using only two empirical parameters, species number and connectance, our 'niche model' extends the existing 'cascade model and improves its fit ten-fold by constraining species to consume a contiguous sequence of prey in a one-dimensional trophic niche.     

Microperiodic structures: direct writing of three-dimensional webs

Applications are emerging that require the creation of fine-scale structures in three dimensions--examples include scaffolds for tissue engineering, micro-fluidic devices and photonic materials that control light propagation over a range of frequencies. But writing methods such as dip-pen nanolithography and ink-jet printing are either confined to two dimensions or beset by wetting and spreading problems. Here we use concentrated polyelectrolyte inks to write three-dimensional microperiodic structures directly without using masks. Our technique enables us to write arbitrary three-dimensional patterns whose features are nearly two orders of magnitude smaller than those attained with other multilayer printing techniques.     

铝合金梁中腹板剪切屈曲的设计方法

针对铝合金梁中可能出现的腹板剪切屈曲,通过有限元方法研究了铝合金受剪板件的稳定性.利用已有试验结果验证了有限元模型;研究了影响铝板剪切屈曲的各种因素:腹板宽厚比、加劲肋间距、材料热处理类型、梁端是否有封头肋板;并给出了铝板剪切屈曲的临界屈曲强度和屈曲后强度的计算方法.结果表明:该公式可以得到准确而偏于安全的结果,适用于铝合金梁受剪板件局部稳定性的设计.     

Structural asymmetry and the stability of diverse food webs

Untangling the influence of human activities on food-web stability and persistence is complex given the large numbers of species and overwhelming number of interactions within ecosystems. Although biodiversity has been associated with stability, the actual structures and processes that confer stability to diverse food webs remain largely unknown. Here we show that real food webs are structured such that top predators act as couplers of distinct energy channels that differ in both productivity and turnover rate. Our theoretical analysis shows that coupled fast and slow channels convey both local and non-local stability to food webs. Alarmingly, the same human actions that have been implicated in the loss of biodiversity also directly erode the very structures and processes that we show to confer stability on food webs.     

Nonlinear material behaviour of spider silk yields robust webs

Natural materials are renowned for exquisite designs that optimize function, as illustrated by the elasticity of blood vessels, the toughness of bone and the protection offered by nacre. Particularly intriguing are spider silks, with studies having explored properties ranging from their protein sequence to the geometry of a web. This material system, highly adapted to meet a spider's many needs, has superior mechanical properties. In spite of much research into the molecular design underpinning the outstanding performance of silk fibres, and into the mechanical characteristics of web-like structures, it remains unknown how the mechanical characteristics of spider silk contribute to the integrity and performance of a spider web. Here we report web deformation experiments and simulations that identify the nonlinear response of silk threads to stress--involving softening at a yield point and substantial stiffening at large strain until failure--as being crucial to localize load-induced deformation and resulting in mechanically robust spider webs. Control simulations confirmed that a nonlinear stress response results in superior resistance to structural defects in the web compared to linear elastic or elastic-plastic (softening) material behaviour. We also show that under distributed loads, such as those exerted by wind, the stiff behaviour of silk under small deformation, before the yield point, is essential in maintaining the web's structural integrity. The superior performance of silk in webs is therefore not due merely to its exceptional ultimate strength and strain, but arises from the nonlinear response of silk threads to strain and their geometrical arrangement in a web.