柳蓝叶甲生物碱感器的定位及电镜观察

为测定柳蓝叶甲感知生物碱感器的部位,建立了相应的生测方法。通过用化学方法使不同器官上的感器失活后,了解生测处理的试虫在生物碱处理的杨树叶上和对照叶上的产卵偏好,确定其感知生物碱的感器部位。生测结果表明:柳蓝叶甲感知生物碱的化学感器主要位于柳蓝叶甲成虫下颚须、下唇须和前足跗节上,而触角上感器对产卵选择无任何影响。在生测基础上对下颚须、下唇须和前足跗节上的感器进行扫描电镜观察。结果发现,在柳蓝叶甲下颚须、下唇须和前足跗节上都只有单一感器存在。可推断柳蓝叶甲感知生物碱感器可能就是下颚须、下唇须顶端的栓锥感器和足跗节顶端的毛状感器。     

棉铃虫对小叶杨萎蔫叶片挥发物成分的触角电位(EAG)反应

用触角电位仪测试了棉铃虫成虫对8种小叶杨萎蔫叶片挥发物及挥发物混配后的触角电位反应。实验结果表明,未交配雄蛾对丁香酚、叶绿醇、3-甲基苯甲醛的触角电位反应值较高;处女蛾对环庚酮、2-羟基苯甲醛、3-甲基苯甲醛的触角电位反应值也较大,交配后的雌雄蛾对苯乙醇的触角电位反应值最高。但成虫都对3-甲基苯甲醛有较强烈的反应(EAG值都较大),将对各自有较大触角电位反应值的3种化合物两两进行混配,成虫对混合物的触角电位反应值总体上有增大的趋势,部分有减小的趋势,但减小的电位值较小。     

黑龙江林区柳树食叶害虫生物学特性与综合防治措施

黑龙江省柳树的主要食叶害虫有3种:柳蓝叶甲、柳九星叶甲、柳十星叶甲,这些害虫的大量发生,对柳树的危害十分严重,影响了柳树的生长.本文对这3种食叶害虫的生物学特性和综合防治进行阐述.     

关于苦茶的新组合

 将苦茶从变种 Camellia assamica(Mast.) Chang var. kucha Chang et Wang 提升为种Camellia kucha (Chang et Wang) Chang,该种与普洱茶C. assamica (Mast.)Chang近似,但本种小苞片3~4,萼片宽4~6 mm,外面无毛,内面被白色短柔毛,外面2枚花瓣内面被白色短柔毛而不同。又因其芽叶含不同于普洱茶的特殊苦茶碱（theacrine）不同于普洱茶。     

北京西山不同树种夏秋季PM_(2.5)吸附量与润湿性关系

【目的】北京地区环境问题中的颗粒物PM_(2.5)污染备受关注。研究北京地区阔叶树种的PM_(2.5)吸附量季节差异及影响因素,探讨各树种叶片吸附PM_(2.5)机理,为城市绿化树种的科学选择提供参考。【方法】以北京西山4种阔叶树种(柳树Salix babylonica、五角枫Acer mono、银杏Ginkgo biloba、杨树Populus spp.)为对象,应用气溶胶再发生器测定植物叶片夏秋PM_(2.5)吸附量,用光学接触角测量仪测定叶片与水及二碘甲烷接触角,运用OwensWendt-Kaelble法,并结合Young方程计算叶片表面自由能及其极性和色散分量。【结果】树种单位叶面积PM_(2.5)吸附量平均值依次为柳树[(0.97±0.46)μg/cm~2]五角枫[(0.78±0.39)μg/cm~2]银杏[(0.69±0.31)μg/cm~2)]杨树[(0.62±0.21)μg/cm~2],杨树与柳树、银杏吸附PM_(2.5)能力差异均显著(P0.05),秋季树种PM_(2.5)吸附量高于夏季;树种PM_(2.5)吸附量与其润湿性(接触角)呈正(负)相关(P0.01),与叶片表面自由能(P0.05)及其色散分量(P0.01)也呈正相关,与极性分量相关性不显著。【结论】4种阔叶树的PM_(2.5)滞尘能力以柳树最强,杨树最弱,五角枫、银杏次之,阔叶树种夏季滞尘能力高于秋季;可以根据各树种吸附PM_(2.5)特征合理调整城市绿化规划,充分发挥城市绿地系统的生态功能。     

大叶藓7个自然居群的形态解剖学研究

采用石蜡切片和计算机扫描、数字化处理等手段,对7个不同居群的大叶藓Rhodobryum roseum (Weis.) Limpr. 叶片的几个形态解剖特征进行测量和统计分析. 结果表明：大叶藓叶片由1层细胞构成,中肋由上皮细胞,下皮细胞和厚壁细胞构成,无主细胞和副细胞之分. 随着海拔的升高,大叶藓叶片的厚度（r=0.447）和中肋厚度（r=0.504）增加,叶片面积（r=-0.702）和叶片细胞密度（r=-0.807*）减少,灌木林下生长的居群与乔木林下的居群表现出很大差异. 初步分析认为,大叶     

Cu(Ⅱ)促进海洋真菌Fusarium sp.ZZF51产生代谢产物二（5-丁基-2-吡啶甲酸-N1,O2）合铜(Ⅱ)的研 究

 从南海红树林内源真菌Fusarium sp.ZZF51的培养液中分离得到一金属络合物（1）,通过波谱数据和单晶衍射数据解析其结构为二（5-丁基-2-吡啶甲酸-N1,O2）合铜(Ⅱ)。为提高其产量,研究了Cu(Ⅱ)对络合物（1）产量和菌株生长的影响,结果表明：在参与真菌Fusarium sp.ZZF51代谢活动的过程中,Cu(Ⅱ)能显著促使络合物（1）的产生,但对真菌的生长影响甚微。     

中国南海红树内生真菌Microsphaeropsis sp.二氢异香豆素类化合物研究

 首次研究了一株南海红树内生真菌Microsphaeropsis sp.的次级代谢产物。从该菌的培养液的乙酸乙酯相中分离获得8个二氢异香豆素单体化合物,运用现代波谱技术鉴定其结构分别为4 hydroxy 8 O methylmellein (1),mellein (2), 4 hydroxymellein (3), 5 hydroxymellein (4), 4 hydroxy 3,5 dimethylmellein (5), 5 methylmellein (6), 7 hydroxymellein (7), 5 carboxymellein (8)。其中,化合物1为从自然界发现的新天然产物,化合物 4,5,6,7,8 为首次从海洋真菌Microsphaeropsis sp.中分离得到的化合物。     

基于18S rDNA序列研究腺介虫亚目系统发育关系

基于1 720 bp的18S rRNA基因序列以Darwinula sp.和Cytherelloidea. munechikai为外群,采用最大简约法（MP法）和邻接法（NJ法）对腺介虫亚目（Cypridocopina）3总科5科9种动物的系统发育关系进行了分析.结果表明：1） 现生腺介虫亚目动物为单系群;2） 两种营海水生活的介形类—海介虫总科（Pontocypridoidea）和大介虫总科（Macrocypridoidea）间的亲缘关系较近;3） 现生腺介虫总科（Cypridoidea）也为单系群,但该总科内各科间关系较复杂,主要分为两支,其中腺介虫科的Dolerocypris sp.与萤光介虫科的Candona holzkanpfi聚成一支;而萤光介虫科的Cypria crenulata和泥介虫科的Ilyocypris. angulata同时与腺介虫科其它动物聚为一支.     

微生物对原油的乳化及促进白腐真菌原油降解研究

从胜利油田东辛采油厂含油废水中分离到3株能以原油为唯一碳源和能源并能乳化原油的菌株,采用油膜扩散法测其乳化能力,筛选原油乳化较好的菌株并预处理原油,再接种白腐真菌降解原油.结果表明筛选的3株细菌（分别命名为zsh7、zsh10、zsh11）发酵液使油膜空斑直径均大于19 cm.分别接种3株菌株和白腐真菌,在7天内可显著提高白腐真菌对原油的降解率,从71％分别提高到90％、93％、954％.经鉴定3株菌株分别为短芽孢杆菌属(Brevibacillus sp) 、芽孢杆菌属（Bacullus sp     

Behavioral and olfactory responses of grasshopper hatchlings,<Emphasis Type="Italic">Melanoplus sanguinipes</Emphasis>, to plant odours and volatile compounds

Behavior and olfactory responses of grasshopper hatchlings, Melanoplus sanguinipes (F.), to odours from plant foliage and volatile compounds were tested using a glass Y-tube olfactometer and electroantennogram (EAG)techniques respectively. In single choice trials, newly hatched hoppers were much more sensitive to the odour from intact leaves and chopped foliage of ryegrass and wheat than other plants. Chopped sorghum leaves, but not stem-cut sorghum,were also significantly attractive. The orientation responses of grasshopper hatchlings to these plants were highly consistent with those of last instar hoppers and adults. When ryegrass was employed as the control, the odour from stem-cut alfalfa was more attractive. There was no significant difference in hopper orientation responses to the odours from chopped seedlings of sorghum, alfalfa, wheat or ryegrass.However, significantly more hoppers preferred the chopped ryegrass control to chopped Louisanna sage. Measurement of the EAG response of first instar hoppers to these plant odours showed that the odour of Louisanna sage elicited the greatest response amplitudes. In olfactory tests using different volatile components, Z-3-hexenol, E-3-hexenol,Z-hex-3-enyl acetate, E-2-hexenal and hexenal gave greater EAG responses than geraniol and 1-octen-3-ol. These results are also consistent with comparable data from adults. Newly hatched grasshoppers had similar EAG response profiles to plant materials and chemicals to those of adults, although the absolute EAG values of young hoppers were much lower than those of adults. Therefore, newly hatched hoppers were able to distinguish plants from an air control, and even host plants from non-host plants, and the feeding experience of hoppers probably has little influence on their subsequent ability as adults to identify and locate food plants.     

辽宁沈北煤田早第三纪植物群的发现

辽宁沈北煤田位于沈阳市北郊３０余ｋｍ处,为第四纪冲积层广泛覆盖的平地,基岩出露极少．据辽宁省煤矿管理局地质勘探局的普查,煤田地层由老至新依次为：前震旦系、震旦系、侏罗系、白垩系、下第三系、上第三系和第四系．沈北煤田的煤层主要产于下第三系,下第三系自上...     

苦楝叶乙醇提取物对水葫芦叶片伤害的生理生化研究

采用植物抗性生理的分析测定技术,研究了苦楝叶乙醇提取物对水葫芦叶组织细胞膜透性、丙二醛（MDA）含量及过氧化物酶（POD）、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶（APX）和过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性的影响。结果表明,苦楝叶乙醇提取物使水葫芦叶组织细胞膜透性上升,膜脂过氧化加强,MDA含量上升,叶片的POD、APX和CAT的活性均较对照降低。说明水葫芦叶乙醇提取物具有防治空心莲子草的潜力。     

内蒙古平庄盆地中新世早期植物群与古环境

内蒙古平庄盆地晚第三纪植物群以被子植物占优势,计有16属22种,其次为裸子植物,6属7种,没有发现蕨类植物。其中裸子植物以杉科为主,被子植物以壳斗科、杨柳科、桦木科和榆科为主,连香树科、木兰科也有一定属种。该植物群总体面貌与吉林敦化秋梨沟植物群、山东山旺植物群和铁匠沟老梁底组的植物组合基本相似,时代为中新世早期。分析植物群组成特征及沉积特征,平庄植物群反映的是温暖湿润的暖温带－亚热带气候条件。     

33个杨柳品种指纹图谱构建

[目的]构建杨树与柳树优良品种的指纹图谱,对不同品种进行准确鉴定.[方法]利用柳树EST-SSR标记对33个杨树与柳树优良品种进行通用性检测及基因分型,通过核心引物间的组合构建品种指纹图谱.同时采用非加权组平均法进行聚类,分析各品种间亲缘关系.[结果]12个EST-SSR标记共扩增出97条等位片段,每个位点等位基因数5...     

SNARE-protein-mediated disease resistance at the plant cell wall

Failure of pathogenic fungi to breach the plant cell wall constitutes a major component of immunity of non-host plant species--species outside the pathogen host range--and accounts for a proportion of aborted infection attempts on 'susceptible' host plants (basal resistance). Neither form of penetration resistance is understood at the molecular level. We developed a screen for penetration (pen) mutants of Arabidopsis, which are disabled in non-host penetration resistance against barley powdery mildew, Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei, and we isolated the PEN1 gene. We also isolated barley ROR2 (ref. 2), which is required for basal penetration resistance against B. g. hordei. The genes encode functionally homologous syntaxins, demonstrating a mechanistic link between non-host resistance and basal penetration resistance in monocotyledons and dicotyledons. We show that resistance in barley requires a SNAP-25 (synaptosome-associated protein, molecular mass 25 kDa) homologue capable of forming a binary SNAP receptor (SNARE) complex with ROR2. Genetic control of vesicle behaviour at penetration sites, and plasma membrane location of PEN1/ROR2, is consistent with a proposed involvement of SNARE-complex-mediated exocytosis and/or homotypic vesicle fusion events in resistance. Functions associated with SNARE-dependent penetration resistance are dispensable for immunity mediated by race-specific resistance (R) genes, highlighting fundamental differences between these two resistance forms.     

苦楝果实的生物活性成分

报道了江西省产苦楝（ＭｅｌｉａａｚｅｄａｒａｃｈＬ．）果实中的生物活性成分，从果实中分离出四种化合物，采用ＴＬＣ，ＩＲ，１ＨＮＭＲ，ＨＰＭＳ等技术确定了它们的结构。这四种化合物分别为１，４－苯二甲酸二甲酯（Ⅰ）、苦楝酮（Ⅱ）、苦楝醇（Ⅲ）和苦楝二醇（Ⅳ）。其中１，４－苯二甲酸二甲酯（Ⅰ）为苦楝果实中首次报道的成分。通过生物活性测试，这四种化合物对菜青虫均有拒食和胃毒活性。     

五角枫挥发物的提取鉴定及黄斑星天牛对主要组分的触角电位反应

在确定新疆伊犁地区黄斑星天牛成虫嗜食寄主的基础上,利用GC-MS技术鉴定五角枫嫩枝和叶片的挥发物组分,并利用触角电位反应测定成虫对主要挥发物的电生理活性.研究结果表明,在多寄主植物混栽区,黄斑星天牛成虫更偏好取食五角枫的嫩枝补充营养,更喜好在旱柳和复叶槭枝干上刻槽产卵.从五角枫挥发物中共鉴定到34种化合物,其中萜烯类和酯类物质是主要组分,相对含量分别占挥发物组成的70.49%和23.94%.(Z)-β-罗勒烯、桧烯、β-石竹烯、α-水芹烯和乙酸-顺-3-己烯酯在挥发物组成中所占的比例较高,分别达21.07%、19.59%、7.35%、13.58%和12.99%.在10 mg·mL~(-1)质量浓度下,雌虫对β-石竹烯的EAG反应显著高于其他供试气味物质,雄虫对乙酸乙酯和α-蒎烯的EAG反应最为强烈,雄虫对α-蒎烯和乙酸乙酯的EAG反应显著高于雌虫;雌虫对β-石竹烯和2-甲基丁酸-顺-3-己烯酯的EAG反应显著高于雄虫.本试验在黄斑星天牛成虫感受信息化学物质的角度分析了成虫偏好五角枫的原因,对利用化学生态手段调控该虫的危害具有一定的理论指导意义.     

Electrophysiology and behavior feedback of diamondback moth,Plutella xylostella, to volatile secondary metabolites emitted by Chinese cabbage

The volatiles, absorbed by Porapak Q and eluted by hexane, from Chinese cabbage, Brassica campestris chinesis (L.) Makino. var. communis Tsen et Lee, have been identified as allyl isothiocyanate, Z-3-hexenyl acetate, 3,7-dimethyl-1,3,6-octatriene, 2,5-hexanediol, Z-3-hexen-1-ol, nonanol, b-myrcene, a-pinene, E-2-hexen-1-ol, D-limonene, Z-3-hexenyl propanoate, linalool, geraniol, E-4-hexen-1-ol, Z-3-hexenyl isovalerate, a-terpinene, b-caryophyllene, 3-carene and a-caryophyllene, by their mass spectra and retention times in comparison with authentic samples. The first five chemicals are the main components. All components can elicite electroantennogram (EAG) responses of diamondback moth (DBM), Plutella xylostella, in which allyl isothiocyanate and C₆ alcohols and esters, i.e. Z-3-hexen-1-ol, E-2-hexen-1-ol, E-4-hexen-1-ol, Z-3-hexenyl isovalerate and 2,5-hexanediol elicite stronger EAG responses than other components, and EAG responses of female moths to them are slightly larger than those of male moths. However, EAG responses elicited by terpenes are smaller, and EAG responses from females to terpenes are smaller than those from males, but b-myrcene can evoke stronger EAG responses from both females and males. Volatiles from intact Chinese cabbage, allyl isothiocyanate, 2,5-hexanediol and Z-3-hexenyl isovalerate intensely cause DBM directional flying and landing in wind tunnel, in which volatiles from intact Chinese cabbage have the strongest activity, and the next is allyl isothiocyanate. Allyl isothiocyanate is more attractive to females than to males a bit. As for a-terpinene and other subordinate components, EAG and wind tunnel test make sure they have weak activity.     

生物多样性与传染病风险

近半个世纪以来,新发传染病(多为涉及多宿主的人兽共患病)正在以前所未有的速度不断增加,不仅严重威胁人类健康,还影响着农业生产和野生动物保护。因不同宿主对病原的传播能力具有种间差异,宿主群落结构能够显著地影响病原的传播动态和传染病风险。多样性,作为表征群落结构的重要指标之一,其和传染病风险间的关系(即多样性-疾病关系)是传染病生态学研究的核心问题之一。尤其是“稀释效应”(即提高宿主多样性能够降低疾病风险)的提出引发了广泛的关注。虽然稀释效应得到了众多实证研究的支持,但其普适性仍然存在争议。笔者围绕多样性-疾病关系,介绍稀释效应的生态学机制、普适性及其产生的前提条件。并就3个方向总结了稀释效应的研究进展:①稀释效应的尺度依赖性;②宿主局部灭绝风险和其病原传播能力间的关系;③多样性对疾病风险的身份效应。此外,还分析了近期关于多样性-疾病关系研究框架的拓展,即从物种多样性拓展到谱系多样性;从单一疾病风险拓展到疾病总负担。最后,就未来可能的研究方向提出展望,认为未来研究需探讨分析生境破碎化、非宿主以及群落功能多样性在多样性-疾病关系中的作用。