土壤动物对森林凋落物分解的影响

凋落物分解是森林生态系统中物质和能量交换的重要生态学过程。土壤动物在森林凋落物的分解过程中起着非常重要的作用。可以通过物理的或化学的方法研究土壤动物对凋落物分解的影响。笔者综合了目前该领域研究中常用的方法,如分解网袋法、化学试剂排除法、电击法、数学模型法等,分析了各种方法的特点和局限性,指出了今后研究的方向。     

Plant communities: ecosystem stability in Inner Mongolia

Bai et al. suggest that in China's Inner Mongolia steppe, community-level stability arises from compensatory effects among the principal components at both the species and plant functional group (PFG) levels. By analysing a consistent 19-year data set (1980-98), we show here that their analysis of a 24-year field data set (1980-2003) is called into question by inconsistencies in sampling location and numbers after 1998; the authors' findings are further undermined because they do not distinguish temporal variation from spatial heterogeneity in analysing compensatory effects among species or PFGs. We believe that rigorous reanalysis is needed for a better understanding of grassland stability.     

Grass litter decomposition rate and water-holding capacity in dry-hot valley of Jinshajiang River

The decomposition rate and the water-holding capacity of 6 kinds of grass litters were studied in the Jinshajing river dry-hot valley. The results showed that the dry weight remains reduced with time but didn’t have the direct correlation with time. The decomposition litters were affected by climate, character of litter, animalcule and soil animal. The climate factors of temperature and humidity were important especially. The water-holding capacity was in sequence of N. wightii (336%), P. notatum Flugge (248%), H. contortus (L.) Beauv (209%), B. pertusa (L.) A. Camus(206%), I. endecaphylla Jacq (174%), D. annulatum (Forsk.) Stapf (168%). After 24 months decomposition the remaining dry weight of the litter was in sequence as the following: 15.12% for N. wightii, 26.38% for I. endecaphylla Jacq, 27.23% for B. pertusa (L.) A. Camus, 30.78% for P. notatum Flugge, 39.72% for H. contortus (L.) Beauv and 39.76% for D. annulatum (Forsk.) Stapf. The decomposition rate and water-holding capacity of N. wightii are at the highest level. It is important for the development, improvement and conservation of the grassland soil. Foundation item: Supported by the National Science and Technology Supporting Program in the Eleventh Five-Year Plan of China (2006BAC01A11)     

台湾桤木-扁穗牛鞭草复合模式下凋落物分解及其养分释放动态

采用凋落物分解袋法,对2种台湾桤木复合模式(A.台湾桤木-扁穗牛鞭草,B.台湾桤木-自然草)林地地上凋落物(叶、枝)、地下细根的分解及其养分释放动态进行了研究。结果表明:1经过1年的分解,凋落物叶分解最快,其次是细根(混合根),枝分解最慢,且3种凋落物干质量残留率均为A模式低于B模式,方差分析显示,扁穗牛鞭草的植入显著增加了凋落物枝和根的分解速率(P<0.05),而对凋落物叶分解速率影响不显著(P>0.05)。2凋落物初始木质素含量、m(C)/m(N)、m(木质素)/m(N)和m(木质素)/m(P)等与凋落物分解速率均呈显著的负相关关系(P<0.05,P<0.01);除B模式细根外N含量均与凋落物分解速率存在显著正相关关系(P<0.05)。3在凋落物叶、枝、根分解过程中,C、K元素呈现净释放状态,N元素动态呈现富集—释放规律,而P元素在凋落物叶分解过程中呈现快速净释放过程;扁穗牛鞭草的植入显著加快了3种凋落物中C(除凋落物叶)、N、P元素的释放(P<0.05)。     

陆地生态系统土壤有机碳分解温度敏感性研究进展

在全球变化背景下,土壤有机碳的分解及其温度敏感性在陆地生态系统碳循环中的重要性备受关注。温度敏感性指数(Q₁₀)微小的变化都可能导致未来土壤碳库大小评估的巨大偏差,充分了解土壤有机碳分解温度敏感性的调控机理对预测未来土壤碳变化具有重要意义。笔者对国内外已有研究进行分析,比较培养温度模式、底物质量、物理化学保护和微生物属性对土壤有机碳分解温度敏感性的影响。结果发现:(1)与传统的恒温模式相比,变温培养模式更好地克服了土壤微生物对恒定培养温度的适应性以及不同培养温度下底物消耗不均的缺点,能够更加准确地估算Q₁₀。(2)较多的研究发现难分解有机碳的Q₁₀大于易分解有机碳的Q₁₀,但也有研究发现难分解有机碳的Q₁₀并不比易分解有机碳的Q₁₀高,这主要是由于土壤有机碳库的异质性造成的。(3)团聚体和矿物吸附保护通过改变底物有效性或者反应位点的底物浓度来影响土壤有机碳分解的温度敏感性。(4)微生物的生理特性、群落组成和结构也会对温度敏感性造成影响,温度变化会造成土壤微生物群落组成及其相关生理特征的变化,进一步引起相关功能基因丰度的改变,从而改变有机碳分解的温度敏感性。土壤有机碳分解及其温度敏感性是全球气候变化对碳循环影响研究中很重要的一部分,对它的精确估算有利于完善全球气候变化模型,对准确预测未来全球气候变化具有重要意义。     

陆地生态系统土壤有机碳分解温度敏感性研究进展

在全球变化背景下,土壤有机碳的分解及其温度敏感性在陆地生态系统碳循环中的重要性备受关注。温度敏感性指数(Q₁₀)微小的变化都可能导致未来土壤碳库大小评估的巨大偏差,充分了解土壤有机碳分解温度敏感性的调控机理对预测未来土壤碳变化具有重要意义。笔者对国内外已有研究进行分析,比较培养温度模式、底物质量、物理化学保护和微生物属性对土壤有机碳分解温度敏感性的影响。结果发现:(1)与传统的恒温模式相比,变温培养模式更好地克服了土壤微生物对恒定培养温度的适应性以及不同培养温度下底物消耗不均的缺点,能够更加准确地估算Q₁₀。(2)较多的研究发现难分解有机碳的Q₁₀大于易分解有机碳的Q₁₀,但也有研究发现难分解有机碳的Q₁₀并不比易分解有机碳的Q₁₀高,这主要是由于土壤有机碳库的异质性造成的。(3)团聚体和矿物吸附保护通过改变底物有效性或者反应位点的底物浓度来影响土壤有机碳分解的温度敏感性。(4)微生物的生理特性、群落组成和结构也会对温度敏感性造成影响,温度变化会造成土壤微生物群落组成及其相关生理特征的变化,进一步引起相关功能基因丰度的改变,从而改变有机碳分解的温度敏感性。土壤有机碳分解及其温度敏感性是全球气候变化对碳循环影响研究中很重要的一部分,对它的精确估算有利于完善全球气候变化模型,对准确预测未来全球气候变化具有重要意义。     

Extraction of a weak climatic signal by an ecosystem

The complexity of ecosystems can cause subtle and chaotic responses to changes in external forcing. Although ecosystems may not normally behave chaotically, sensitivity to external influences associated with nonlinearity can lead to amplification of climatic signals. Strong correlations between an El Ni?o index and rainfall and maize yield in Zimbabwe have been demonstrated; the correlation with maize yield was stronger than that with rainfall. A second example is the 100,000-year ice-age cycle, which may arise from a weak cycle in radiation through its influence on the concentration of atmospheric CO2 (ref. 5). Such integration of a weak climatic signal has yet to be demonstrated in a realistic theoretical system. Here we use a particular climatic phenomenon-the observed association between plankton populations around the UK and the position of the Gulf Stream-as a probe to demonstrate how a detailed marine ecosystem model extracts a weak signal that is spread across different meteorological variables. Biological systems may therefore respond to climatic signals other than those that dominate the driving variables.     

水环境中石油烃类的TiO2光催化降解量子产率的测定

把反应速率常数和量子产率作为动力学常数,研究了石油烃类化合物的TiO2光催化氧化降解.并采用高光密度法,以K3Fe(C2O4)3做光露计,300 W中压汞灯为光源,在365 nm波长处测定石油烃类的反应速率常数和量子产率.结果表明:正十六烷、正癸烯和萘等石油烃类在365 nm波长下的TiO2光催化氧化降解反应均服从一级反应动力学,其反应速率常数分别为4.3×10-3、6.7×10-3和5.1×10-3m in-1.K3Fe(C2O4)3光解服从零级反应,其速率常数为5×10-5(mol/L)-1.m in-1;正十六烷、正癸烯和萘的量子产率分别为1.20、1.87和1.42,其值均大于1,进而表明了TiO2光催化氧化法对石油烃类化合物的降解反应可能有活性氧参与.     

Decline of the marine ecosystem caused by a reduction in the Atlantic overturning circulation

Reorganizations of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation were associated with large and abrupt climatic changes in the North Atlantic region during the last glacial period. Projections with climate models suggest that similar reorganizations may also occur in response to anthropogenic global warming. Here I use ensemble simulations with a coupled climate-ecosystem model of intermediate complexity to investigate the possible consequences of such disturbances to the marine ecosystem. In the simulations, a disruption of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation leads to a collapse of the North Atlantic plankton stocks to less than half of their initial biomass, owing to rapid shoaling of winter mixed layers and their associated separation from the deep ocean nutrient reservoir. Globally integrated export production declines by more than 20 per cent owing to reduced upwelling of nutrient-rich deep water and gradual depletion of upper ocean nutrient concentrations. These model results are consistent with the available high-resolution palaeorecord, and suggest that global ocean productivity is sensitive to changes in the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation.     

过氧化氢碘化钾催化分解反应中的新现象

深入研究了“过氧化氢碘化钾催化分解”反应，我们观察到，随着反应的进行，该反应体系的颜色为黄、碘离子浓度降低、电导率增大，pH值升高、温度上升、生成了单质碘。同时，还有振荡现象，在相关文献中，未见到对这些现象的描述。     

Biodiversity and ecosystem stability in a decade-long grassland experiment

Human-driven ecosystem simplification has highlighted questions about how the number of species in an ecosystem influences its functioning. Although biodiversity is now known to affect ecosystem productivity, its effects on stability are debated. Here we present a long-term experimental field test of the diversity-stability hypothesis. During a decade of data collection in an experiment that directly controlled the number of perennial prairie species, growing-season climate varied considerably, causing year-to-year variation in abundances of plant species and in ecosystem productivity. We found that greater numbers of plant species led to greater temporal stability of ecosystem annual aboveground plant production. In particular, the decadal temporal stability of the ecosystem, whether measured with intervals of two, five or ten years, was significantly greater at higher plant diversity and tended to increase as plots matured. Ecosystem stability was also positively dependent on root mass, which is a measure of perenniating biomass. Temporal stability of the ecosystem increased with diversity, despite a lower temporal stability of individual species, because of both portfolio (statistical averaging) and overyielding effects. However, we found no evidence of a covariance effect. Our results indicate that the reliable, efficient and sustainable supply of some foods (for example, livestock fodder), biofuels and ecosystem services can be enhanced by the use of biodiversity.     

微机测控液压系统的设计

介绍了一种微机测控液压系统的工作原理、功能及其特点 ,该系统可实现液压元件或液压系统的性能测试、参数检测和微机控制 ,阐述了对实现液压系统教学现代化及液压元器件的智能检测所具有的意义     

Presentation of viral antigen controlled by a gene in the major histocompatibility complex

We describe a mutant human cell line (LBL 721.174) that has lost a function required for presentation of intracellular viral antigens with class I molecules of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), but retains the capacity to present defined epitopes as extracellular peptides. The cell also has a defect in the assembly and expression of class I MHC molecules, which we show can be restored by exposure of the cells to a peptide epitope. This phenotype suggests a defect in the association of intracellular antigen with class I molecules similar to that described for the murine mutant RMA-S (ref. 5), but in the present case the genetic defect can be mapped within the MHC locus on human chromosome 6.     

Late Pliocene Greenland glaciation controlled by a decline in atmospheric CO2 levels

It is thought that the Northern Hemisphere experienced only ephemeral glaciations from the Late Eocene to the Early Pliocene epochs (about 38 to 4 million years ago), and that the onset of extensive glaciations did not occur until about 3 million years ago. Several hypotheses have been proposed to explain this increase in Northern Hemisphere glaciation during the Late Pliocene. Here we use a fully coupled atmosphere-ocean general circulation model and an ice-sheet model to assess the impact of the proposed driving mechanisms for glaciation and the influence of orbital variations on the development of the Greenland ice sheet in particular. We find that Greenland glaciation is mainly controlled by a decrease in atmospheric carbon dioxide during the Late Pliocene. By contrast, our model results suggest that climatic shifts associated with the tectonically driven closure of the Panama seaway, with the termination of a permanent El Ni?o state or with tectonic uplift are not large enough to contribute significantly to the growth of the Greenland ice sheet; moreover, we find that none of these processes acted as a priming mechanism for glacial inception triggered by variations in the Earth's orbit.     

丙烷脱沥青中试研究

在完成对丙烷脱沥青中试装置安装和调试的基础上，研究四种渣油的丙烷脱沥青过程，考察萃取温度、压力及剂油比对脱油沥青的收率及质量的影响．结果表明萃取塔温度对产品的质量和收率影响最大，剂油比次之，萃取压力则保持在丙烷临界压力左右即可．     

含两种捕食者和两种竞争食饵的扩散系统的稳定性

讨论一类含两种捕食者和两种竞争食饵的捕食者-食饵模型解的存在性和一致有界性.应用线性化方法研究了该模型非负平衡点的局部渐近稳定性;应用Lyapunov方法给出了该模型正平衡点全局渐近稳定的充分条件.     

矿区生态系统健康评价的理论和方法

分析了矿区生态系统健康内涵,建立了评价指标体系,以模糊评价理论对矿区生态系统健康现状、以灰色预测和趋势函数法对矿区生态系统健康的发展趋势、以非线性理论对矿区生态系统的稳定性进行了评价,在此基础上提出了综合评价方法.实例研究的结果表明,研究矿区生态系统处于亚健康状态,需要对其进行干预和调控.并提出了相应的对策和建议.     

杨麦间作系统硝态氮淋失的原位研究

利用田间原位淋溶装置研究了杨麦间作系统中林分密度和施氮量对小麦田土壤60 cm深处硝态氮淋失浓度和淋失量及0～80 cm土层硝态氮分布特征的影响。施氮量设不施氮(N0,0 kg/hm2)、常规施氮(N140,140 kg/hm2)、减量施氮(N70,70 kg/hm2)、增量施氮(N210,210kg/hm2)4个处理。结果表明:对照地淋溶水量与降水呈显著正相关关系;杨麦间作系统能显著减少淋溶水量。土壤硝态氮淋溶量随施氮量的增加而上升,对照地60 cm处N210处理下硝态氮淋溶量最大,为13.89 kg/hm2。杨麦间作系统L1(2 m×5 m)小区距树0.5 m处淋溶量比对照麦地减少了60.27%;相同处理距树1.5 m处比对照地减少了50.11%,不同林分硝态氮淋失量不同,但差异不明显。分析认为,杨麦间作系统能有效减少硝态氮在土壤中的淋溶和累积,且存在明显的空间变异性。     

植物生长调节剂诱导龙眼果实无核化效应

对在福建主栽的大核龙眼品种‘乌龙岭'进行了植物生长调节剂赤霉素(GA3)、6-苄氨基嘌呤(6-BA)、2,4,5-三氯苯氧丙酸(2,4,5-TP)、多效唑(PP333)和青鲜素(MH)等诱导果实无核化的试验.结果表明:5种植物生长调节剂均在不同程度上诱导龙眼果实形成焦核和小核果;6-BA和MH是效果较好的龙眼果实无核化诱导剂;效果最好的两个处理分别为6-BA(100 mg/L) CPPU(30 mg/L)和MH(800 mg/L) CPPU(30 mg/L),其果实核重分别比对照减少38.5%和38.0%,单果重分别为9.77 g和8.42 g,可溶性固形物分别为18.57%和18.23%,小核率分别达62.2%和83.3%.     

Muscle-specific gene expression controlled by a regulatory element lacking a MyoD1-binding site

Muscle-specific expression of the gene encoding the delta subunit of the acetylcholine receptor is controlled by a 54-base-pair region that does not contain a binding site for MyoD1, a protein involved in activation of the myogenic program. A MyoD1-binding site is present in the proximal promoter region of the gene encoding the delta-subunit, but is neither sufficient nor necessary for muscle-specific expression in transfected muscle cells.