紫色土丘陵区典型林地土壤温室气体释放研究

采用动态-密闭气室法(LI-6400-09)对紫色土丘陵区三种典型林地土壤温室气体释放进行连续测定.结果表明,温度是影响土壤呼吸的关键因子,各林地土壤呼吸速率与土壤温度呈正相关,都随温度呈指数增长.在温度较低的冬春季,土壤湿度对土壤呼吸的影响不明显,温度较高的夏季土壤湿度与林地(桤树,柏树)土壤呼吸速率呈显著性抛物线相关(p＜0.05);三种林地中,针叶林柏树林地土壤呼吸与土壤湿度相关性最好,当土壤含水量＜25%时,随着湿度的增加,土壤呼吸速率逐渐增大,之后随着湿度的增大,土壤呼吸速率逐渐减小.各季节的日变化规律表现不一致,冬春两季各林地土壤呼吸都和土壤温度的日变化趋势保持一致,表现为先升后减的趋势;夏秋两季,因为较高的土壤温度和表层土壤相对湿度的剧烈波动,各林地土壤呼吸日变化呈现不规则波动.     

Evidence that decomposition rates of organic carbon in mineral soil do not vary with temperature

It has been suggested that increases in temperature can accelerate the decomposition of organic carbon contained in forest mineral soil (Cs), and, therefore, that global warming should increase the release of soil organic carbon to the atmosphere. These predictions assume, however, that decay constants can be accurately derived from short-term laboratory incubations of soil or that in situ incubations of fresh litter accurately represent the temperature sensitivity of Cs decomposition. But our limited understanding of the biophysical factors that control Cs decomposition rates, and observations of only minor increases in Cs decomposition rate with temperature in longer-term forest soil heating experiments and in latitudinal comparisons of Cs decomposition rates bring these predictions into question. Here we have compiled Cs decomposition data from 82 sites on five continents. We found that Cs decomposition rates were remarkably constant across a global-scale gradient in mean annual temperature. These data suggest that Cs decomposition rates for forest soils are not controlled by temperature limitations to microbial activity, and that increased temperature alone will not stimulate the decomposition of forest-derived carbon in mineral soil.     

干旱影响森林土壤有机碳周转及积累的研究进展

随着全球气候变暖趋势加剧,伴之而来的干旱问题成为全球关注的热点。干旱对森林生态系统碳积累和周转可能产生显著影响,其主要过程包括植被地上部分和地下部分凋落物对土壤有机碳的输入、凋落物的分解及土壤有机碳的矿化等。笔者综合分析了近年来国内外相关研究成果,对干旱影响森林土壤有机碳的主要过程与机制进行了归纳和总结,结果表明:①干旱通过促进叶片提前脱落,短期增加森林凋落物量,长期干旱则影响森林植物生长,降低森林初级生产力从而降低植物地上凋落物量。轻度和中度干旱下植物为补偿水分缺失增加细根生物量维持植物生命力,重度干旱下植物丧失自我修复能力导致细根生物量降低,干旱也会造成细根死亡率增加。平均而言,全球范围内干旱会造成森林凋落物量降低(1.9%)和细根生物量降低(8.7%),最终减少植物有机碳向土壤的输入量。②干旱可通过改变凋落物化学性质,对分解者——土壤动物、微生物产生胁迫,从而引起凋落物分解速率下降(10%~70%)。干旱使凋落物碳氮含量变化,造成凋落物次生代谢物,如纤维素、木质素、单宁等积累,改变根系分泌物化学组分,从而影响凋落物分解。干旱导致真菌生物量和分解者等土壤动物丰度降低,增加分解者捕食压力,使相关微生物和酶活性下降,造成凋落物分解速率下降。③干旱驱动微生物群落组成变化(真菌细菌比、革兰阳阴细菌比增加),造成微生物生物量下降,活性减弱,此外还会降低腐食动物的摄食活性、酶活性,最终导致土壤有机碳矿化速率下降(10%~50%)。④干旱对土壤有机碳不同组分影响不同,干旱会减小土壤微生物生物量碳(MBC)库(2%~30%),造成表层土壤溶解性有机碳(DOC)积累(30%~60%)。而在全球范围内的不同区域,干旱对土壤有机碳积累的影响也不同,亚热带森林中干旱对土壤有机碳积累的影响多是负面的,热带森林中则相反。总体而言,干旱对森林土壤有机碳库储量影响可能不大,但降低了土壤碳周转效率。而森林土壤有机碳周转过程不仅受干旱这一单一因素影响,温度、物种等因素会共同作用于土壤有机碳的周转与积累,且单因子的简单叠加模拟可能与现实环境中多因子综合对土壤碳通量的影响有一定差别。未来需要通过长期观测、延长控制实验时间、模拟原生环境条件等,开展多因素综合实验,加强干旱对土壤动物和微生物影响的研究,以深入了解干旱对森林土壤有机碳影响的生物学与生态学的过程与机制。     

油蒿演替系列土壤基质的演变

土壤基质变化影响干旱、半干旱区植物群落的演替.对干旱区油蒿群落演替系列土壤基质变化的分析表明,随油蒿群落的演替进展,土壤各层中CaCO3含量显著增加,有机质和土壤全N含量也明显增加,相应各层细菌数量显著增加,油蒿半固定沙地和固定沙地土壤脱氢酶活性显著增强.这些变化促进了油蒿枯枝落叶的分解,加速了Ca2 的释放,促进了土壤呼吸,促进了土壤中CO2的释放,进而促进了油蒿群落土壤中CaCO3的淋溶和淀积.进一步分析得知,油蒿须根是土壤CaCO3形成的重要来源.钙积层的形成使得较油蒿根系更浅的冷蒿植物得以侵入、定居,而油蒿则逐渐退出.因此,土壤基质变化尤其是土壤钙积层的形成是油蒿群落演替的根本原因.     

Responses of plant rhizosphere to atmospheric CO2 enrichment

Plant root growth is generally stimulated under elevated CO2. This will bring more carbon to the below-ground through root death and exudate. This potential increase in below-ground carbon sink may lead to changes in long-term soil sequestration and relationship between host plants and symbions. On the other hand, changes in litter components due to the changes in plant chemical composition may also affect soil processes, such as litter decomposition, soil organic matter sequestration and hetero-nutritional bacteria activities. These issues are discussed.     

Responses of plant rhizosphere to atmospheric CO2 enrichment

Plant root growth is generally stimulated under elevated CO₂. This will bring more carbon to the below-ground through root death and exudate. This potential increase in below-ground carbon sink may lead to changes in long-term soil sequestration and relationship between host plants and symbions. On the other hand, changes in litter components due to the changes in plant chemical composition may also affect soil processes, such as litter decomposition, soil organic matter sequestration and hetero-nutritional bacteria activities. These issues are discussed.     

Similar response of labile and resistant soil organic matter pools to changes in temperature

Our understanding of the relationship between the decomposition of soil organic matter (SOM) and soil temperature affects our predictions of the impact of climate change on soil-stored carbon. One current opinion is that the decomposition of soil labile carbon is sensitive to temperature variation whereas resistant components are insensitive. The resistant carbon or organic matter in mineral soil is then assumed to be unresponsive to global warming. But the global pattern and magnitude of the predicted future soil carbon stock will mainly rely on the temperature sensitivity of these resistant carbon pools. To investigate this sensitivity, we have incubated soils under changing temperature. Here we report that SOM decomposition or soil basal respiration rate was significantly affected by changes in SOM components associated with soil depth, sampling method and incubation time. We find, however, that the temperature sensitivity for SOM decomposition was not affected, suggesting that the temperature sensitivity for resistant organic matter pools does not differ significantly from that of labile pools, and that both types of SOM will therefore respond similarly to global warming.     

Prolonged suppression of ecosystem carbon dioxide uptake after an anomalously warm year

Terrestrial ecosystems control carbon dioxide fluxes to and from the atmosphere through photosynthesis and respiration, a balance between net primary productivity and heterotrophic respiration, that determines whether an ecosystem is sequestering carbon or releasing it to the atmosphere. Global and site-specific data sets have demonstrated that climate and climate variability influence biogeochemical processes that determine net ecosystem carbon dioxide exchange (NEE) at multiple timescales. Experimental data necessary to quantify impacts of a single climate variable, such as temperature anomalies, on NEE and carbon sequestration of ecosystems at interannual timescales have been lacking. This derives from an inability of field studies to avoid the confounding effects of natural intra-annual and interannual variability in temperature and precipitation. Here we present results from a four-year study using replicate 12,000-kg intact tallgrass prairie monoliths located in four 184-m(3) enclosed lysimeters. We exposed 6 of 12 monoliths to an anomalously warm year in the second year of the study and continuously quantified rates of ecosystem processes, including NEE. We find that warming decreases NEE in both the extreme year and the following year by inducing drought that suppresses net primary productivity in the extreme year and by stimulating heterotrophic respiration of soil biota in the subsequent year. Our data indicate that two years are required for NEE in the previously warmed experimental ecosystems to recover to levels measured in the control ecosystems. This time lag caused net ecosystem carbon sequestration in previously warmed ecosystems to be decreased threefold over the study period, compared with control ecosystems. Our findings suggest that more frequent anomalously warm years, a possible consequence of increasing anthropogenic carbon dioxide levels, may lead to a sustained decrease in carbon dioxide uptake by terrestrial ecosystems.     

凋落物与蚯蚓对杨树人工林土壤团聚体分布及其碳氮含量的影响

[目的]研究凋落物与蚯蚓对杨树人工林土壤团聚体的分布及不同粒径团聚体中C和N含量的影响,为改善杨树人工林土壤质量提供参考.[方法]以东台滨海杨树人工林为研究对象,采用随机区组法设置野外固定试验样地,共设置6个不同处理,即对照(CK)、杨树凋落叶表施(T1)、杨树凋落叶混施(T2)、接种蚯蚓(T3)、杨树凋落叶表施+接种...     

Ecosystem carbon storage in arctic tundra reduced by long-term nutrient fertilization

Global warming is predicted to be most pronounced at high latitudes, and observational evidence over the past 25 years suggests that this warming is already under way. One-third of the global soil carbon pool is stored in northern latitudes, so there is considerable interest in understanding how the carbon balance of northern ecosystems will respond to climate warming. Observations of controls over plant productivity in tundra and boreal ecosystems have been used to build a conceptual model of response to warming, where warmer soils and increased decomposition of plant litter increase nutrient availability, which, in turn, stimulates plant production and increases ecosystem carbon storage. Here we present the results of a long-term fertilization experiment in Alaskan tundra, in which increased nutrient availability caused a net ecosystem loss of almost 2,000 grams of carbon per square meter over 20 years. We found that annual aboveground plant production doubled during the experiment. Losses of carbon and nitrogen from deep soil layers, however, were substantial and more than offset the increased carbon and nitrogen storage in plant biomass and litter. Our study suggests that projected release of soil nutrients associated with high-latitude warming may further amplify carbon release from soils, causing a net loss of ecosystem carbon and a positive feedback to climate warming.     

Temperature sensitivity of soil carbon decomposition and feedbacks to climate change

Significantly more carbon is stored in the world's soils--including peatlands, wetlands and permafrost--than is present in the atmosphere. Disagreement exists, however, regarding the effects of climate change on global soil carbon stocks. If carbon stored belowground is transferred to the atmosphere by a warming-induced acceleration of its decomposition, a positive feedback to climate change would occur. Conversely, if increases of plant-derived carbon inputs to soils exceed increases in decomposition, the feedback would be negative. Despite much research, a consensus has not yet emerged on the temperature sensitivity of soil carbon decomposition. Unravelling the feedback effect is particularly difficult, because the diverse soil organic compounds exhibit a wide range of kinetic properties, which determine the intrinsic temperature sensitivity of their decomposition. Moreover, several environmental constraints obscure the intrinsic temperature sensitivity of substrate decomposition, causing lower observed 'apparent' temperature sensitivity, and these constraints may, themselves, be sensitive to climate.     

水盐变化对滨海湿地土壤有机碳累积与碳排放的影响综述

滨海湿地作为海岸带蓝碳生态系统的重要组分,具有巨大的碳捕获和碳封存潜力,在减缓气候变暖方面具有重要意义．水盐变化通过影响滨海湿地土壤有机碳的累积和排放过程实现对滨海湿地生态系统碳收支的调控．本文综述了水盐变化对滨海湿地土壤有机碳累积和碳排放过程的影响,以及滨海湿地土壤碳排放研究方法等方面的研究进展,分析了水盐驱动下滨海湿地土壤有机碳分解的微生物作用机制．针对当前研究存在的不足,提出今后应重点关注滨海湿地土壤有机碳分解的温度、湿度和盐度敏感性及其水盐-温度的协同作用机制,氮磷输入和多重污染胁迫对滨海湿地土壤有机碳排放的作用机制,以及滨海湿地土壤微生物碳代谢过程与氮磷硫代谢过程的耦合作用及其水盐驱动机制等方面的研究,以期揭示水盐变化对滨海湿地土壤碳循环的作用机制,为气候变化背景下滨海湿地的碳汇功能提升与管理提供科学依据．      

Ecosystem carbon loss with woody plant invasion of grasslands

The invasion of woody vegetation into deserts, grasslands and savannas is generally thought to lead to an increase in the amount of carbon stored in those ecosystems. For this reason, shrub and forest expansion (for example, into grasslands) is also suggested to be a substantial, if uncertain, component of the terrestrial carbon sink. Here we investigate woody plant invasion along a precipitation gradient (200 to 1,100 mm yr(-1)) by comparing carbon and nitrogen budgets and soil delta(13)C profiles between six pairs of adjacent grasslands, in which one of each pair was invaded by woody species 30 to 100 years ago. We found a clear negative relationship between precipitation and changes in soil organic carbon and nitrogen content when grasslands were invaded by woody vegetation, with drier sites gaining, and wetter sites losing, soil organic carbon. Losses of soil organic carbon at the wetter sites were substantial enough to offset increases in plant biomass carbon, suggesting that current land-based assessments may overestimate carbon sinks. Assessments relying on carbon stored from woody plant invasions to balance emissions may therefore be incorrect.     

Global patterns in human consumption of net primary production

The human population and its consumption profoundly affect the Earth's ecosystems. A particularly compelling measure of humanity's cumulative impact is the fraction of the planet's net primary production that we appropriate for our own use. Net primary production--the net amount of solar energy converted to plant organic matter through photosynthesis--can be measured in units of elemental carbon and represents the primary food energy source for the world's ecosystems. Human appropriation of net primary production, apart from leaving less for other species to use, alters the composition of the atmosphere, levels of biodiversity, energy flows within food webs and the provision of important ecosystem services. Here we present a global map showing the amount of net primary production required by humans and compare it to the total amount generated on the landscape. We then derive a spatial balance sheet of net primary production 'supply' and 'demand' for the world. We show that human appropriation of net primary production varies spatially from almost zero to many times the local primary production. These analyses reveal the uneven footprint of human consumption and related environmental impacts, indicate the degree to which human populations depend on net primary production 'imports' and suggest policy options for slowing future growth of human appropriation of net primary production.     

Stability of organic carbon in deep soil layers controlled by fresh carbon supply

The world's soils store more carbon than is present in biomass and in the atmosphere. Little is known, however, about the factors controlling the stability of soil organic carbon stocks and the response of the soil carbon pool to climate change remains uncertain. We investigated the stability of carbon in deep soil layers in one soil profile by combining physical and chemical characterization of organic carbon, soil incubations and radiocarbon dating. Here we show that the supply of fresh plant-derived carbon to the subsoil (0.6-0.8 m depth) stimulated the microbial mineralization of 2,567 +/- 226-year-old carbon. Our results support the previously suggested idea that in the absence of fresh organic carbon, an essential source of energy for soil microbes, the stability of organic carbon in deep soil layers is maintained. We propose that a lack of supply of fresh carbon may prevent the decomposition of the organic carbon pool in deep soil layers in response to future changes in temperature. Any change in land use and agricultural practice that increases the distribution of fresh carbon along the soil profile could however stimulate the loss of ancient buried carbon.     

温室气体变化数值模拟试验中全球降水和温度变化的迟滞效应

利用耦合气候模式(GFDL-CM2.1)研究变动气候背景下全球平均降水和温度的变化。不同情景CO2 强迫试验表明, 降水变化存在明显的迟滞效应。全球平均降水与地表温度的变化存在显著的线性关系, 但是降水同时也受到CO2 浓度的直接影响。在CO2 增加又恢复的试验中, 降水变化滞后于地表温度变化, 出现降水 “迟滞效应”。在CO2 增加过程中, 温室效应增强会立即导致大气长波吸收增强, 大气获得的净辐射能量增加, 为维持大气能量收支平衡, 地面向上潜热通量受到抑制, 形成CO2 增加对降水的抑制效应。随之而来的温度上升则主要引起大气层顶出射长波辐射以及大气对地表的长波回辐射增加, 大气净辐射能量减少, 地面潜热通量增加, 从而引起降水的增加。在CO2 减少过程中, 情况正好相反, 温室效应减弱会增加降水, 而温度降低会减少降水。温度和CO2 对降水的不同影响决定了降水的迟滞效应。     

Old-growth forests as global carbon sinks

Old-growth forests remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere at rates that vary with climate and nitrogen deposition. The sequestered carbon dioxide is stored in live woody tissues and slowly decomposing organic matter in litter and soil. Old-growth forests therefore serve as a global carbon dioxide sink, but they are not protected by international treaties, because it is generally thought that ageing forests cease to accumulate carbon. Here we report a search of literature and databases for forest carbon-flux estimates. We find that in forests between 15 and 800 years of age, net ecosystem productivity (the net carbon balance of the forest including soils) is usually positive. Our results demonstrate that old-growth forests can continue to accumulate carbon, contrary to the long-standing view that they are carbon neutral. Over 30 per cent of the global forest area is unmanaged primary forest, and this area contains the remaining old-growth forests. Half of the primary forests (6 x 10(8) hectares) are located in the boreal and temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere. On the basis of our analysis, these forests alone sequester about 1.3 +/- 0.5 gigatonnes of carbon per year. Thus, our findings suggest that 15 per cent of the global forest area, which is currently not considered when offsetting increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations, provides at least 10 per cent of the global net ecosystem productivity. Old-growth forests accumulate carbon for centuries and contain large quantities of it. We expect, however, that much of this carbon, even soil carbon, will move back to the atmosphere if these forests are disturbed.     

不同分解程度木麻黄凋落物的养分特征及微生物功能多样性分析

【目的】通过了解木麻黄凋落物分解过程中的养分变化以及微生物碳源的利用特征,明确凋落物微生物多样性与养分之间的关系。【方法】在海南省海口市桂林洋海滨选取10~15年生木麻黄林,按照“S”形五点取样法,分别采集0~5 cm、≥5~10 cm、≥10~15 cm 等3种不同分解程度的凋落物样品,测定其理化性质,并利用Biolog微孔板法测定凋落物外生菌和内生菌的群落功能多样性,对其进行主成分PCA分析和冗余RDA分析。【结果】①凋落物的分解程度越高,其有机碳、全氮、全磷含量越低。②不同分解程度木麻黄凋落物中外生菌和内生菌功能多样性差异显著,外生菌平均颜色变化率(AWCD)随分解程度增加而增大,而内生菌AWCD则降低。③凋落物分解程度越高,外生菌的Shannon、Simpson指数明显升高,McIntosh指数无显著差异;内生菌的Shannon、Simpson指数也随之增加,而McIntosh指数则明显降低。④外生菌和内生菌对6大类碳源利用强度存在差异,优势碳源分别为糖类和多聚物,分解后期胺类和酚类的利用率均有提高。⑤主成分PCA分析表明,不同分解程度的凋落物外生菌和内生菌对31种碳源的利用均有显著差异;RDA分析表明,碳、氮含量与凋落物外生菌微生物功能多样性指数呈最大相关。【结论】木麻黄凋落物分解程度越大,外生菌碳代谢强度和多样性越高,而内生菌碳代谢强度越低,其多样性越高;凋落物的氮、碳含量是影响凋落物微生物功能多样性的主要因素。因此,外生菌和内生菌在木麻黄凋落物的分解中发挥着不同的作用。     

红壤区橘园与花生地土壤温湿度变化及物理环境因素影响

在实测数据基础上,利用数理统计及冗余分析方法(RDA)分析了橘园与花生地土壤温湿度时空变异特征,结果表明:1橘园、花生地土壤湿度均呈现明显的季节变化,且变化趋势基本一致,但是不同深度的变化幅度各有不同;2土壤湿度除了受降水因子影响外,在未降水时段内还受气温、相对湿度、太阳辐射等因子的控制;3土壤温度随着土层深度加深,其季节变化趋势越来越平缓。在一天内,不同土层变化幅度以及出现极值的时间均不同,橘园出现极值的时间比花生地晚半到1 h;4影响土壤温度的环境因子有气温、太阳辐射和相对湿度,其中太阳辐射对花生地土壤温度的影响更大,且土壤表层最易受到气温、太阳辐射和相对湿度的影响。     

林火对森林生态系统碳氮磷生态化学计量特征影响研究进展

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