Estimation of wind erosion rates by using 137Cs tracing technique: A case study in Tariat-Xilin Gol transect, Mongolian Plateau

Wind erosion is one of the major environmental problems in semi-arid and arid regions. Here we established the Tariat-Xilin Gol transect from northwest to southeast across the Mongolian Plateau, and selected seven sampling sites along the transect. We then estimated the soil wind erosion rates by using the 137Cs tracing technique and examined their spatial dynamics. Our results showed that the 137Cs inventories of sampling sites ranged from 265.63=44.91 to 1279.54=166.53 Bq. m-2, and the wind erosion rates varied from 64.58 to 419.63 t. km-2. a-~ accordingly. In the Mongolia section of the transect （from Tariat to Sainshand）, the wind erosion rate increased gradually with vegetation type and climatic regimes; the wind erosion process was controlled by physical factors such as annual precipitation and vegetation coverage, etc., and the impact of human activities was negligible. While in the China section of the transect （Inner Mongolia）, the wind erosion rates of Xilin Hot and Zhengxiangbai Banner were thrice as much as those of Bayannur of Mongolia, although these three sites were all dominated by typical steppe. Besides the physical factors, higher population density and livestock carrying level should be responsible for the higher wind erosion rates in these two regions of Inner Mongolia.     

Using ~(137)Cs tracing technique to estimate wind erosion rates in the typical steppe region, northern Mongolian Plateau

Wind erosion is one of the major factors of land degradation in the typical steppe region, northern Mongolian Plateau. Using 137Cs tracing technique, we estimated the wind erosion rates of different pastures and abandoned farmland at Bayannur and Karakorum in Mongolia. The pastures and cutting grassland at Bayannur were slightly eroded by wind, with the rates of 64.58-169.07 t·km?2·a?1. The abandoned farmland in Karakorum, however, was strongly eroded by wind, with annual surface soil loss of 4.05 mm·a?1, and wind erosion rates up to 6723.06 t·km?2·a?1. The total loss of surface soil due to wind erosion has been 17.4 cm since the cultivation of the steppe land in the 1960s. The wind ero- sion rate at the abandoned farmland was much higher than that at the typical steppe sites, showing that the cultivation led to serious wind erosion in the typical steppe region, northern Mongolian Plateau. By contrast, traditional livestock grazing resulted in less disturbance to the surface soil, and did not in- duce to devastating wind erosion, which plays an important role in maintaining the stability of the steppe ecosystem in the northern Mongolian Plateau.     

Using 137Cs tracing technique to estimate wind erosion rates in the typical steppe region,northern Mongolian Plateau

Wind erosion is one of the major factors of land degradation in the typical steppe region, northern Mongolian Plateau. Using ^137Cs tracing technique, we estimated the wind erosion rates of different pastures and abandoned farmland at Bayannur and Karakorum in Mongolia. The pastures and cutting grassland at Bayannur were slightly eroded by wind, with the rates of 64.58-169.07 t·km^-2.a^-1. The abandoned farmland in Karakorum, however, was strongly eroded by wind, with annual surface soil loss of 4.05 mm. a^-1, and wind erosion rates up to 6723.06 t· km^-2. a^-1. The total loss of surface soil due to wind erosion has been 17.4 cm since the cultivation of the steppe land in the 1960s. The wind ero- sion rate at the abandoned farmland was much higher than that at the typical steppe sites, showing that the cultivation led to serious wind erosion in the typical steppe region, northern Mongolian Plateau. By contrast, traditional livestock grazing resulted in less disturbance to the surface soil, and did not induce to devastating wind erosion, which plays an important role in maintaining the stability of the steppe ecosystem in the northern Mongolian Plateau.     

Preliminary results of the study on wind erosion in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau using 137Cs technique

The worldwide fallout of caesium-137 (137Cs) associated with the nuclear weapon tests during the 1950s and 1960s has provided a valuable man-made tracer for studies of soil erosion and sediment delivery. But relatively few researchers have used it to estimate wind erosion. In this note, the 137Cs technique is introduced into the studies of wind erosion and its modern processes in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Two 137Cs reference inventories of 982.11 and 2 376.04 Bq·m-2 were established preminarily, distributed in the south and middle-north parts of the studied area respectively. By analyzing the patterns of 137Cs depth profiles from sampling sites, the aeolian processes of erosion and deposition in nearly 40 years have been revealed, i.e. the shrub coppice dunes (S1) and semi-fixed dunefields (S3) experienced the alternation of erosion and deposition, while the grasslands (S4, S6 and S7) and dry farmlands (S5) suffered erosion only. By using 137Cs model, the average wind erosion rates for shrub coppice dune (S1), semi-fixed dune fields (S3), dry farmlands (S5) and grasslands (S4, S6 and S7) were estimated to be 84.14, 69.43, 30.68 and 21.84 t·ha-1·a-1 respectively, averaging 47.59 t·ha-1·a-1 for the whole plateau, which can be regarded as of the medium erosion standard. These results derived from 137Cs for the first time have significant implications for the further research of wind erosion and desertification control in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.     

Preliminary results of the study on wind erosion in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau using137Cs technique

The worldwide fallout of caesium-137 (¹³⁷Cs) associated with the nuclear weapon tests during the 1950s and 1960s has provided a valuable man-made tracer for studies of soil erosion and sediment delivery. But relatively few researchers have used it to estimate wind erosion. In this note, the¹³⁷Cs technique is introduced into the studies of wind erosion and its modern processes in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Two¹³⁷Cs reference inventories of 982.11 and 2 376.04 Bq · m⁻² were established preminarily, distributed in the south and middle-north parts of the studied area respectively. By analyzing the patterns of¹³⁷Cs depth profiles from sampling sites, the aeolian processes of erosion and deposition in nearly 40 years have been revealed, i.e. the shrub coppice dunes (S1) and semi-fixed dunefields (S3) experienced the alternation of erosion and deposition, while the grasslands (S4, S6 and S7) and dry farmlands (S5) suffered erosion only. By using¹³⁷Cs model, the average wind erosion rates for shrub coppice dune (S1), semi-fixed dune fields (S3), dry farmlands (S5) and grasslands (S4, S6 and S7) were estimated to be 84.14, 69.43, 30.68 and 21.84 t · ha¹ · a⁻¹ respectively, averaging 47.59 t · ha⁻¹ · a⁻¹ for the whole plateau, which can be regarded as of the medium erosion standard. These results derived from Cs for the first time have significant implications for the further research of wind erosion and desertification control in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.     

A study on responses of soil erosion and sediment yield to closing cultivation on sloping land in a small catchment using ^137Cs technique in the Rolling Loess Plateau, China

By comparison of volumes and ^137Cs Contents of the deposited sediments before and after 1993,changes of specific sediment yields and relative sediment contributions from the gully area and from the inter gully area after closing cultivation on the later area on a small catchment of Zhaojia Gully,in the Rolling Loess Plateau,are analyzed in this paper.Closing cultivation in a large scale has not resulted in decrease but increase of specific sediment yield and the relative sediment contribution of the inter-gully area,and in increase of the sediment yield and the contribution of the gully area,for a short term.The mean specific sediment yield of 29650 t km^-2a^-1 of 1994-1996 in the catchment was 2.2 times the average value of 13413 t km^-2 a^-1 for a long term.The specific sediment yield of the inter-gully area decreased from the 14335t km^-2a^-1 in 1994 to 7034 t km^-2 a^-1 in 1995 and 3517 t km^-1a^-1 in 1996 which was much greater than the value of 21118 t km^-2 a^-1 before 1993.The relative sediment contribution from the inter-gully area decreased form 23% in 1994 to 15% in 1995 and 6% in 1996,while the contribution from the gully area increased form 77% in 1994 to 85% in 1995 and 94% in 1996.It is suggested that compacting of ploughed soils resulted in increasing of the erosion resistance but in decreasing of the precipitation infiltration,therefore,the soil erosion reduced but the runoff amount increased on the inter-gully area.Increase of delivering runoff from the inter-gully area to the gully area should result in activeness of gully erosion and mass movements,consequently,in increase of the total sediment yield from the catchment.     

Soil erosion rates and characteristics of typical alpine meadow using <Superscript>137</Superscript>Cs technique in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

Alpine meadow is the predominant ecosystem in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.The firm turf of alpine meadow formed by sub-surface anfractuous roots can be effective in conserving water and soil.Alpine meadow is a primary contributor to the Chinese Water Tower.For quantitative assess anti-erosion ability of alpine meadow,this paper selected three typical meadow slopes with>60% vegetation coverage to evaluate soil erosion rates using 137Cs.The results showed that(1)soil erosion intensity of typical alpine meadow was slight to light.Erosion rates were 464 t km–2 a–1 in Malong Village,415 t km–2 a–1 in Yeniugou Town and 875 t km–2 a–1 in Zhenqin Town respectively;(2)soil erosion rates were correlated negatively with vegetation coverage,and the relationship was clearer at the slope scale than plot scale;(3)the relationship between soil erosion and vegetation coverage showed that vegetation coverage was a predominant factor in retaining soil and water on slopes.With complete turf and high vegetation coverage, alpine meadow was of great significance for soil conservation and prevention of soil erosion.     

Distribution characteristics of ^137Cs in wind-eroded soil profile and its use in estimating wind erosion modulus

~~Distribution characteristics of ~(137)Cs in wind-eroded soil profile and its use in estimating wind erosion modulus1.Tamura, T, Jacobs, D. G, Structural implications in cesium sorp-tion, Health Physics, 1960, 6(2): 391-398. 2.Rogowshi, A. S., Tamura, T, Movement of 137Cs by runoff, erosion and infiltration on the alluvial captina silt loam, Health Physics, 1965, 11(12): 1333-3340. 3.Owens, P. N., Walling, D. E., He, Q. P., The behaviour of bomb-derived caesium-137 fallout in …     

210Pb和137Cs法对比研究武汉东湖现代沉积速率

对采自东湖Ⅰ站和Ⅱ站的沉积物采用^210Pb和^137Cs相结合的方法测定沉积速率,^210Pb法测出东湖Ⅰ站和Ⅱ站的沉积速率为8．73mm／a和6．90mm／a,^137Cs测出东湖Ⅰ站和Ⅱ站的沉积速率为7．4mm／a和5．8mm／a．分析了两种方法测定结果差异产生的原因,并与以往的研究相对比,探讨东湖沉积速率空间分布的规律性,沉积速率变化与人类活动的关系、沉积速率与扰动的关系．     

A study on responses of soil erosion and sediment yield to closing cultivation on sloping land in a small catchment using 137Cs technique in the Rolling Loess Plateau, China

By comparison of volumes and ¹³⁷Cs contents of the deposited sediments before and after 1993, changes of specific sediment yields and relative sediment contributions from the gully area and from the inter gully area after closing cultivation on the later area on a small catchment of Zhaojia Gully, in the Rolling Loess Plateau, are analyzed in this paper. Closing cultivation in a large scale has not resulted in decrease but increase of specific sediment yield of the catchment, in sharp decrease of the sediment yield and the relative sediment contribution of the inter-gully area, and in increase of the sediment yield and the contribution of the gully area, for a short term. The mean specific sediment yield of 29650 t km⁻² a⁻¹ of 1994–1996 in the catchment was 2.2 times the average value of 13413 t km⁻² a⁻¹ for a long term. The specific sediment yield of the inter-gully area decreased from the 14335 t km⁻² a⁻¹ in 1994 to 7034 t km⁻² a⁻¹ in 1995 and 3517 t km⁻² a⁻¹ in 1996, while the yield of the gully area varied between 44944 and 62136 t km⁻² a⁻¹ during the period of 1994–1996 which was much greater than the value of 21118 t km⁻² a⁻¹ before 1993. The relative sediment contribution from the inter-gully area decreased from 23% in 1994 to 15% in 1995 and 6% in 1996, while the contribution from the gully area increased from 77% in 1994 to 85% in 1995 and 94% in 1996. It is suggested that compacting of ploughed soils resulted in increasing of the erosion resistance but in decreasing of the precipitation infiltration, therefore, the soil erosion reduced but the runoff amount increased on the inter-gully area. Increase of delivering runoff from the inter-gully area to the gully area should result in activeness of gully erosion and mass movements, consequently, in increase of the total sediment yield from the catchment.     

137Cs法应用于流域土壤侵蚀初步研究--以太湖上游浙江省安吉县西苕溪为例

太湖流域水体富营养化、水环境质量下降问题日趋突出 ,而由土壤侵蚀造成的物质迁移是流域非点源营养元素输入的主要载体之一 ,因此 ,流域土壤侵蚀的定量研究具有重要的理论和现实意义 .以太湖上游浙江省安吉县西苕溪流域为例 ,利用137Cs示踪分析方法对该区域的土壤侵蚀数量及空间分布状况作了初步的研究 ,结果表明 :研究区域的137Cs背景值为(2 14 8.8± 12 0 .7)Bq/m2 ;根据建立以及选择的土壤侵蚀和沉积模型计算 ,研究区内非耕作土土壤侵蚀模数平均在 - 431.6t/km2 ·a(“ -”表示堆积 ) ,耕作土土壤侵蚀模数平均在 16 81.2t/(km2 ·a) ,年均土壤侵蚀厚度为 1.5 3mm .研究结论对深入探讨太湖流域上游物质迁移对太湖的生态影响具有基础意义 .     

蒙古高原及其邻近地区的维管束植物区系分析初报(续)——Ⅱ.属的区系分析

内蒙古高原及其邻近地区有792属,其中蒙古与内蒙古共同的属为452属,相异的属为205属(只分布在蒙古的属有92属,在内蒙古的属有113属)。含有10个以上不同属的科是:菊科(28属),禾本科(18属),十字花科(17属),伞形科(12属),玄参科(11属),紫草科(10属),本区有10个大属,它们是:苔属(131种),黄芪属(94),棘豆属(90),蒿属(90),柳属(61)。风毛菊属(56),蓼厮(51),委陵菜属(46),马先蒿属(36),葱属(30),本区有3个特有属:四合木属,绵刺属和革苞菊属。     

用FTIR及~(13)C-NMR法研究PEEK的硝化反应

用衰减全反射红外光谱(ATR-FTIR)及~(13)C-NMR方法研究了聚醚醚酮(PEEK)在浓硝酸中的反应。发现PEEK在浓硝酸中发生硝化并有轻度的氧化发生,结晶PEEK比无定形PEEK具有更优异的耐腐蚀性。     

汶川地震驱动的隆升、剥蚀作用与龙门山地貌生长——以映秀红椿沟为例

汶川(Ms 8.0)地震驱动的构造抬升作用和滑坡、泥石流剥蚀作用如何影响龙门山的地貌生长是目前争论的焦点。作者以位于汶川地震震中位置的映秀红椿沟泥石流为例,利用野外实测资料、航片和数字高程资料,开展了红椿沟流域汶川地震驱动的构造抬升与滑坡、泥石流的表面侵蚀过程及其对龙门山地貌生长约束方面的定量研究,获得以下初步认识:(1)红椿沟位于汶川地震震中区的高山峡谷,发震断裂——北川断裂从该沟切过。(2)汶川地震触发的同震滑坡体积达3.800 1×106 m3,是震前滑坡量的3倍。(3)2010-08-13和2010-08-18强降雨形成的震后泥石流体积为0.705×106 m3,表明震后强降雨使同震滑坡量的20%转化为泥石流。(4)红椿沟泥石流将0.485×106 m3固体物质输入岷江河道(主河),导致河道变窄、河床升高、河床比降增大。(5)冲入河道量与同震滑坡量之间的转化率约为13%,冲入河道量与泥石流量之间的转化率为70%。(6)在红椿沟流域同震的滑坡体积(3.800 1×106 m3)小于同震的构造抬升体积(6.67×106 m3),仅有约57%的构造抬升量转化为滑坡量,表明以逆冲-走滑作用为特征的汶川地震所导致的构造抬升量大于滑坡量,将使龙门山地貌产生新的抬升和生长。     

Dating of sediment-hosted disseminated-type gold deposit by using ~(40)Ar/~(39)Ar laser probe: A case study of Changkeng large-scale gold deposit, China

Ore-forming age is one of the most important data in studying the genesis of mineral deposits. Dating of sedi-ment-hosted disseminated-type gold deposits, which areone of the most important types of gold deposits in theworld, is always a difficult task for ore geologists. Themajor reason is that most of the ores in this type deposit are of various siliceous and are composed of extremely fine-grained minerals, thus it will be very difficult to de-termine their ages by using conventional isotopi…     

Lasing on pyroclastic rocks:A case study of ~(40)Ar/~(39)Ar dating on Moshishan Group,eastern Zhejiang Province

It is difficult to date pyroclastic rocks,for almost all the dating methods,due to the multiple sources during their formation.40Ar/39Ar incremental heating results on groundmass selected from the samples show that the age spectra are meaningless geologically.However,singe crystal total fusions of CO2 lasing on the sanidine separates could yield rational 40Ar/39Ar results and distinguish their sources in this study.Timing on three formations of the Moshishan Group,after avoiding the exotic and altered grains by lasing on the single sanidine separate,was reported in this paper.The lowermost portion of the Chawan Formation gives an age of 113.7±0.3 Ma;the lower part of the Xishantou Formation was formed 116.4±0.4 Ma ago and the bottom of the Gaowu Formation took its shape at 118.4±0.4 Ma.These new ages are much younger than the previous ones,suggesting that these thick volcanic formations had been formed in very short durations.     

在Cs2CdX4(X=F,Cl):Cr3+四角晶位中配体对零场分裂和g因子的影响

用双自旋 轨道耦合模型和半经验的分子轨道法研究了Cr3 在Cs2 CdX4 (X =F ,Cl)四角晶位中的EPR零场分裂和 g 因子 .结果表明 ,不应忽略配体Cl对Cr3 的零场分裂和 g因子的贡献 .