云南地方稻核心种质磷高效发掘研究

云南省独特的资源、地理生态优势利于水稻磷高效种质的挖掘。在土壤有效磷含量为6.26mg/kg,0.02mg/kg条件下连续两年鉴定评价,系统研究了核心种质全生育期磷高效材料评价筛选方法,阐明云南水稻磷高效基因源形成背景,耐低磷性状与籼粳亚种间的关系,高效发掘水稻磷高效种质。     

水稻栽培稻分类研究的现状与展望

简述了稻属、栽培稻种分类研究的现状,我国栽培稻种主要分类系统及籼、粳亚种的鉴别方法.全世界稻属植物的种共归纳为22个种,分属9个染色体组;栽培稻在亚种分级上主要可分为籼、粳两亚种或籼、粳和爪哇三个亚种,多数学者倾向于只分籼、粳两个亚种;亚种以下可分为生态群、生态型、品种或生态群、生态型、变种和品种,生态群、生态型的性状和指标不一,尚未统一;在分类方法上主要以形态特征,杂交亲和力,同工酶和植物学性状综合数值等来划分,而籼粳分子水平上的鉴别与分类也开始得到应用.栽培稻亚种间亲缘关系、亲和性及其与杂种优势的关系仍然是栽培稻分类研究的主要方向.     

生态条件对籼粳稻杂交后代亚种特性与经济性状的影响

以两个典型的籼粳交重组自交系F6群体(RILSA:中优早8号/丰锦、RILSB:七山占/秋光)为试材,分别在四川和辽宁同年种植,研究亚种特性和经济性状变化规律及其相互关系的结果表明,不同生态条件下籼粳交后代的亚种特性和经济性状都发生了显著的变化.生态条件对程氏指数和构成性状的影响因群体和性状而异,RILSA群体在四川和辽宁都呈偏粳分布,RILSB群体在辽宁接近正态分布,在四川呈偏粳分布,总体上四川表现比辽宁更加偏粳.与辽宁相比,四川穗数、结实率和千粒重降低,因而产量极显著下降,而穗粒数在不同地区和不同群体间差异不显著.程氏指数和构成性状与产量和经济性状有正相关的趋势,据此进行人工选择可能是北方稻区籼粳稻杂交育成品种仍然基本保持粳亚种特性的重要原因.此外,还讨论了籼粳分化与生态条件的关系等相关问题.     

饲料中添加虾青素对斑节对虾生长和免疫指标的影响

 虾青素以不同质量分数(0,10,20,40,80,160 mg·kg^-1)添加到斑节对虾 Penaeus monodon 的饲料中投喂30 d,研究虾青素对斑节对虾［初始体质量（1.32±0.03 ）g］生长、存活和免疫指标的影响。结果显示：虾青素可提高斑节对虾的存活率,但无明显规律性;而增质量率和特定生长率,实验组和对照组间差异显著(P<0.05);就终末均质量而言,实验组与对照组差异显著(P<0.05),但实验组之间无显著差异(P>0.05);虾青素可提高斑节对虾酚氧化酶（PO）的活力,除10 mg·kg^-1和20 mg·kg^-1 组外,其余实验组与对照组差异显著(p<0.05),但对碱性磷酸酶(ALP)、过氧化物酶(POD)、超氧化物岐化酶(SOD)的活力无显著影响。以增重率、特定生长率和酚氧化酶（PO）活力为参考指标,虾青素适宜添加量为40～80 mg·kg^-1。     

合系35×老来红联合世代耐低磷性状主基因加多基因遗传研究

 磷高效水稻培育是提高土壤潜在磷利用效率的一种途径,用云南主栽粳稻品种合系35与云南稻种核心种质耐低磷特性极强老来红配制P1,P2,F1和F2世代,在云南省农科院(海拔1916 m)种植两处理(有效磷质量比6.26 mg/kg,有效磷40 mg/kg)耐低磷鉴定,采用数量性状的主基因-多基因混合遗传模型,研究了水稻的分蘖、株穗重和总干重3个耐低磷指标性状的遗传,结果表明,分蘖、株穗重和总干重3个耐低磷指标性状在这个组合中都表现为一对主基因加多基因遗传和多基因遗传2种遗传模式.     

田间低磷胁迫对沈农265和辽粳294水稻产量性状的影响

选用典型直立穗型品种沈农265和直立穗型品种辽粳294为试材,研究田间低磷胁迫对其产量性状的影响．结果表明,田间低磷胁迫使两个水稻品种的经济产量和生物产量都下降,其中沈农265下降幅度较小．同时田间低磷使沈农265的穗数减少,穗粒数减少,着粒密度下降;辽粳294则表现为穗长增加,穗粒数和着粒密度增加,这可能是由于田间低磷使辽粳294分蘖减少较多所致;沈农265的综合耐低磷力属于一级指标,辽粳294属于二级指标,表明沈农265耐低磷力较强,辽粳294为中等耐低磷品种．     

合系35×老来红联合世代耐低磷性状主基因加多基因遗传研究

磷高效水稻培育是提高土壤潜在磷利用效率的一种途径,用云南主栽粳稻品种合系35与云南稻种核心种质耐低磷特性极强老来红配制P1,P2,Fl和F2世代,在云南省农科院(海拔1 916 m)种植两处理(有效磷质量比6.26 mg/kg,有效磷40 mg/kg)耐低磷搭定,采用数量性状的主基因-多基因混合遗传模型,研究了水稻的分蘖、株穗重和总干重3个耐低磷指标性状的遗传,结果表明,分蘖、株穗重和总干重3个耐低磷指标性状在这个组合中都表现为一对主基因加多基因遗传和多基因遗传2种遗传模式.     

不同栽培密度对有色稻抽穗期叶片性状的影响

以黑糯（Y4）和红粳（Y5）两个有色稻为材料,设5种不同的栽培密度,研究了不同栽培密度对有色稻的叶片性状的影响。结果表明：抽穗期,随栽培密度的增加,有色稻叶片干物质积累增加,叶面积指数呈先增大后减少的单峰变化,上3叶叶片夹角和叶绿素含量减小。Y4和Y5的适宜密度分别为12万／666．7m^2和16万／666．7m^2,且Y5耐密性较Y4强。     

稻鱼共作下不同有机肥对水稻养分吸收利用效率的影响

研究有机肥替代化学氮肥对稻鱼共作下水稻产量、养分吸收利用及土壤养分的影响,可为稻田化肥减量增效提供依据。田间试验设置常规水稻单作配施化肥(CK)、稻鱼共作配施化肥(CF)、稻鱼共作配施有机肥(OF)、稻鱼共作配施复合微生物肥(MF) 4个处理,分析了相同施氮量下不同有机肥处理稻鱼共作水稻产量、干物质量、养分吸收与利用效率以及土壤性质的差异。结果表明：(1)与CK相比,CF和OF处理的水稻籽粒产量分别减少2.53%和0.16%,MF处理增加11.23%,处理间差异不显著(P≥0.05);稻鱼共作下水稻氮收获指数显著提高,同时,水稻磷素和钾素的偏生产力、籽粒生产效率、干物质生产效率和收获指数均有不同程度提高,以MF处理的提升效果最好。(2)稻鱼共作下不同有机肥处理的水稻籽粒养分含量存在显著差异(P<0.05),氮、钾含量均为MF>OF,磷含量则相反。(3)不同处理间土壤pH值、有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾含量均无显著差异(P≥0.05)。综上,稻鱼共作模式下以有机肥或复合微生物肥全量替代化学氮肥均能稳定水稻产量、维持土壤肥力、提高肥料利用效率。     

豫南稻区土壤有效磷施肥指标及水稻施磷推荐——基于ASI法的土壤养分丰缺指标

为了系统研究豫南稻区土壤磷素丰缺指标及施磷推荐,多年来在豫南稻区布置水稻肥效田间试验,并用ASI法对基础土壤样品进行测试分析,以缺磷素区(NK)与推荐施肥区(NPK)水稻相对产量55%、55%~68%、68%~78%、78%~95%和95%为标准,分别将对应的土壤有效磷分成"极低"、"低"、"中"、"较高"和"高"5级.结果显示:豫南稻区水稻运用ASI法测定的土壤有效磷含量分别与不施磷小区水稻相对产量呈显著正相关关系,并且得出豫南稻区土壤有效磷"极低"指标为7.5 mg/L,"低"指标为7.5~13.5 mg/L,"中"指标为13.5~17.5 mg/L,"较高"指标为17.5~35.5 mg/L,"高"指标为35.5 mg/L.据此建立的豫南稻田土壤养分丰缺指标推荐施磷量为:速效磷含量为7.5 mg/L、7.5~13.5 mg/L、13.5~17.5 mg/L和17.5~35.5 mg/L时,磷肥推荐施用量分别为135、105、90、75 kg/hm2,速效磷含量35.5 mg/L,建议不施磷肥.     

Experimental validation of inter-subspecific genetic diversity in rice represented by the differences between the DNA sequences of ‘Nipponbare’ and ‘93-11’

The pedigrees of three sequenced rice cultivars were analyzed to show that a majority of the genetic composition of 'Nipponbare' originates from japonica cultivars while the minority originates from indica cultivars. In contrast, '93-11' is derived mainly from indica cultivars with a smaller contribution from japonica cultivars. All ancestors of 'Guang lu ai 4' appeared to be indica lines. A set of molecular markers (46 InDels and 53 SSRs) polymorphic between 'Nipponbare' and '93-11' were examined in 46 typical indica and 47 typical japonica cultivars selected from 443 accessions according to Cheng's index. All cultivars were divided into indica and japonica groups without overlapping when clustered by Cheng's index, InDels and SSRs. Much higher InDel and SSR diversity between groups than within groups implies that the marker polymorphisms between 'Nipponbare' and '93-11' represent a large proportion of inter-subspecific diversity. About 85% of indica cultivars and more than 90% of japonica cultivars were confirmed to have the same PCR banding patterns as '93-11' and 'Nipponbare', respectively. Some polymorphic loci between 'Nipponbare' and '93-11' cannot be validated in other indica and japonica cultivars, either as subspecies-specific but not predominant alleles, or alleles not specific between the two groups. It was concluded that molecular markers developed from sequence polymorphism between 'Nipponbare' and '93-11' often represent inter-subspecific diversity, although some exceptions were sensitive to either particular marker loci or particular cultivars.     

Identification of quantitative trait loci affecting tolerance to low phosphorus in rice (Oryza Sativa L.)

Phosphorus (P)-deficiency in rice (Oryza. Sativa. L) may cause yield reductions. This research has been conducted to map quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for tolerance to low phosphorus stress in a doubled haploid (DH) population. By using the linkage map of this population, the QTLs for relative dry weight, relative P content and relative P utilization efficiency have been located. The results indicate that one RFLP marker located on chromosome 6 is closely associated with relative root dry weight, relative shoot dry weight and relative total dry weight, which explain 24.9%, 20.5% and 25.2% of the total phenotypic variations, respectively. Two QTLs affect relative P uptake content, which account for 20.7% of the total phenotypic variations. One micro-effect QTL has been found to be associated with relative P utilization efficiency. It is suggested that the P uptake efficiency is more associated with P efficiency. Among the secondary physiological indices of P uptake efficiency, the root dry weight is more important than others.     

Efficient indica and japonica rice identification based on the InDel molecular method: Its implication in rice breeding and evolutionary research

An efficient molecular method for the accurate and efficient identification of indica and japonica rice was created based on the poly-morphisms of insertion/deletion (InDel) DNA fragments obtained from the basic local alignment search tool (BLAST) to the entire genomic sequences of indica (93-11) and japonica rice (Nipponbare). The 45 InDel loci were validated experimentally by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) in 44 typical indica and japonica rice varieties, including 93-11 and Nipponbare. A neutrality test of the data matrix generated from electrophoretic banding patterns of various InDel loci indicated that 34 InDel loci were strongly associated with the differentiation of indica and japonica rice. More extensive analyses involving cultivated rice varieties from 11 Asian countries, and 12 wild Oryza species with various origins confirmed that indica and japonica characteristics could accurately be determined via calculating the average frequency of indica- or japonica-specific alleles on different InDel loci across the rice genome. This method was named as the "InDel molecular index" that combines molecular and statistical methods in determining the indica and japonica characteristics of rice varieties. Compared with the traditional methods based essentially on morphology, the InDel molecular index provides a very accurate, rapid, simple, and efficient method for identifying indica and japonica rice. In addition, the InDel index can be used to determine indica or japonica characteristics of wild Oryza species, which largely extends the utility of this method. The InDel molecular index provides a new tool for the effective selection of appropriate indica or japonica rice germplasm in rice breeding. It also offers a novel model for the study of the origin, evolution, and genetic differentiation of indica and japonica rice adapted to various environmental changes.     

Identification of quantitative trait loci affecting tolerance to low phosphorus in rice (Oryza Sativa L.)

Phosphorus (P)-deficiency in rice (Oryza.Sativa.L) may cause yield reductions.This research has been conducted to map quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for tolerance to low phosphorus stress in a doubled haploid (DH) population.By using the linkage map of this population,the QTLs for relative dry weight,relative P content and relative P utilization efficiency have been located.The results indicate that one RFLP marker located on chromosome 6 is closely associated with relative root dry weight,relative shoot dry weight and relative total dry weight,which explain 24.9%,20.5% and 25.2% of the total phenotypic variations,respectively.Two QTLs affect relative P uptake content,which account for 20.7% of the total phenotypic variations.One micro-effect QTL has been found to be associated with relative P utilization efficiency.It is suggested that the P uptake efficiency is more associated with P efficiency.Among the secondary physiological indices of P uptake efficiency,the root dry weight is more important than others.     

水稻苗期形态性状的QTL定位

采用苗期形态性状上有着明显差异的粳稻Asominori和籼稻IR24杂交产生的重组自交系（RILs）为材料,经营养液培养后,对水稻苗期形态相关的6个数量性状：最大根长（MRL）、苗高（SH）、根干重（RDW）、茎（叶）干重（SDW）、总重（TW）以及根/茎（叶）干重比（RSR）进行了数量性状位点（QTL）定位分析.结果共检测到影响6个形态性状的8个QTL位点,分别位于水稻的第2,4,10和11染色体上,其贡献率为9.79%～22.90%.并发现位于第4染色体上的控制根/茎（叶）干重比的qRSR-4和根干重的qRDW-4的2个位点以及位于第10染色体上的控制茎（叶）干重的qSDW-10和总重的qTW-10的2个位点分别位于同一分子标记区间.研究结果对水稻苗期形态性状QTL的精细定位及培育理想株型具有一定的应用价值.     

Comparative mapping of rice root traits in seedlings grown in nutrient or non-nutrient solution

The component and amount of nutrient in the growth medium are the major factors affecting root growth.For the systematic dissection of root gene expression,evaluation of nutrient and non-nutrient solutions was conducted for their effect on root traits and quantitative trait loci(QTL)mapping.Three rice root parameters,maximum root length(MRL),root dry weight(RDW),and root/ shoot ratio of dry weight(RSR),were characterized within a double haploid(DH)population from a cross of ZYQ8(indica)and JX17(japonica).The value of the three root traits in two parents all decreased under the nutrient condition compared to those under the nonnutrient condition,of which RSR decreased up to 2.6-fold on average.In the DH population,more than 70 % lines in MRL,94 % lines in RDW,and all the lines in RSR were scored lower.In total,eight QTLs were identified in nutrient system(5 from JX17 alleles and 3 from ZYQ8 alleles)while five QTLs were detected in non-nutrient system(4 from JX17 alleles and 1 from ZYQ8 alleles).Of them,one QTL for RSR was shared by both culturing systems,seven QTLs were specific in nutrient system and the other four QTLs were specific in non-nutrient system.All 13 QTLs were distributed over 7 rice chromosomes-2,3,4,5,6,9 and 10,respectively.     

Comparative mapping of QTLs for Al tolerance in rice and identification of positional Al-induced genes

Aluminum (A1) toxicity is the major factor limiting crop productivity in acid soils. In this study, a recombinant inbreed line (RIL) population derived from a cross between an A1 sensitive lowland indica rice variety IR1552 and an A1 tolerant upland japonica rice variety Azucena, was used for mapping quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for A1 tolerance. Three QTLs for relative root length (RRL) were detected on chromosome 1,9, 12, respectively, and 1 QTL for root length under A1 stress is identical on chromosome 1 after one week and two weeks stress. Comparison of QTLs on chromosome 1 from different studies indicated an identical interval between C86 and RZ801 with gene(s) for A1 tolerance. This interval provides an important start point for isolating genes responsible for A1 tolerance and understanding the genetic nature of Al tolerance in rice. Four A1 induced ESTs located in this interval were screened by reverse Northern analysis and confirmed by Northern analysis. They would be candidate genes for the QTL.     

施用氮硅肥对巨型稻生长、养分利用和产量的影响

该文采用田间随机区组设计,以巨型稻“丰超6号”为供试材料,以磷钾肥为基肥,设置氮肥或硅肥使用组合的4种处理:不施氮肥和硅肥(CK)、施氮肥(N)、施氮肥配施低量硅肥(NSi₁)和施氮肥配施高量硅肥(NSi₂).研究结果表明:相对于CK处理,施用氮肥和硅肥使水稻地上部和根系生物量分别增加了55.6%和67.0%,使水稻根冠比分别增加了30.8%和46.2%.与CK处理相比,施用氮肥和硅肥使巨型稻分蘖数分别增加了23.9%和45.0%; 与单施氮肥相比,氮、硅肥配施使分蘖数进一步增加了17.1%,施用氮肥和硅肥使巨型稻SPAD值(叶绿素相对含量)分别增加了9.7%和19.8%.氮、硅肥配施使土壤碱解氮和有效硅含量分别增加了19.2%～31.5%和9.2%～28.5%.NSi₂处理较NSi₁处理的氮肥利用率提高了16.5%.与单施氮肥相比,NSi₁处理使巨型稻产量提高了11.7%,而NSi₂处理使巨型稻产量显著增加26.1%.在巨型稻种植过程中以氮肥配施高量硅肥(NSi₂)处理效果最好.     

磷素水平对水稻幼苗生长发育的影响

以4种不同基因型水稻为材料,研究磷素水平对水稻幼苗的生物学和营养学性状的影响.结果表明:低磷处理对水稻幼苗各生物学性状影响很大,低磷条件下水稻幼苗株高、鲜重、干重均低于对照处理,根长伸长,根冠比增大;供磷过量处理水稻幼苗株高和干重低于对照.四种水稻幼苗相比,高优35的磷素利用效率明显低于其它三个品种.