超临界流体技术制备纳米材料进展

目前,已经有多种与超临界流体有关的技术用于纳米材料的制备。在这些技术方法中,超临界流体可以作为介质,也可以直接作为反应物来参与制备过程。超临界流体技术广泛应用于制备无机材料、有机材料、高分子聚合物、医药、电子等方面纳米级材料。本文概述了超临界流体制备纳米材料的研究和应用情况。     

应用超临界流体技术制备聚苯胺/聚氨酯导电复合材料

采用超临界流体技术和原位聚合法合成了聚苯胺-聚氨酯导电复合材料.本法由超临界流体插嵌技术向聚氨酯基体树脂中引入苯胺单体和后期的氧化掺杂技术组成,扫描电镜、电导率测定和热重TGA实验都显示了导电复合物的合成,并且在低压条件下制备得到的产品具有更高的电导性能.总体上复合材料的电导率在10-4～10-3S/cm范围.     

超临界CO2在制备PCL/水杨酸甲酯控释体系中的应用研究

本文利用超临界二氧化碳（SCCO2）对生物可降解材料--聚己内酯（PCL）进行溶胀和塑化,进而将其作为携带剂,将水杨酸甲酯嵌入到PCL中,制备含有水杨酸甲酯的PCL多孔材料,即PCL/水杨酸甲酯控释体系,并研究超临界流体条件下水杨酸甲酯的插嵌规律.研究结果表明,PCL对水杨酸甲酯有很好的吸附能力,通过测定所制备的多孔材料PCL/水杨酸甲酯体系的缓释行为,表明其多孔结构对药物分子具有一定的缓释功能,药物分子释放时间最长可达18 h以上.     

超临界与超超临界锅炉技术的发展与研究

阐述了当前国内外超临界及超超临界火电机组的发展与趋势以及现代超临界及超超临界锅炉的技术特点，提出了超超临界锅炉应重点研究的课题，介绍了西安交通大学动力工程多相流国家重点实验室在超临界锅炉方面的研究进展。     

超临界CO2池式换热实验与数值模拟研究

超临界传热已进行了广泛研究,但对其现象及机理的认识仍不充分,本文研究了超临界二氧化碳(supercritical,sCO₂)池式传热.实验以长度为22 mm和直径为70 μm铂丝为加热和测温元件,容器压力为8～10 MPa,加热丝热流密度范围为0～1800 kW/m²,显著高于文献中的参数范围.采用变物性层流模型进行流固耦合数值模拟,加热丝附近采用了多尺度网格技术,数值模拟与实验结果吻合良好.发现传热系数h随热流密度q_w的变化呈S形曲线,将h-q_w曲线划分成三个区域.在类临界温度前,因瑞利数Ra随q_w增大而增大,h随q_w增大而增大;当铂丝温度开始超过类临界温度后,由于超临界流体回流效应增强,h继续增大直到获得最大值.随后,由于近壁区类气膜热阻增大,h随q_w增大而减小直到获得极小值.在超过h极小值点后,由于高温下超临界流体导热系数随温度增大而增大,随q_w增大h回复到增大趋势.本文获得了全参数范围内传热系数与热流密度...     

超临界流体状态下合成陶瓷先驱体聚碳硅烷

以二甲苯为超临界流体介质,以聚二甲基硅烷为原料,在高压釜中一定温度和压力下,合成了分子量分布较窄的陶瓷先驱体聚碳硅烷,对软化点,FT-IR,GPC,元素分析和合成收率等进行了表征,并与常压高温和高压合成方法相比较.合成聚碳硅烷的软化点为180～220℃,收率高达63.5wt%,比其他两种方法提高了20wt%,其Mn^-=1477,分子量分布系数为1.61,硅氢键含量较高,化学式为SiC1.91H7.27O0.05.表明超临界流体方法具有很好的传热均匀性和反应均匀性,且合成时间短,合成效率高,是合成高品质聚碳硅烷的一种新方法.     

一种含携带剂SF中固体溶质溶解度的简单模拟模型

本文在Soave模型的基础上,采用PR状态方程和Huron-Vidal混合规则,提出了一种适于模拟含携带剂超临界流体中固体溶解度且包含固体溶质饱和蒸汽压Psat2及其作用因子C2和携带剂作用因子C3的3参数模型.并采用该模型分别对SC CO2-C2H<,5>OH中硬脂酸和棕榈酸的溶解度数据进行了模拟,其平均误差分别为7.65%和6.89%,小于活度系数模型的13.1%和11.5%,表明该模型是一种模拟含携带剂超临界流体中固体溶质溶解度的较好模型,可为其今后的设计和生产提供理论指导.     

基于预测-矫正技术的超临界流体强迫对流传热能力预测方法

拟临界区剧烈变物性导致超临界流体强迫对流传热特性规律复杂.已有超临界流体传热关联式的预测能力和应用范围难以同时改善.借鉴亚临界两(多)相流分流型预测传热能力的思路,本文尝试提出了基于预测-矫正技术的超临界流体传热能力预测方法.该方法的基础包括可合理表征浮升力效应和流动加速效应强度的无量纲数Bu和Ac,以及一套完善的超临界流体对流传热关联.通过超临界二氧化碳强迫对流传热实验研究,获得了传热数据库(3696组数据),建立了一套(10个)超临界二氧化碳强迫对流传热关联式,并对新建立的传热关联式和新提出的预测-矫正预测方法进行了评价.结果表明预测-矫正计算方法可大幅提高加热段壁面温度预测精度,并有效纠正单一传热关联式预测时出现的粗大偏差.     

超临界CO2辅助制备TiO2/MCM-41中孔分子筛的研究

研究利用超临界二氧化碳(SCCO2)作为溶剂,将钛的有机前驱体传榆到分子筛孔的内部,制备TiO2/MCM-41中孔分子筛,同时研究了温度和压力的影响.XRD、氮气吸脱附、红外、紫外、扫描电镜(SEM)等研究结果表明,在超临界二氧化碳"协助插嵌"的过程中,二氧化钛可以被很好地传输到孔的深处,并呈高分散状态.因此,这种方法为实现二氧化钛在分子筛孔道上呈薄膜分散提供了一种可能途径.     

超临界态煤油流动与对流传热特性数值研究

本文采用湍流模拟方法结合煤油的10组分替代模型对国产RP-3航空煤油在水平圆管中的超临界态流动及对流传热特性进行了研究.湍流模拟采用RNGk-两方程模型以及增强壁面处理方法,煤油热物性和输运参数的确定基于10组分替代模型,并采用广义状态对应法则（ECS）结合考虑真实气体效应的Benedict-Webb-Rubin方程计算.同时,通过网格无关性研究以及与煤油加热圆管实验数据的比较验证了数值方法的可靠性.在本文研究的流动条件下,对于壁面热流为1.2和0.8MW/m2的算例,当管壁温度略超过煤油的拟临界温度时将发生传热恶化现象,并且恶化程度随着热流密度的降低而减小;而在壁面热流为0.5MW/m2时则不再出现传热恶化.通过分析传热恶化前后近壁区湍流强度可知,传热发生恶化以及传热性能的再次恢复与近壁湍流强度的变化有关.经典的传热公式如Sieder-Tate公式、Gnielinski公式可以基本反映亚临界区煤油的传热关系,但不能预测煤油的传热恶化现象.而考虑超临界特性的Bae-Kim修正公式可以描述煤油的传热恶化.另外,研究发现：当煤油进入超临界态时,管道摩擦阻力将显著增加.     

Inherent properties and statistics with individual particles in quantum mechanics

This paper puts forward the hypothesis that the distinctive features of quantum statistics are exclusively determined by the nature of the properties it describes. In particular, all statistically relevant properties of identical quantum particles in many-particle systems are conjectured to be irreducible, ‘inherent’ properties only belonging to the whole system. This allows one to explain quantum statistics without endorsing the ‘Received View’ that particles are non-individuals, or postulating that quantum systems obey peculiar probability distributions, or assuming that there are primitive restrictions on the range of states accessible to such systems. With this, the need for an unambiguously metaphysical explanation of certain physical facts is acknowledged and satisfied.     

Spasmin-like proteins in various ciliates revealed by antibody to purified spasmins ofCarchesium polypinum

Summary It was found that some ciliates,Stentor, Spirostomum andBlepharisma, which can contract rapidly like the stalks of Vorticellidae, have Ca²⁺-binding proteins that are very similar to spasmins, in the immunological sense. The presence of spasmins in other Protozoa and in some Metazoa was also investigated.     

Partial sequence of the gene for a serine protease from a halophilic archaeumhaloferax mediterranei R4, and nucleotide sequences of 16S rRNA encoding genes from several halophilic archaea

A part of the gene coding for a halophilic serine protease from a halophilic archaeumHaloferax mediterranei R4 was amplified by PCR and its 672 nucleotide sequence was determined. Tentative translation to the amino acid sequence suggested that the enzyme was quite similar to halolysin produced by another halophilic archaeum strain 172P1. Nucleotide sequences of 16S rRNA encoding genes from 9 halophilic archaea were determined. Alignment of 19 sequences known so far showed that there are more than 20 positions carrying bases or deletions specific for each halobacterial genus:Halobacterium, Haloarcula, Haloferax, andHalococcus.     

Endorcine cells producing regulatory peptides

Summary Recent data on the immunologication of regulatory peptides and related propeptide sequences in endocrine cells and tumours of the gastrointestinal tract pancreas, lung, thyroid, pituitary (ACTH and opioids), adrenals and paraganglia have been revised and discussed. Gastrin, xenopsin, cholecystokinin (CCK), somatostatin, motilin, secretin, GIP (gastric inhibitory beenrevised and discussed. Gastrin, xenopsin, cholecystokinin (CCK), somatostatin, motilin, secretin, GIP (gastric inhibitory polypeptide), neurotensin, glicentin/glucagon-37 and PYY (peptide tyrosine tyrosine) are the main products of gastrointestinal endocrine cells; glucagon, CRF (corticotropin releasing factor), somatostatin, PP (pancreatic polypeptide) and GRF (growth hormone releasing factor), in addition to insulin, are produced in pancreatic islet cells; bombesin-related peptidesare the main markers of pulmonary endocrine cells; calcitonin and CGRP (calcitonin gene-related peptide) occur in thyroid and extrathyroid C cells; ACTH and endorphins in anterior and intermediate lobe pituitary cells, -MSH and CLIP (corticotropoin-like intermediate lobe peptide) in intermediate lobe cells; met- and leu-enkephalins and related peptides in adrenal medullary and paraganglionic cells as well as in some gut (enterochromaffin) cells; NPY (neuropeptide Y) in adrenalin-type adrenal medullary cells, etc.. Both tissue-appropriate and tissue-inappropriate regulatory peptides are produced by endocrine tumours, with inappropriate peptides mostly produced by malignant tumours.     

Cognition wars

In what kinds of physical systems can cognition be realized? There are currently competing answers among scientists and theorists of cognition. There are many plant scientists who maintain that cognition can be realized in plants. There are biological scientists who maintain that cognition is materially realized in bacteria. In this paper, I will present the basis for such claims and evaluate them and discuss the future for theories of the metaphysical basis of cognition in the cognitive sciences.     

Anthelmintic activity of a benzimidazoline compound in sheep by abomasal infusion

Summary In vitro and in vivo data on the benzimidazoline compound indicate anthelmintic potential when introduced directly into the abomasum.     

Evolutionary and ecological implications of cardenolide sequestration in the monarch butterfly

Summary Monarch butterflies sequester cardenolides from their larval host plants in the milkweed genusAsclepias for use in defense against predation. Of 108Asclepias species in North America, monarchs are known to feed as larvae on 27. Research on 11 of these has shown that monarchs sequester cardenolides most effectively, to an asymptote of approximately 350 g/0.1 g dry butterfly, from plants with intermediate cardenolide contents rather than from those with very high or very low cardenolide contents. SinceAsclepias host plant species are distributed widely in space and time across the continent, monarchs exploit them by migration between breeding and overwintering areas. After overwintering in central Mexico, spring migrants east of the Rocky Mountains exploit three predominantAsclepias species in the southern USA that have moderately high cardenolide contents. Monarchs sequester cardenolides very effectively from these species. First generation butterflies are thus well protected against predators and continue the migration north. Across the northern USA and southern Canada most summer breeding occurs on a fourthAsclepias species and in autumn most of these monarchs migrate back to Mexican overwintering sites. The ecological implications of this cycle of cardenolide sequestration for the evolution of monarch migration are discussed.     

Bioaccumulation processes in ecosystems

The fate of environmental pollutants — the various isotopes of elements, and inorganic or organic compounds — is a fundamental aspect of ecology and ecotoxicology, and bioaccumulation is a phenomenon often discussed in this context. Human activities have drastically altered natural concentrations of many substances in the environment and added numerous new chemicals. An understanding of the processes of bioaccumulation is important for several reasons. 1) Bioaccumulation in organisms may enhance the persistence of industrial chemicals in the ecosystem as a whole, since they can be fixed in the tissues of organisms. 2) Stored chemicals are not exposed to direct physical, chemical, or biochemical degradation. 3) Stored chemicals can directly affect an individual's health. 4) Predators of those organisms that have bioaccumulated harmful substances may be endangered by food chain effects. While former theories on the processes of bioaccumulation focused on single aspects that affect the extent of accumulation (such as the trophic level within the food chain or the lipophilicity of the chemical), modern theories are based on compartmental kinetics and the integration of various environmental interactions. Concepts include results from quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSAR), pharmacokinetics, ecophysiology and general biology, molecular genetic aspects and selection, and finally the structure of communities and man-made alterations in them.     

Mating attempts between the Scarlet Tiger Moth,Callimorpha dominula L., and the Cinnabar Moth,Tyria jacobaeae L. (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae), involve a common sex pheromone composition

It has been suggested that a common sex pheromone composition may account for interspecific sexual interactions observed with certain moths in the Arctiidae. In this study, it is demonstrated that the sex pheromones released by females of the Scarlet Tiger Moth,Callimorpha dominula L., and the Cinnabar Moth,Tyria jacobaeae L., have similar activities and elute at the same retention time on analysis by coupled gas chromatography (GC)-electrophysiology with males from each species. Peak enhancement on GC, chiral GC and coupled GC-mass spectrometry using authentic compounds show that the sex pheromone for bothC. dominula andT. jacobaeae is (3Z,6Z,9S,10R)-9,10-epoxyheneicosa-3,6-diene.     

Phenology of fruit and leaf production by ‘strangler’ figs on Barro Colorado Island,Panamá

Summary Fruit and leaf initiation by 26 trees representing five stranglerFicus species in the subgenusUrostigma were monitored for 5–8 years in a seasonal lowland forest of central Panamá. Individual trees of each species initiated fruit in synchronized crops. High variation in the number of crops, intervals between crops and dates of crop initiation indicate that these species, like species in the subgenusPharmacosycea, initiate fruit crops the year around. Nevertheless, mean crop initiation dates for four of five species fell within the four-month dry season. Similarly, all species produced new leaf flushes throughout the year, however, mean leaf flush dates of all species fell within the first three months of the dry season.