磁体中的力场

在真空中,磁场力是用Lorentz力的定律f=q v×B=qv×μ_0H来定义的.但在实体介质中,场通常是用Maxwell方程来定义的,然而在实验观测中,所接触的场,无论是B还是μ_0H均为力场.如果认为宏观电磁场是微观电磁场的统计平均,则可证明这种微观场的统计平均值即宏观场将依赖于微观偶极子的性质,当其微观偶极子用电流回路组成时,则B所表示的场就是力场;当偶极子是由磁单极子偶所组成时,则μ_0H所示的场才是力场.     

安培公式的宏观意义—安培力是一种分布力

安培公式dF=IdlXB表述的是电流元所受的磁场力,是一种微观表述．它的宏观意义：即通电导线在磁场中所受的力——安培力．安培力是一种分布力,应该用分布力集度矢量q来表述．用矢量积分式F=IdlXB来表述安培力是不确切的,因为它只有应用在特定理想模型,并且明确等效作用点才能与分布力等效．     

交通流微观模型与宏观模型的统一

交通流微观模型与宏观模型的统一陈建阳以改进的微观跟车模型为基础，利用交通流稳态特性和概率统计方法得出了交通流宏观统计模型．首次在严格理论意义上使交通流微观模型和宏观统计模型得到了统一，所得的宏观统计模型在许多方面优于传统的经验回归模型．交通流微观模型...     

洛仑兹力的应力应变效应

阐述了非定常电磁场和机械场的作用下，洛仑兹力对非线性载流薄板薄壳应力应变状态的影响。导出在电磁场中洛仑兹力的具体表达形式，通过对环形薄板的电磁场和机械场联合作用下应力应变状态的计算，计算变化洛仑兹力的作用可以得到最佳的应力应变状态，本文可供在经电磁场中工作的载流元件，防护元件及设备的结构设计时参考。     

超重核素^287 115及其α衰变链的基态性质

用宏观-微观模型和相对论平均场模型考察研究了最近在俄罗斯研究合成的新核素^287 115及其α衰变链上的原子核的基态性质．研究表明宏观-微观模型对新核素^287 115及其衰变链上原子核的结合能和α衰变能的理论计算结果与实验数据符合,也十分接近相对论平均场模型的计算结果．此外,讨论了宏观一微观模型和相对论平均场模型在研究超重核区的差异．     

电介质的偶极自相关函数

线性响应理论表明电介质在零外场或非零外电场中的偶极自相关函数应不同。用空间电荷激发的统计模型理论可得出上述函数的两种不同表示式。由偶极自相关函数可以定义表征物性的时域参数，它比频域参数更能说明宏观物性和微观结构的关系。理论结果解释了热释电、压电和电极化弛豫中的大量实验结果，时域参数的概念还可推广应用于非线性效应。     

氢原子中静态电磁场角动量的研究

考察对电磁场角动量的两种定义:用坡印亭矢量定义角动量以及横场定义角动量表述为自旋、轨道角动量之和:和. 两种定义在自由场中虽然积分后结果相同, 但带来了不同的角动量密度, 而在相互作用场中两种定义甚至积分后的结果也不相同. 以氢原子为模型的静态场, 通过推导和数值计算, 确定两种定义带来的角动量差别. 横场定义中电磁场自旋、轨道角动量分量相消, 而对电子自旋没有贡献;而传统坡印亭矢量定义通过数字计算积分得到一个不为零的小量. 揭示两种表述本质上不同, 而横场定义下静态电磁场不提供角动量贡献显得更为合理. 同时引出对在核子内有夸克胶子更强的耦合, 也在更小限度范围内的胶子场角动量的研究, 我们的观测对胶子场在核子自旋上的贡献给了重要的线索.     

相对论电动力学概要

为配合电动力学教学，本文讨论电磁场方程和洛仑兹力公式的四维表示，电磁场张量，电磁场不变量，相对论电动力学中电荷与场的相互作用，以及切伦柯夫辐射。     

关于内能概念的教学研究

“内能”是热学的基本物理量之一,也是一个基本的热力学函数。在普通物理热学中应将“内能”作为一个教学重点,不仅在热力学第一定律部分要讲清楚内能概念的引入,定义(宏观和微观两个方面),它与热量、热能的关系,还要善于把“内能”贯穿到热学和分子物理学的教学中去。这是因为,热力学是从能量观点出发来研究宏观物体热性质的,热力学第一和第二定律所揭示的都是能量传递和转化所必须遵从的规律。但是,热力学所研究的宏观物体热性质,还必须用分子物理学的观点和方法加以分析,才能了解其本质。以下从五个方面:内能宏观定义的教学;内能微观定义的教学;热力学第二定律中有关内能的教学;固体的内能;相变时转变热的分析谈谈我们在有关内能概念教学中的点滴体会。内能概念分为宏观和微观两个方面,这种区分正体现了热学理论中按照研究观点和方法的不同分为宏观理论和微观理论两个部分一样。     

对理想气体定义的讨论

本文从宏观和微观两方面分析理想气体状态方程与焦耳定律的关系，讨论理想气体的定义，得出理想气体只需由理想气体状态方程来定义的结论。     

Magnetic reconnection from a multiscale instability cascade

Magnetic reconnection, the process whereby magnetic field lines break and then reconnect to form a different topology, underlies critical dynamics of magnetically confined plasmas in both nature and the laboratory. Magnetic reconnection involves localized diffusion of the magnetic field across plasma, yet observed reconnection rates are typically much higher than can be accounted for using classical electrical resistivity. It is generally proposed that the field diffusion underlying fast reconnection results instead from some combination of non-magnetohydrodynamic processes that become important on the 'microscopic' scale of the ion Larmor radius or the ion skin depth. A recent laboratory experiment demonstrated a transition from slow to fast magnetic reconnection when a current channel narrowed to a microscopic scale, but did not address how a macroscopic magnetohydrodynamic system accesses the microscale. Recent theoretical models and numerical simulations suggest that a macroscopic, two-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic current sheet might do this through a sequence of repetitive tearing and thinning into two-dimensional magnetized plasma structures having successively finer scales. Here we report observations demonstrating a cascade of instabilities from a distinct, macroscopic-scale magnetohydrodynamic instability to a distinct, microscopic-scale (ion skin depth) instability associated with fast magnetic reconnection. These observations resolve the full three-dimensional dynamics and give insight into the frequently impulsive nature of reconnection in space and laboratory plasmas.     

Bose-Einstein condensates: microscopic magnetic-field imaging

Today's magnetic-field sensors are not capable of making measurements with both high spatial resolution and good field sensitivity. For example, magnetic force microscopy allows the investigation of magnetic structures with a spatial resolution in the nanometre range, but with low sensitivity, whereas SQUIDs and atomic magnetometers enable extremely sensitive magnetic-field measurements to be made, but at low resolution. Here we use one-dimensional Bose-Einstein condensates in a microscopic field-imaging technique that combines high spatial resolution (within 3 micrometres) with high field sensitivity (300 picotesla).     

Tristable nematic liquid-crystal device using micropatterned surface alignment

It has long been appreciated that liquid-crystal (LC) devices in which the LC molecules adopt multiple stable orientations could drastically reduce the power consumption required for high-information-content displays. But for the commonly used nematic LCs, which are intrinsically uniaxial in symmetry, no industrially feasible multi-stable LC device has been realized. Recently we demonstrated how bistability can be robustly engineered into a nematic LC device, by patterning a substrate with an orientational chequerboard pattern that enforces orthogonal LC alignment in neighbouring square domains. As a result of the four-fold symmetry of the pattern, the two diagonal axes of the chequerboard become equally stable macroscopic orientations. Here we extend this symmetry approach to obtain a tristable surface-aligned nematic LC. A microscopic pattern exhibiting six-fold symmetry is inscribed on a polyimide surface using the stylus of an atomic force microscope. The hexagonal symmetry of the microscopic orientational domains in turn gives rise to three stable macroscopic LC orientations, which are mutually switchable by an in-plane electric field. The resulting switching mode is surface driven, and hence should be compatible with demanding flexible display applications.     

软,硬双相永磁体中的静磁作用

从磁性粒子的静磁场出发,分析计算了由软,硬磁性两相粒子随机混合的双相磁体中的静磁作用,计算得出：取向的硬磁粒子施加于磁体中软磁相上的静磁场,在磁化方向上的分量为１个正值,它正比于硬磁相的体积分数及其饱和磁化强度,其作用将提高软磁相的矫顽力。     

矢势A的客观性和可测性

本文首先介绍在磁场B=O区域内带电粒子的运动受到粒子未到达区域中的磁场的影响的微观实验和宏观实验(简称为微观A-B效应实验和宏观A-B效应实验)。在此基础上说明不引用矢势A的经典电动力学是不能对其进行解释的,而量子力学的薛定楞方程中本质地含有矢势A,因而A-B效应的本质的揭示首先来源于量子力学理论和微观领域的实验是很自然的。从而说明矢势A在经典电动力学和量子力学中都是不可缺少的客观存在的物理量,而且用宏观实验和微观实验都是可以对其进行测量的。     

不同温度环境下加肋土工膜与砂土界面拉拔试验的颗粒流数值模拟

为了研究垃圾填埋场衬垫系统中加肋土工膜与砂土界面特性,通过对比室内拉拔试验,运用离散单元法的二维颗粒流程序(2D particle flow code,PFC2D),模拟了不同加肋高度和温度组合下的加肋土工膜与砂土界面拉拔试验,得到了加肋土工膜与砂土界面的宏观应力-应变曲线、细观颗粒间位移场和应力场的变化规律.研究结果...     

金属磁记忆定量化评价的三维仿真分析与实验

早期损伤是导致金属构件发生突发性断裂的主要因素.针对大多数常规无损检测方法都只能对已成形的宏观缺陷进行检测,不能检测尚未成形的微观缺陷或应力集中区,以及金属磁记忆检测技术目前只能对早期微观缺陷进行定位,无法定量的问题,利用仿真与实验相结合的方法,建立了三维力磁耦合模型,仿真计算了微观缺陷表面空间三维磁场的分布,研究了应力、微观缺陷长度及扫描路径对磁记忆信号的影响,在此基础上,构建了金属磁记忆检测系统,实验研究了外加载荷、扫描路径与金属磁记忆信号的关系.研究结果表明:利用金属磁记忆检测技术可以实现对早期微观缺陷进行定量检测.     

旋流布水搅拌传质作用

对固液两相流旋流布水中的流态宏观微观特点和其在搅拌传质中的作用做了简要阐述,以大型厌氧反应器的改造为例,说明旋流搅拌在理化和生化的连续作业领域有广泛应用潜力,并就涡旋能量的传递规律,指出计算出初始涡旋场的平均值,就抓住了旋流搅拌强化传质和降低运行成本的本质。     

磁场对磁性湿颗粒运动机理的影响

为了了解磁流化床内磁性湿颗粒的运动特性,数值模拟了匀强磁场作用下磁性湿颗粒的运动。数学模型上,采用离散元法(DEM)模拟颗粒运动,同时考虑磁场和液桥的双作用力模型。仅针对二维溃坝问题进行数值模拟,分别研究磁场和液桥对颗粒行为的影响。数值模拟结果发现:无磁场作用时,液体体积分数增加,颗粒运动剧烈程度相对减弱,颗粒聚集行为增强;有磁场作用时,颗粒形成平行于磁感线方向的链,显著降低了颗粒的平均速度和平均位移。     

Terahertz-field-induced insulator-to-metal transition in vanadium dioxide metamaterial

Electron-electron interactions can render an otherwise conducting material insulating, with the insulator-metal phase transition in correlated-electron materials being the canonical macroscopic manifestation of the competition between charge-carrier itinerancy and localization. The transition can arise from underlying microscopic interactions among the charge, lattice, orbital and spin degrees of freedom, the complexity of which leads to multiple phase-transition pathways. For example, in many transition metal oxides, the insulator-metal transition has been achieved with external stimuli, including temperature, light, electric field, mechanical strain or magnetic field. Vanadium dioxide is particularly intriguing because both the lattice and on-site Coulomb repulsion contribute to the insulator-to-metal transition at 340?K (ref. 8). Thus, although the precise microscopic origin of the phase transition remains elusive, vanadium dioxide serves as a testbed for correlated-electron phase-transition dynamics. Here we report the observation of an insulator-metal transition in vanadium dioxide induced by a terahertz electric field. This is achieved using metamaterial-enhanced picosecond, high-field terahertz pulses to reduce the Coulomb-induced potential barrier for carrier transport. A nonlinear metamaterial response is observed through the phase transition, demonstrating that high-field terahertz pulses provide alternative pathways to induce collective electronic and structural rearrangements. The metamaterial resonators play a dual role, providing sub-wavelength field enhancement that locally drives the nonlinear response, and global sensitivity to the local changes, thereby enabling macroscopic observation of the dynamics. This methodology provides a powerful platform to investigate low-energy dynamics in condensed matter and, further, demonstrates that integration of metamaterials with complex matter is a viable pathway to realize functional nonlinear electromagnetic composites.