Lower Cambrian phosphatized Punctatus from southern Shaanxi and their ontogeny sequence

Phosphatized and three-dimensionally preserved embryos and spherical fossils of metazoan recovered from the Kuanchuanpu Member, Dengying Formation in southern Shaanxi, China provide nice devel- opmental sequence for the studies of origination, taxonomy, phylogenic evolution and developmental biology of early animals. Ontogeny of these larva fossils has not been systemically studied mainly due to their poor preservation and limited identification. The Kuanchuanpu Member, predominated by phosphorites and cherts, yields phosphatized animal embryos, particularly those of Olivooides and Punctatus which have high resolution in fine structures and different ontogeny developmental stages. An ontogenetic sequence of the Punctatus is established mainly base on its developmental transitions from body part to oral one, which is perfectly consistent with the embryonic ontogeny sequence pro- posed by Bengtson and Yue (1997). Furthermore, a new genus Quadrapyrgites gen. nov is erected to receive a larva with tetraradial body plan.     

Lower Cambrian small shelly faunas from Zhejiang (China)and their biostratigraphical implications

Despite a long history of research on the Early Cambrian in China most available data on small skeletal fossils concern fossil associations of the shallow carbonate platform. Information on skeletal fossils from marginal shelf environments of the Yangtze Platform is scanty, which may reflect the rarity of fossils in deeper sedimentary environments but is also due to limitation of carbonate distribution and outcrops, difficulties in fossil extraction, and a general research focus on the Precambrian-Cambrian boundary beds on the carbonate platform. Here we present a documentation of Meishucunian to Qiongzhusian small skeletal fossils from the lower Hetang Formation and the chert unit at its base from the Jiangshan region, Zhejiang Province, representing a relatively deep shelf environment compared to the inner shelf region. The earliest association (Meishucunian) from the chert unit underlying the Hetang Formation is mainly characterized by the occurrence of Protohertzina anabarica, P. unguliformis, Fengzuella zhejiangensis, and Kaiyangites novilis, which differs somewhat in composition from SSF-associations of typical inner shelf deposits. The enigmatic skeletal fossil Fengzuella zhejiangensis, which exhibits an unusual secretional growth mode previously unrecognized from the Early Cambrian, is described in detail. A younger (Qiongzhusian) fossil association contains numerous arthropod remains, such as disarticulated spines of arthropods (Jiangshanodus- and Kijacus-type), which have previously been considered as conodont-like fossils, and bradoriid valves.     

Sponge fossil assemblage from the Early Cambrian Hetang Formation in southern Anhui

Abundant well-preserved large articulated sponge fossils and isolated spicules have been reported from the Early Cambrian Hetang Formation, southern Anhui Province. This unique epifaunal fossil assemblage dominated by articulated sponge fossils is called the Xidi Sponge Fauna. The sponge fauna lived in a quiet oxygenic environment below the storm wave base. Bloom of phytoplankton and rapid sedimentation rate resulted in the deposition of the black shales. Sufficient food supply, lack of other competitors, abundant ecological niches, and demand for oxygen during early Cambrian were in favor of the diversification and evolution of large sponges in the Early Cambrian.     

Eocrinoid echinoderms from the Lower Cambrian Guanshan Fauna in Wuding, Yunnan, China

This is a brief report of a new occurrence of eocrinoids from the Early Cambrian Wulongqing Formation in Yunnan, China. The eocrinoids from the Guanshan fauna are among the earliest known eocrinoids. Different from many other Early and Middle Cambrian eocrinoids, the Guanshan eocrinoids are char-acterized by the absence of sutural pores and epispires, the long and spiral brachioles, the extremely long stalk, and the ratio of the length of the stalk versus that of the calyx. The discovery of the eocri-noids from the Guanshan fauna not only provides new information to the investigation of the early evolution of this animal group, but also shed new light on the occurrence and migration of early eocrinoids.     

Lower Cambrian yolk-pyramid embryos from Southern Shaanxi, China

TheCambrianexplosioniswidelyacceptedasthesuddenappearanceofnumerousbilateriananimalphylaatornearthebeginningofCambriantime[1,2 ] .The 5 30 million year oldMaotianshanShalefaunacontainstheoldestgoodwhole bodyfossilsofbilateri ans,documentinganincreasingnumberofpresent dayanimalphyla[3,4 ] orsubphyla[5] (evenincludingvertebrates[6～ 8] aswell)knownfromLowerCambri an .ThebeginningoftheCambrianperiodisdatedat5 43millionyearsago ,whenthefirstlargeandelabo ratefossilburrowstogetherwiththemicrosco…     

Early Cambrian phosphatized blastula- and gastrula-stage animal fossils from southern Shaanxi

Marine invertebrate animal embryos and their early developmental products are of great significance to the study of taxonomy and phylogeny of early animals. A great number of phosphatized globular fossils were collected fromthe early Cambrian Kuanchuanpu Member (upper Dengying Formation), southern Shaanxi, and a nearly complete develo-pmental sequence—from a fertilized egg, via blastodisc formation, blastula development, blastodisc enlargement toward gastrulae, to tissue differentiation—can be discerned in this collection. This discovery provides unmatchable material for studies on the origin, taxonomy, radiation, and ontogeny of early metazoans.     

湖北寒武系第二统水井沱组宏体锥管化石新发现

利用光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜,对湖北神农架地区宋洛坪剖面和秭归地区滚石坳剖面寒武系第二统水井沱组的宏体锥管状化石开展详细的研究。识别出楔叶虫属Sphenothallus的一个新种,以其“V”形加厚带表面的纵向纹饰为特征;首次在水井沱组发现软舌螺纲Hyolithida偶带线螺属Ambrolinevitus。研究结果丰富了水井沱组的生物多样性,为探讨早期生命演化提供了新的化石材料。     

四川盆地中部龙王庙组储层成岩作用

四川盆地中部地区下寒武统龙王庙组是油气勘探研究的重点层位。根据钻井资料、测井数据、岩心观察、普通薄片、铸体薄片、阴极发光、碳氧稳定同位素和主元素等分析,对龙王庙组储层成岩作用进行了研究,结果表明为颗粒白云岩和晶粒白云岩是龙王庙组主要的储集岩性,成岩作用主要有建设性、破坏性和保持性。建设性成岩作用主要包括溶蚀、破裂和烃类(有机酸)充注作用,破坏性成岩作用主要包括压实和压溶作用,保持性成岩作用主要包括胶结、白云石化和泥晶化作用。揭示了颗粒滩微相是龙王庙组优质碳酸盐岩储层发育的基础条件,海水白云石化、准同生期淡水溶蚀和烃类(有机酸)充注作用是优质储层形成的关键因素。     

贵州遵义下寒武统牛蹄塘组生物群中的海绵化石

遵义松林中南村下寒武统牛蹄塘组中下部,特别是下部黑色泥岩中产有大量的海绵骨针,形态多样,初步研究有多达10属以上的海绵动物,与澄江生物群的海绵相比,牛蹄塘组的海绵动物化石其组合特征以六射海绵动物为主,它的发现增添了寒武纪生物组成的信息,为海绵动物从晚新元古代的发生以至穿越寒武纪的演化过程及寒武纪生物大爆发的定性,量度提供了重要信息及资料,描述了4属2个种。1个相似种和1个未定种。Hyalosinica sp.;Saetaspongia densa Mehl et Reitner,1993;Leptomitus teretiusculus CHen,Hou et Lu.1989;Crumillospongia cf.biporosa Righy,1986,它们分属于海绵动物的六射海绵纲和普通海绵纲。     

下扬子皖南地区下寒武统大陈岭组页岩特征及其沉积环境

下扬子皖南地区下寒武统大陈岭组发育富有机质页岩,前期对该套页岩的关注和研究较为薄弱。为探索大陈岭组页岩特征及其沉积环境,以该区页岩气探井WY1井为研究对象,基于岩心、测井资料,通过全岩X射线衍射、氩离子抛光扫描电镜、有机地球化学、元素地球化学等测试手段,重点分析页岩岩石矿物组成特征、有机地球化学特征、孔隙特征,讨论其沉积环境。结果表明：大陈岭组页岩矿物组成以石英、黏土矿物为主,为生物成因硅质页岩,过量硅含量为33.77%～61.79%,占总硅质含量的46%～75%;页岩有机质丰度高,TOC分布在2.27%～7.42%之间,平均值为4.06%,等效镜质体反射率（Ro,eqv）为3.37％～5.53％,均处于过成熟演化阶段,有机质严重碳化,测井电阻率普遍低于1 ?·m;发育无机孔隙、有机质孔隙和微裂缝3种孔隙空间类型,有机质孔隙较发育,但主要为孔径10～20 nm的小孔,有效孔隙度平均为1.25%;大陈岭组形成于深海至滞流浅海,自下而上水体滞留程度增强,整体处于贫氧—厌氧的古水体环境,沉积期气候温暖湿润,古生物繁盛,古生产力较高,生物Ba含量为1 738.15～5 687.74 ug/g,平均值为3 309.63 ug/g,沉积环境有利于有机质的富集保存;皖南地区大陈岭组富有机质页岩发育,具备页岩气形成的基本条件,深化过热演化程度页岩气富集主控因素研究,评价优选保存条件较好的稳定区,有望实现勘探新突破。     

四川盆地龙王庙组优质储层形成与分布的主控因素

下寒武统龙王庙组是四川盆地安岳特大型气田的主力储层。本文基于盆地周缘露头、钻井岩心和薄片资料,通过龙王庙组地层对比、储层岩石学、物性特征、成岩作用等的研究,探讨了龙王庙组储层形成分布的控制因素。四川盆地龙王庙组整体上具有可对比性,储层岩性主要为粉-细晶(残余)砂屑白云岩、粉-细晶(残余)鲕粒白云岩、粉-细晶白云岩。储层属于中低孔低渗型。孔隙度>2%的储层厚度多在20~60m,川中磨溪地区较高石梯地区厚,向西北方向剥蚀,向东南方向厚度减小。龙王庙组储层形成和分布主要受控于3个因素:拉张槽继承性古地貌、同生期喀斯特作用和液态烃充注作用。拉张槽断层下盘形成的古地貌高地控制了龙王庙组颗粒滩的发育;同生期大气淡水溶蚀作用形成粒间溶孔和粒内溶孔,为后期成岩流体的进入和溶蚀孔洞的扩溶奠定了基础;生排烃高峰期的烃类充注作用,既能形成大量孔隙,又能对储层起到积极的保持作用。绵阳—长宁拉张槽东西两侧断阶形成的古地貌高地控制了龙王庙组早期优质储层的形成和分布;中三叠世期间拉张槽内下寒武统供烃中心与川中古隆起重叠地区是龙王庙组晚期优质储层最发育地区。四川盆地内龙王庙组优质储层最发育和天然气大规模成藏最有利地区均是绵阳-长宁拉张槽与川中古隆起相重叠区的东侧,即高石梯—磨溪地区。     

浙西北下寒武统荷塘组页岩气勘探潜力

为了查明浙江地区下古生界页岩气勘探前景,通过分析浙西北地区下寒武统荷塘组页岩有机质丰度、类型、成熟度等地球化学特征,矿物组成、孔隙度等物理特征及沉积、构造环境和分布情况,研究了荷塘组页岩气富集条件和勘探潜力.结果表明:研究区荷塘组页岩有机碳的质量分数为0.32％～4.24％,有机质丰富,生烃潜力较好;镜质体反射率在2.81％～4.83％,热演化程度高,处于过成熟阶段,有利于页岩气藏形成;页岩平均孔隙度为2.74％,微米级孔隙发育,有利于页岩气的储集;等温吸附实验的最大吸附量分别为3.5 m3/t和5.16m3/t,吸附甲烷能力良好;页岩脆性矿物的质量分数达76％～86％,有利于页岩气的压裂开采.荷塘组泥页岩在浙西北地区广泛分布,有效厚度为10～60 m,在中洲-昌化一带埋深适中,具备较好的勘探前景.     

SHRIMP U-Pb zircon age of tuff at the bottom of the Lower Cambrian Niutitang Formation,Zunyi, South China

A SHRIMP U-Pb zircon geochronology study of the tuff at the bottom of the Lower Cambrian Niutitang Formation at Songlin, Zunyi, South China yielded a mean ^206Pb/^238U age of 518±5 Ma. It is significantly younger than the Re-Os ages of 537--542 Ma for the overlying polymetallic Ni-Mo-PGE-rich layer in the basal Niutitang Formation at Songlin, suggesting that the Re-Os ages might represent that of the original magma chamber for the Ni-Mo-PGE-rich layer rather than the formation age of the strata. The intra-basinal stratigraphic correlation also implies that the absolute age of the Chengjiang biota should be younger than 518±5 Ma. Our new result, together with the SHRIMP U-Pb zircon age for the K-bentonite in the Zhongyicun member of the Zhujiaqing Formation at the Meishucun section, Yunnan Province, provides a temporal constraint for the Lower Cambrian of the Yangtze Platform in South China.     

贵阳乌当早奥陶世湄潭组下段腕足动物组合特征

贵阳乌当地区湄潭组下段化石丰富,笔石、腕足类最为常见.腕足类计有10属10种,分属于4目5超科6科,具明显的多样性,其中Sinorthis数量最多,乌当湄潭组下段的腕足动物组合属于Sinorthis动物群.该段地层腕足动物的研究提供了黔中地区早奥陶世腕足动物辐射演化的新信息,也为整个奥陶纪生物辐射演化的研究积累了资料.     

贵州地区下寒武统牛蹄塘组黑色页岩地质特征及其油气资源意义

贵州地区下寒武统牛蹄塘组黑色页岩发育广泛,并受该区早寒武世岩相古地理类型的控制,主要发育在中、东部地区的页岩盆地相地区中,少部分发育在页岩盆地相和碎屑岩台地相的过渡相中,极少发育在西部的碎屑岩台地相中.研究区牛蹄塘组黑色页岩沉积环境为缺氧还原性沉积环境,有机质母源主要为水生低等菌藻类生物,并混有少部分陆源高等植物.研究区牛蹄塘组黑色页岩具有有机质丰度高、母质类型好、有机质转化为烃类能力强的特征,显示出较大的生烃潜力和油气资源意义.但其高演化阶段作为成油的烃源岩意义不明显,作为成页岩气的源岩则前景乐观.     

江西修武盆地下寒武统黑色页岩矿物成分特征及意义

以江西修武盆地下寒武统王音铺组、观音堂组黑色页岩为研究对象,通过对野外剖面样品和钻井取心样品定性和定量分析,研究修武盆地下寒武统页岩气储层矿物成分特征,结果表明,王音铺组、观音堂组黑色页岩矿物成分以黏土矿物和石英为主,石英的平均质量分数为58.63%,黏土矿物平均为25.4%。其次为方解石,平均为51.46%,另外还含有较高的长石和黄铁矿,平均质量分数分别为2.5%和4.68%。其余矿物如方解石、白云石、(硬)石膏等含量较少,平均质量分数5%。这种矿物成分组成与Barnett页岩及龙马溪组页岩既有相似性,又有差异性。修武盆地下寒武统页岩矿物组分所反映的沉积环境、有机质演化及黑色页岩储集意义表明,该套页岩石英的质量分数50%的泥(页)岩厚度接近50m,是理想的页岩气勘探开发层位。     

云南-贵州寒武系成磷期特征对比

贵州、云南寒武系底部磷块岩发育,是我国主要的含磷层位。然而,两个地区之间磷块岩沉积特征及成磷期次缺少对比,制约了云贵地区寒武系磷块岩的成磷规律的研究。为此,在对云南宁华、会泽和贵州织金磷块岩沉积特征对比的基础上,分析了寒武系磷块岩的沉积序列、成磷期次,提出富磷层位往往发育在海侵序列的晚期;而在海侵早期,虽然有大量的磷质供给,但由于同时供给的硅质、泥质也丰富,环境变化强烈,往往沉积纹层状、条带状磷块岩,其磷块岩品位低。海侵晚期,海岸环境相对稳定,又有大量磷质供给,高能环境对含磷沉积不断改造,磷质进一步富集,形成富磷的碎屑状磷块岩。因此,古地理位置、海侵序列发育对磷块岩具有重要的控制作用。根据扬子区古地理、织金地区含磷岩系厚度变化规律、沉积层序特征,认为贵州盘县-水城地区和织金-金沙地区是磷矿远景区。     

川中地区龙王庙组洞穴充填物特征及油气地质意义

依据洞穴充填物岩性、孢粉化石、主元素、痕量元素和稀土元素特征分析,结合区域构造演化资料,探讨了川中下寒武统龙王庙组大型洞穴的形成时期和充填过程。洞穴充填泥中孢粉化石时代为石炭纪—早白垩世,泥质岩具有高 B 含量、低 Sr／Ba、稀土元素配分模式差别大的元素地化特征。认为龙王庙组洞穴主要形成于石炭纪—早二叠世古隆起大规模隆升暴露期,为风化壳喀斯特作用和顺层喀斯特作用叠加形成的,并经历了石炭纪—早二叠世的沉积充填和潜流携带古隆起高部位物质充填,及中生代—新生代构造活动期地表水携带溶解残余物沿断裂下渗充填过程。邻近龙王庙组尖灭线,受石炭纪—早二叠世风化壳喀斯特作用和顺层喀斯特作用影响的颗粒滩发育带为川中龙王庙组储层发育最有利地区。     

Eocrinoids from the Cambrian Mantou Formation of Dalian, Liaoning

Cambrian echinoderms,especially eocrinoids,have been reported recently from Guizhou and Yunnan provinces of China,such as the Kaili,Balang,and Guanshan faunas.The present paper reports abundant well-preserved eocrinoids from the Cambrian Mantou Formation of Dalian,Liaoning Province.This new discovery provides additional data on the early evolution of Echinodermata.It also gives us a clue as to where to seek the Cambrian soft-bodied fauna on the margin of the North China Platform.     

湘西北下寒武统牛蹄塘组页岩气藏条件及其勘探潜力分析

利用野外露头地质剖面、有机地球化学分析数据等资料研究了湘西北下寒武统牛蹄塘组页岩气成藏条件及其勘探潜力.研究结果表明,湘西北下寒武统发育的海相泥页岩分布面积广、厚度大、有机碳含量高、有机质类型好,已达高-过成熟阶段,具有良好的页岩气形成条件.黑色泥页岩厚度分布明显受沉积相带控制,从深水陆棚相至斜坡相,黑色泥页岩厚度逐渐减薄.生储盖分析结果表明,桑植-石门复向斜一带具有优越的页岩气成藏条件,页岩气勘探开发前景良好.古丈复背斜一带虽然经历了多期构造活动与改造,上覆地层剥蚀严重,但页岩气自生自储自盖特征和吸附性能,同样可能让其页岩气具有良好的勘探开发前景.