新型耐盐蠕虫状胶束体系的性能和驱油效果研究

利用两性表面活性剂十六烷基磺基甜菜碱(HDAPS)、阴离子表面活性剂十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)和助剂在高盐条件下制备两种蠕虫状胶束体系,即HDAPS-SDS体系和HDAPS-SDS-0.2%助剂混合体系,研究体系的黏弹性能、降低油水界面张力性能和驱油效果。结果表明,质量分数为0.73%的HDAPS-SDS体系所形成的蠕虫状胶束在60℃时黏度为42.3 mPa·s,与原油界面张力最低值为6.0×10-2mN·m-1;加入0.2%助剂后,0.73%HDAPS-SDS体系的黏度提高到51 mPa·s,并可与原油达到6.7×10-3mN·m-1的超低界面张力;两种新型蠕虫状胶束具有流度控制和降低油水界面张力的双重作用,具有较好的驱油效果。     

微生物与化学剂体系结合提高驱油效率的实验研究

利用芽孢杆菌DY-5的培养液对原油进行处理,处理后的原油样品酸值由0.009 5 m g KOH/g增加至0.082 m g KOH/g,上升了7.6倍.菌液与原油接触72 h后,大庆脱水、脱气原油与碱/化学表面活性剂体系间的界面张力值由3.95×1-0 3mN/m降至1.5×1-0 4mN/m,达到超低界面张力.同时,微生物菌液与碱/化学表面活性体系结合,对其中的化学表面活性剂在油砂上的吸附量降低38%左右.岩心模拟实验表明,采用微生物与碱/表面活性体系驱油,比单独用碱/化学表面活性剂体系驱油提高采收率3.35%,这为三次采油技术提供了一种新的高效驱油方法.     

生物表面活性剂驱油性能

利用界面张力、乳化性能、润湿和驱油效率等测试手段研究槐糖脂、鼠李糖脂和脂肽3种类型生物表面活性剂的驱油性能.结果表明:生物表面活性剂油水界面张力为10-1 mN/m数量级,润湿指数为0.36,由于鼠李糖脂和脂肽同时具有较强的降界面张力和润湿反转性能,能大幅降低原油从岩石表面剥离的黏附功(黏附功下降幅度超过99.5％),...     

棕榈酸二甘醇酰胺的合成及其降低原油/水界面张力的性质

以四氢呋喃为溶剂,在氧化镁存在下,用棕榈酰氯与二甘醇胺反应合成了棕榈酸二甘醇酰胺,产率可达95%。产品经红外光谱,质谱和核磁表征,证实为目标产物。棕榈酸二甘醇酰胺具有优良的表面活性和耐盐性,45℃下临界胶束浓度为1.48×10-5mol/L,γcmc为29.7 mN/m,在水/空气界面的饱和吸附量达到4.0×10-10mol/cm2,当浓度为0.5 mmol/L时在质量浓度高达1 800mg/L的Ca+2水溶液中不沉淀。将棕榈酸二甘醇酰胺作为主表面活性剂,通过与两性表面活性剂复配,45℃下能在总表面活性剂质量分数为0.05%～0.5%的范围内将大庆原油/地层水的平衡界面张力降到10-3mN/m数量级,无需添加任何碱、中性电解质或助表面活性剂。     

聚合物/甜菜碱表面活性剂提高水驱后残余油采收率研究

利用不加碱可形成超低界面张力的甜菜碱表面活性剂/聚丙烯酰胺二元复合体系,通过流变性实验,分析了甜菜碱表面活性剂对聚合物/表面活性剂二元复合体系流变性的影响;通过可视化的微观驱油实验和人造岩心驱油实验,分析了聚合物/表面活性剂二元体系的粘弹性和界面张力对采收率的影响,研究了该二元复合体系对水驱后残余油的作用机理.结果表明,实验用的两性表面活性剂体系与油可以达到超低界面张力,表面活性剂体系对无碱二元体系的粘弹性影响非常小.在驱替水驱残余油过程中,形成超低界面张力的甜菜碱表面活性剂/聚丙烯酰胺二元复合体系可以同时发挥活性剂的超低界面张力作用和聚合物溶液的粘弹性作用,使该二元体系的采收率高于单一的表面活性剂体系和聚合物驱油体系,并且该二元体系的粘弹性越大,采收率越高.界面张力由10-2 mN/m降至10-3 mN/m时的最终采收率均高于界面张力为10-2 mN/m时增加聚合物溶液的质量浓度和相对分子质量两种情况下的最终采收率.     

磺酸盐型Gemini表面活性剂的合成及在三次采油中的应用研究

为了提高驱油用表面活性剂降低油水界面张力的能力,以提高原油的采收率.合成了磺酸盐型Gemini表面活性剂,并将其与石油磺酸盐复合,采用tx-500界面张力仪测定了复合体系降低油水界面张力的能力.研究表明:当质量分数为1%时,磺酸盐型Gemini表面活性剂-石油磺酸盐复合体系能降低油水界面张力至4×10-4～6×10-4 mN·m-1.磺酸盐型Gemini表面活性剂的加入使得磺酸盐型Gemini表面活性剂与石油磺酸盐之间产生协同效应,提高了原油的采收率.     

癸基甲基萘磺酸盐表面活性剂合成及性能研究

以甲基萘和溴代癸烷为原料,合成癸基甲基萘中间体,经磺化、提纯,得到高纯度的癸基甲基萘磺酸盐表面活性剂.采用HPLC测定了表面活性剂的纯度,为97%.利用IR、UV及ESI-MS对其结构进行了表征.研究了癸基甲基萘磺酸盐表面活性剂的表面活性和油水界面性能,讨论了表面活性剂质量分数、氢氧化钠质量分数对表面活性剂水溶液/山东胜利油田原油界面张力的影响.结果表明,癸基甲基萘磺酸盐表面活性剂具有很高的降低溶液表面张力和油/水界面张力的能力和效率;临界胶束浓度为0.26 mmol·L-1,该浓度下的表面张力为31.61 mN·m-1,动态界面张力最低值达到2.59×10-6mN·m-1.癸基甲基萘磺酸盐表面活性剂有望成为较理想的三次采油用表面活性剂.     

适合红岗油田萨尔图油层的三元复合体系研究

红岗油田已进入高含水开发阶段,依靠常规方法提高采收率的难度越来越大,利用碱表面活性剂聚合物组成的三元复合体系可与原油产生超低界面张力,又具有较高粘度,既提高驱油效率又能提高波及体积,从而提高采收率。根据红岗油田萨尔图油层特征,采用正交试验设计方法筛选出了一种三元复合驱油体系,该体系与红岗油田萨尔图油层原油形成的界面张力可达到10^-3 mN/m,该体系为1.5%A+0.06%S+0.2%P+0.2%N;其主要指标为界面张力(3~7)×10^-3 mN/m,粘度μ>20 mPa·s。另外,通过室内岩心流动实验证实:室内天然岩芯驱油效率比水驱采收率提高10%左右。     

表面活性剂在大庆油田复合驱中的应用研究

研究了石油磺酸盐与烷基苯磺酸盐的最佳配比。考察了表面活性剂、碱、聚合物对油/水界面张力的影响。筛选出一种适合大庆油田的三元复合驱体系。该体系组成为0.3％的表面活性剂+1.2％的Na_2CO_3+1.0‰聚合物,在油层温度下(45℃)与原油界面张力可达1.8x10~(-3)mN/m。     

聚合物/甜菜碱表面活性剂提高水驱后残余油采收率研究

利用不加碱可形成超低界面张力的甜菜碱表面活性剂／聚丙烯酰胺二元复合体系，通过流变性实验，分析了甜菜碱表面活性剂对聚合物／表面活性剂二元复合体系流变性的影响；通过可视化的微观驱油实验和人造岩心驱油实验，分析了聚合物／表面活性剂二元体系的粘弹性和界面张力对采收率的影响，研究了该二元复合体系对水驱后残余油的作用机理。结果表明，实验用的两性表面活性剂体系与油可以达到超低界面张力，表面活性剂体系对无碱二元体系的粘弹性影响非常小。在驱替水驱残余油过程中，形成超低界面张力的甜菜碱表面活性剂／聚丙烯酰胺二元复合体系可以同时发挥活性剂的超低界面张力作用和聚合物溶液的粘弹性作用，使该二元体系的采收率高于单一的表面活性剂体系和聚合物驱油体系，并且该二元体系的粘弹性越大，采收率越高。界面张力由10^-2mN／m降至10^-3mN／m时的最终采收率均高于界面张力为10^-2mN／m时增加聚合物溶液的质量浓度和相对分子质量两种情况下的最终采收率。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the     

An affordable accurate evaluation of the binding conformations predicted by molecular docking studies in bio-system

Franck-Condon factors bridge the gap between theoretical modeling and experimental observations for molecular electronic spectroscopy and electron transfer.Under the displaced harmonic oscillator approximation,multidimensional Franck-Condon factors are decomposed into a product of many one-dimensional(1D)Franck-Condon(FC)factors,and each 1D-FC factor is associated with one Huang-Rhys factor that determines the leading contribution of     

Call for Papers

<正>"The Journal of Shanghai Normal University:Mathematics"is published by Shanghai Normal University as regular issues of The Journal of Shanghai Normal University each year from 2014 in English.The editors-in-chief of the issues are professors Yuhao Cong and Maoan Han.The Journal of Shanghai Normal University was started in 1958 with