低银Sn1.0Ag0.5Cu焊点疲劳寿命预测

基于Garofalo-Arrhenius蠕变模型,采用有限元法模拟WLCSP 5×6器件低银Sn1.0Ag0.5Cu无铅焊点的应力-应变响应,并借助蠕变应变疲劳寿命预测模型计算Sn1.0Ag0.5Cu焊点疲劳寿命.结果表明:在交变的温度循环载荷作用下,整个电子器件出现明显的翘曲现象,中心焊点的应力-应变最小,从中心到拐角焊点应力-应变逐渐增加,拐角焊点应力-应变最大.随着服役时间的增加,焊点内部的蠕变应变显著增加.计算Sn3.0Ag0.5Cu,Sn1.0Ag0.5Cu和Sn37Pb三种焊点的疲劳寿命,发现Sn3.0Ag0.5Cu焊点疲劳寿命明显高于另外2种焊点,Sn1.0Ag0.5Cu和Sn37Pb焊点的疲劳寿命相当.证明了低银Sn1.0Ag0.5Cu无铅钎料可以代替Sn37Pb钎料应用于电子封装,研究结果为低银无铅钎料和焊点可靠性的研究提供了理论支撑.     

Bi元素添加对Sn1.0Ag低银无铅焊料性能的影响

为了降低Sn-Ag系焊料的熔点和成本，在Sn1.0Ag焊料中加入质量分数为x(x=0.5,1.0,2.0,3.0)的Bi元素，对焊料的物相成分、熔点、润湿性、拉伸性能、金属间化合物的形貌和厚度、焊点的剪切性能进行了研究，得出了Bi元素的添加对Sn1.0Ag焊料性能的影响规律.结果表明，Bi元素的加入可以降低焊料的熔点，提高焊料的润湿性和抗拉强度，抑制金属间化合物的过度生长，提高焊点的剪切强度；少量添加Bi元素，焊料的塑性上升，Bi元素添加量增大，断后伸长率反而降低，焊料的塑性下降.     

电子设备无铅焊点的热疲劳评估进展与展望

随着电子器件的广泛应用,其表现出了较高的故障率,而热疲劳是表面贴装器件焊点失效的主要原因。通过分析总结国内外无铅焊点热可靠性研究,着重阐述了钎料Ag含量、焊点微观组织结构演变以及温度循环参数对无铅焊点寿命的影响,最后,论述了无铅焊点热可靠性研究在微观方面的发展趋势,以及在焊点物理失效模型建立和特征损伤参量提取等方面存在的研究挑战。     

陶瓷球栅阵列封装的有限元模拟与焊点应力分析

文章运用有限元分析软件ANSYS,建立了陶瓷球栅阵列(CBGA)封装的三维有限元模型,模拟出热载荷作用下CBGA封装的三维热应力应变分布,研究了焊点的形状对焊点的应力、应变的影响,为在实际焊接过程中,从焊点形态的角度去控制焊点质量提供了理论依据.     

高温时效下Sn/SnPb混装焊点的微观组织研究

针对Sn/Sn Pb混合组装焊点在工艺兼容性和长期可靠性方面存在的问题,设计了带菊花链结构的板级电路,采用回流焊接工艺对无铅方形扁平封装(QFP)器件和Sn Pb焊料实现混合组装,对组装样品进行1500 h的高温老化实验。通过对高温老化前后混装焊点显微组织的分析和电、力学性能的研究,探讨混装焊点两侧焊接界面金属间化合物(IMC)的生长规律及其对焊点电、力学性能的影响.结果表明:Cu6Sn5和Cu3Sn金属间化合物厚度均与老化时间的平方根呈线性关系,混装焊点界面的Cu6Sn5分解反应是Cu3Sn化合物的主要生长机制;老化过程中富铅相在焊接界面的聚集,切断了焊点内Sn原子的扩散通路,形成阻碍IMC层进一步生长的抑制区;焊点基体β-Sn的尺寸粗化、Pb的富聚以及具有本质脆性的IMC层状生长降低了焊点的抗拉强度,层状IMC的厚度在一定程度上反映了焊点的力学性能.     

嵌入式系统封装功率器件的可靠性建模研究

该文基于对嵌入式系统封装功率器件可靠性建模的研究,首先,阐述嵌入式系统封装功率器件可靠性建模研究的必要性。其次,分析嵌入式系统封装功率器件发展,其中包括一般封装发展、功率器件发展。最后,对嵌入式系统封装功率器件的可靠性建模进行分析,主要包含嵌入式系统封装分析、封装可靠性分析、焊点可靠性分析等。     

回流次数对Sn3.5Ag0.5Cu焊点特性的影响

研究了回流次数对Sn3．5Ag0．5Cu焊点特性的影响,采用扫描电镜SEM和光学显微镜对多次回流后Sn3．5Ag0．5Cu焊点界面金属间化合物（IMC）层的形貌和拉伸断裂断口形貌进行了分析．结果表明：随着回流次数的增加,焊点的宽度和金属间化合物的厚度增加;焊料和凸点下金属化层（UBM）之间界面上的IMC组织从针状逐渐粗化;焊料的拉伸强度有轻微变化;断裂面第一次回流焊后出现在焊料中,而多次回流焊后断裂面部分出现在焊料中,部分出现在UBM和焊料的界面中．     

BGA封装中含Bi,Ni的无铅焊球剪切强度研究

对Sn/3.5Ag/0.7Cu,Sn/3Ag/3Bi/0.5Cu和Sn/3Ag/3Bi/0.5Cu/0.1Ni三种BGA无铅焊球(0.76 mm)经不同热循环后,在FR-4基板上的剪切强度进行了测量.采用SEM和EDX对样品截面进行观察和元素分析.数据表明,Bi的掺入提高了焊料的润湿性及焊接强度,并减缓了IMC的生长速度;焊料中加入微量Ni可有效减小焊点下金属上Ni镀层的耗穿速度,抑制了焊球经热循环后焊接强度的下降.     

基于全面析因试验的塑封球栅阵列器件焊点可靠性

采用全面析因试验设计方法设计了多种不同工艺参数组合的1．0mm引脚间距塑封球栅阵列(PB—GA)器件测试样件，进行了500h的可靠性热循环试验；基于试验数据进行了极差分析和方差分析；用有限元方法分析了PBGA器件焊点内的应力分布．试验结果和有限元分析结果均表明，失效焊点裂纹出现于焊点与芯片基板的交界面上。极差分析表明，最优的工艺参数组合为：钢网厚度0．14mm，焊盘直径0．34mm，芯片配重质量11．0384g或17．1084g．方差分析表明，芯片配重质量对1．0mm引脚间距PBGA器件焊点的可靠性有显著的影响，而焊盘直径和钢网厚度对可靠性无显著影响．     

一种基于X射线成像的球栅网格阵列封装芯片焊接检测方法

球栅网格阵列(BGA)封装芯片由于其引脚封装在内部的工艺特点,需要采用X射线成像的方式进行质量检查.提出一种基于印制电路板(PCB)X射线图像的自动芯片焊接质量检测方法,采用投影变换的方法确定芯片区域,根据球形焊点特点,利用霍夫变换对引脚焊点进行自动识别.该方法能实现全自动的焊接质量检查,提高焊点识别的效率和准确度,进...     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the     

Call for Papers

<正>"The Journal of Shanghai Normal University:Mathematics"is published by Shanghai Normal University as regular issues of The Journal of Shanghai Normal University each year from 2014 in English.The editors-in-chief of the issues are professors Yuhao Cong and Maoan Han.The Journal of Shanghai Normal University was started in 1958 with     

Journal of Donghua University ( English Edition) Contents of Volume 31

正~~