The Limits of Information

Black holes have their own thermodynamics including notions of entropy and temperature and versions of the three laws. After a light introduction to black hole physics, I recollect how black hole thermodynamics evolved in the 1970s, while at the same time stressing conceptual points which were given little thought at that time, such as why the entropy should be linear in the black hole's surface area. I also review a variety of attempts made over the years to provide a statistical mechanics for black hole thermodynamics. Finally, I discuss the origin of the information bounds for ordinary systems that have arisen as applications of black hole thermodynamics.     

Symmetries and the philosophy of language

In this paper, I consider the role of exact symmetries in theories of physics, working throughout with the example of gravitation set in Newtonian spacetime. First, I spend some time setting up a means of thinking about symmetries in this context; second, I consider arguments from the seeming undetectability of absolute velocities to an anti-realism about velocities; and finally, I claim that the structure of the theory licences (and perhaps requires) us to interpret models which differ only with regards to the absolute velocities of objects as depicting the same physical state of affairs. In defending this last claim, I consider how ideas and resources from the philosophy of language may usefully be brought to bear on this topic.     

基于组织的网构软件程序设计语言及其实现

作为Internet环境下的一种新的软件形态,网构软件的自主性、协同性、适应性、演化性及柔性体系结构等特点对传统的程序设计模型、语言和支撑平台提出了一系列挑战．本文基于组织抽象和agent技术提出了支持网构软件构造的程序设计语言OragentL．首先,OragentL将软件agent作为网构软件中自主实体的抽象,并在这一层面设计和封装系统的自适应和自演化逻辑．其次,OragentL将组织、角色等组织抽象作为一级编程实体,提供了角色扮演、角色组合、角色演化、基于角色的交互、基于组织的自管理等机制为网构软件的动态性特点提供了显式的语言设施和机制支撑．我们设计了OragentL的语法和形式化操作语义,并开发了Oragentburg作为OragentL网构软件的运行时环境,支持0ragentL程序的开发、编译、部署和运行     

Ordinary language philosophy,explanation, and the historical turn in philosophy of science

Taking a cue from remarks Thomas Kuhn makes in 1990 about the historical turn in philosophy of science, I examine the history of history and philosophy of science within parts of the British philosophical context in the 1950s and early 1960s. During this time, ordinary language philosophy's influence was at its peak. I argue that the ordinary language philosophers' methodological recommendation to analyze actual linguistic practice influences several prominent criticisms of the deductive-nomological model of scientific explanation and that these criticisms relate to the historical turn in philosophy of science. To show these connections, I primarily examine the work of Stephen Toulmin, who taught at Oxford from 1949 to 1954, and Michael Scriven, who completed a dissertation on explanation under Gilbert Ryle and R.B. Braithwaite in 1956. I also consider Mary Hesse's appeal to an ordinary language-influenced account of meaning in her account of the role of models and analogies in scientific reasoning, and W.H. Watson's Wittgensteinian philosophy of science, an early influence on Toulmin. I think there are two upshots to my historical sketch. First, it fills out details of the move away from logical positivism to more historical- and practice-focused philosophies of science. Second, questions about linguistic meaning and the proper targets and aims of philosophical analysis are part and parcel of the historical turn, as well as its reception. Looking at the philosophical background during which so-called linguistic philosophers also had a hand in bringing these questions to prominence helps us understand why.     

Applications of a generalized data-management language in medicine: Some recent experience at Stanford university

Zusammenfassung Um den Zugang zum Computer auch für den Nichtfachmann möglichst einfach und effektiv zu gestalten, müssen neue Programmiertechniken entwickelt werden. Ein Teil dieser Neuentwicklungen beschäftigt sich mit dem Aufbau und dem Gebrauch von Computer-Dateien. Zu diesem Zwecke wurde DIRAC an der Stanford-University entwickelt und getestet. Diese Sprache ist die erste einer ganzen Familie von Prototypen, welche eingesetzt werden, um die organisatorischen Probleme der Speicherung und Wiederauffindung wissenschaftlicher Information zu lösen. Die Sprache ist so konstruiert, dass die Benützer via einen Fernschreiber, der weit von der Computer-Zentrale entfernt aufgestellt sein kann, mit Hilfe einfacher Schlüsselwörter ihren Zwecken angepasste Kartotheken aufbauen können («create»), die einmal gespeicherte Information ergänzen, zerstören oder modifizieren können («up date»), die Kartothek nach fast beliebigen Kriterien abfragen und gesuchte Informationen heraussortieren können («query») sowie den Inhalt der ganzen Kartothek herausdrucken und einfach statistisch bearbeiten lassen können («status»). Ein kurzer Überblick über den Sprachaufbau von DIRAC und Beispiele für den Gebrauch von DIRAC durch verschiedene medizinische Abteilungen der Stanford-University sind beschrieben.     

Managing the Technological Edge: The UNESCO International Computation Centre and the Limits to the Transfer of Computer Technology, 1946-61

The spread of the modern computer is assumed to have been a smooth process of technology transfer. This view relies on an assessment of the open circulation of knowledge ensured by the US and British governments in the early post-war years. This article presents new historical evidence that question this view. At the centre of the article lies the ill-fated establishment of the UNESCO International Computation Centre. The project was initially conceived in 1946 to provide advanced computation capabilities to scientists of all nations. It soon became a prize sought by Western European countries like the Netherlands and Italy seeking to speed up their own national research programs. Nonetheless, as the article explains, the US government's limitations on the research function of the future centre resulted in the withdrawal of European support for the project. These limitations illustrate the extent to which US foreign science policy could operate as (stealth) industrial policy to secure a competitive technological advantage and the prospects of US manufacturers in a future European market.