夏季海洋上副热带高压的成长维持与青藏高压的联系

北半球夏季,例如就七月份的平均情况说,在地面图上可见:在太平洋上和大西洋上各为一强大高压所控制,这就是人们原先最早所称的副热带高压,而在大陆上在青藏高原至阿拉伯一带地区及墨西哥一带地区各为一低压区。但到对流圈的高层,例如在200毫巴图上,则见在青藏高原伊朗高原地区上空及墨西哥地区上空各出现强大高压,而在太平洋与大西洋上空主要为低压区,无论是太平洋副高或大西洋副高均已消弱不见,至多呈现为大陆高压东缘的一个微弱高脊而已。夏季出现在大陆高原上空的高层高压和主要出现在大洋上空的中低层高压虽同是位于副热带地区的强大高压系统,但结构性质不同,其形成过程不同,当然其间存在某些联系。本文主要乃就其形成问题,定性地讨论夏季海洋上副热带高压的成长维持与青藏高压的联系,提出看法,并用以解释南、北半球副热带高压年变化的同步性现象。     

中纬度干旱半干旱气候特征和区域差异

中纬度干旱半干旱气候又称温带、亚热带干旱半干旱气候和亚热带——温带的草原——荒漠植被分布区相吻合。它主要分布于北半球内陆大约35°—50°N的欧亚大陆和北美大陆的中心部分,其中亚洲内陆地区包括西亚北部的西亚干旱区(伊朗高原为主)、苏联的中亚干旱气候区和我国西北部干旱区以及欧洲温带草原、荒漠气候区。在北美大     

北半球不同强度、生命期阻塞高压的变化特征及其对温度的影响

分析了1968-2010年北半球阻塞高压频发区不同强度、生命期阻高的变化特征,从阻高强度和阻高生命期两方面分析阻高多发年、少发年与北半球地表温度的关系,结果显示:北半球的3个阻高频发区中,大西洋地区阻高出现总次数最多,太平洋地区次之,欧亚区最少;从阻高强度来看,3个阻高频发区强阻高次数均有减少趋势,以大西洋区最为显著,弱强度阻高变化趋势不明显;对于阻高生命期,长生命期阻高发生次数在21世纪以前变化不大,但近10年增加明显,短生命期阻高发生次数只有大西洋区在减少.大西洋区强阻高中长生命期阻高占25%,而太平洋区仅为14%,阻高强度越强时,出现长生命期阻高的概率也就越大.不同强度、生命期阻高对温度的影响差异显著.3个阻高频发区的长生命期阻高多发年与少发年温度差值的负异常区主要分布在中低纬度地区,而正异常区主要在高纬度地区;大西洋区、太平洋区长生命期阻高在多发年引起中低纬度地区的降温及高纬度地区的增温比强阻高产生的影响显著.     

全球平流层、对流层质量交换的季节变化特征

用1958年到2001年44 a ECMWF资料,P坐标系下Wei公式诊断了全球对流层、平流层交换的季节变化.结果表明:印尼、孟加拉湾以及南美中西海岸附近是物质由对流层向平流层输送的主要通道.中高纬度地区同时存在向上、向下的通量,大尺度槽区伴随着平流层向下的输送.一年中,秋、冬季向下的输送强,春、夏季较弱.东亚地区存在很强的平流层向下的输送,且中心位置移动不大;只占北半球5.6%面积的东亚,其多年平均质量净交换量却占到北半球的15.83%,这说明东亚地区对流层与平流层之间的质量交换对北半球乃至全球对流层、平流层交换研究的重要性.从1958年到2001年,穿越对流层顶的空气都是更多地从平流层进入对流层,这与同化数据本身存在系统性偏差以及对流层顶高度44a来始终升高有关.南、北半球质量交换量以及质量交换通量对所占纬度带的贡献都是从赤道向两极逐渐增大,且北半球的贡献比南半球要大得多.高纬度地区单位面积上的质量交换量以及质量交换通量比低纬度要大,说明高纬度地区质量交换的效率要比低纬度更高.     

青藏高原和伊朗高原上空臭氧变化特征及其与南亚高压的关系

采用TOMS、HALOE和SAGEⅡ臭氧卫星观测资料,对青藏高原上空臭氧的垂直结构和变化特征以及伊朗高原臭氧低值中心做了相应的研究,并且对两个高原臭氧低值中心进行了对比.结果表明:夏季伊朗高原同青藏高原一样存在臭氧低值中心;青藏高原和伊朗高原上空臭氧含量的变化与同纬度带其他地区相比,在12～22km或120～30 hPa这个气层中减少最明显,在此气层中伊朗高原上臭氧的减少比青藏高原上的更厉害.进一步采用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料分析了亚洲上空位势场和位温的变化及其与臭氧变化的关系,结果显示青藏高原和伊朗高原上空臭氧含量的变化和南亚高压有着密切的关系.南亚高压正好处在青藏高原和伊朗高原上空,夏季当南亚高压中心偏伊朗高原时,伊朗高原上空臭氧总量比多年平均值低,6、7月份随南亚高压中心位置的变化,伊朗高原上空臭氧总量变化明显,而青藏高原上空臭氧总量变化不是很明显.利用此区域夏季等位温面的变化对上述关系的机理进行了初步的探讨.     

西太平洋一、二岛链间海区声传播的季节因素分析

以分析西太平洋第一、第二岛链间海区在不同季节时的声传播情况为研究目的,利用world ocean atlas 2013(WOA13)季节平均数据和Mackenzie声速经验公式,首先分析该海区声道轴深度和表层声速值的四季分布情况;再利用BELLHOP水声学数值模型,在设定的1 000 Hz声源频率和15°～-15°掠射角情况下,仿真计算选用位置点5 m深度声源的四季声传播情况,研究其规律:四季反转深度由15°N以南的4 900 m以上,降至25°N以北的4 900 m以下,且夏季最深,春秋两季次之,冬季最浅。多数海区可形成汇聚区波导并主要存在于冬秋两季,第一汇聚区位置相对在61～64 km;通常夏季最远,春秋两季次之,冬季最近。在设定的仿真计算条件下声传播覆盖范围有限,需通过其他手段和战术行动改善。     

基于MODIS地表温度的京津冀地区城市热岛时空差异研究

利用2000, 2005 和2010年土地利用数据识别城市和郊区, 基于2000-2010年 1, 4, 7, 10月MODIS地温产品探究京津冀地区城市热岛效应的时空差异, 讨论城区土地利用对城市热岛效应的影响。结果表明,京津冀地区城市热岛效应的昼夜、季节特征突出。白天热岛与夜间热岛差异较大, 夜间92.8%以上的城镇表现为热岛, 且季节差异小。夏季白天热岛最强, 冬季白天85%的城市呈现冷岛效应。白天水体减弱城市热岛强度, 夜间相反。春、夏季草地增加白天城市热岛强度, 冬季白天为减弱作用, 夜间四季均为增强作用。农田和林地在春、夏、秋季白天减弱城市热岛强度, 冬季白天为增强作用, 夜间四季均为减弱作用。     

平流层全球重力波活动的气象电离层及气候卫星观测

利用从2007年1月~2013年2月的COSMIC(constellation observation system for meteorology ionosphere and climate)温度数据,分析了平流层(20~35 km)的全球重力波活动及其随纬度、高度和季节的变化特征,揭示了平流层不同纬度重力波活动的中期变化规律;以及重力波振荡周期随纬度的变化。赤道地区重力波全年活动很强,且存在明显的准两年振荡(quasi-biennial oscillation,QBO)。在20°S~20°N的重力波势能极大值区与强对流区域保持一致。中高纬地区重力波主要表现为冬季强夏季弱。中纬地区,两个半球冬季陆地上重力波活动强于海洋,且南美洲南部安第斯山每年除夏季外,都有较明显的重力波活动。高纬地区,南半球冬季重力波分布保持稳定,而北半球则在某些区域增强,某些区域较弱,这一现象可能是与SSW(stratospheric sudden warming)相关。通过LS谱图分析,发现QBO主要出现在平流层低纬地区,AO(annual oscillation)和SAO(semiannual oscillation)则主要出现在平流层中高纬地区。     

太原城市热岛效应的特征分析

根据太原市城区和郊县的11个自动气象站2008—2011年的观测记录,分析了近年来太原城市热岛的变化特征。结果表明太原市城区热岛强度季节变化明显,以冬季最强,夏季最弱;一年四季,增温都主要体现在最低气温的升高上。     

1990-2004年西南低涡活动的统计研究

利用15年(1990年-2004年)的逐日天气图资料对西南低涡的产生和移动情况进行了统计分析.结果表明低涡的发生频次具有明显的季节变化,15年共统计出1 038次西南低涡,其中生命史维持1 d以上的西南低涡共有262次,春、夏两季出现的频数比较多,其中春季一共发生77次占29.4%,夏季一共发生92次占35.1%;而秋、冬两季比较少,秋季一共发生55例占21.0%,冬季一共发生38例占14.5%.西南低涡存在两个主要的生成区,高原东南缘生成区和四川盆地生成区,其中,高原东南缘生成区是最主要的生成区.大多数西南低涡的维持时间较短,生命史在1 d以内的共776例占74.8%,生命史在1～3 d之间的有239例占23.0%,生命史在3～6 d之间的有21例占2.0%,只有2例生命史达到6～7 d.移动性低涡占西南低涡总数的极少部分,15年仅统计出60例,约占全部西南低涡总数的6%,其中,按移动情况大致可分为四种,分别为东北路径(占移动类低涡的33.3%)、偏东路径(占移动类低涡的50.0%)、东南路径(占移动类低涡的5.0%)和少动路径(占移动类低涡的11.7%).西南低涡的强度分布从南至北明显递增,在东西方向上也略有变化,为先增强再减弱.从南往北移动有利于西南低涡的维持和发展,从东往西移动,西南低涡将先有所增强,然后再有所减弱.     

Break-up of the Atlantic deep western boundary current into eddies at 8 degrees S

The existence in the ocean of deep western boundary currents, which connect the high-latitude regions where deep water is formed with upwelling regions as part of the global ocean circulation, was postulated more than 40 years ago. These ocean currents have been found adjacent to the continental slopes of all ocean basins, and have core depths between 1,500 and 4,000 m. In the Atlantic Ocean, the deep western boundary current is estimated to carry (10-40) x 10(6) m3 s(-1) of water, transporting North Atlantic Deep Water--from the overflow regions between Greenland and Scotland and from the Labrador Sea--into the South Atlantic and the Antarctic circumpolar current. Here we present direct velocity and water mass observations obtained in the period 2000 to 2003, as well as results from a numerical ocean circulation model, showing that the Atlantic deep western boundary current breaks up at 8 degrees S. Southward of this latitude, the transport of North Atlantic Deep Water into the South Atlantic Ocean is accomplished by migrating eddies, rather than by a continuous flow. Our model simulation indicates that the deep western boundary current breaks up into eddies at the present intensity of meridional overturning circulation. For weaker overturning, continuation as a stable, laminar boundary flow seems possible.     

Reversed flow of Atlantic deep water during the Last Glacial Maximum

The meridional overturning circulation (MOC) of the Atlantic Ocean is considered to be one of the most important components of the climate system. This is because its warm surface currents, such as the Gulf Stream, redistribute huge amounts of energy from tropical to high latitudes and influence regional weather and climate patterns, whereas its lower limb ventilates the deep ocean and affects the storage of carbon in the abyss, away from the atmosphere. Despite its significance for future climate, the operation of the MOC under contrasting climates of the past remains controversial. Nutrient-based proxies and recent model simulations indicate that during the Last Glacial Maximum the convective activity in the North Atlantic Ocean was much weaker than at present. In contrast, rate-sensitive radiogenic (231)Pa/(230)Th isotope ratios from the North Atlantic have been interpreted to indicate only minor changes in MOC strength. Here we show that the basin-scale abyssal circulation of the Atlantic Ocean was probably reversed during the Last Glacial Maximum and was dominated by northward water flow from the Southern Ocean. These conclusions are based on new high-resolution data from the South Atlantic Ocean that establish the basin-scale north to south gradient in (231)Pa/(230)Th, and thus the direction of the deep ocean circulation. Our findings are consistent with nutrient-based proxies and argue that further analysis of (231)Pa/(230)Th outside the North Atlantic basin will enhance our understanding of past ocean circulation, provided that spatial gradients are carefully considered. This broader perspective suggests that the modern pattern of the Atlantic MOC-with a prominent southerly flow of deep waters originating in the North Atlantic-arose only during the Holocene epoch.     

Interdecadal variations of the East Asian winter surface air temperature and possible causes

Using the NCEP/NCAR and JRA-25 monthly analysis data from 1979 to 2011, this paper analyzes the interdecadal variations of winter (Dec.–Feb.) mean surface air temperature (SAT) over East Asia by means of the empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis method. Two dominant modes were extracted, with the leading mode basically depicting a sign consistent SAT variation and the second mode describing a meridional dipole structure between the northern and southern parts of East Asia. These two modes can explain more than 60% of the variance. The leading mode is closely related to the intensity of Siberian high and the East Asian winter monsoon. The second mode exhibits a notable interdecadal shift in the late 1990s, with a turning point around 1996/1997. Winter SAT in the northern (southern) part of East Asia tends to be cooler (warmer) since the late 1990. Winter sea level pressure (SLP) differences between 1997–2011 and 1979–1996 show negative (positive) anomalies over southern (northern) Eurasia. At 500-hPa, an anomalous blocking high occurs over northern Eurasia, while a cyclone anomaly appears over northern East Asia. In addition, the upper-level East Asian jet stream tends to shift northward and become stronger after the late 1990. Indeed, the interdecadal shift of winter SAT over East Asia is dynamical consistent with changes of the large-scale atmospheric circulation in the late 1990s. The result indicates that previous autumn sea surface temperature (SST) in the North Atlantic Ocean, the Northern Indian Ocean and the western North Pacific Ocean, as well as sea ice concentration (SIC) in the northern Eurasia marginal seas and the Beaufort Sea also experienced obvious changes in the late 1990s. In particular, the interdecadal shifts of both SST in the North Atlantic Ocean and SIC in the Arctic Ocean and its marginal seas are well coherent with that of the winter SAT over East Asia. The results indicate that the interdecadal shift of East Asian winter SAT may be related to changes in the North Atlantic SST and the Arctic SIC in the late 1990s.     

基于多卫星融合数据的海平面特征分析

利用1993—2008年法国空间局的AVISO多卫星融合高度计资料,采用随机动态、EOF等方法分析全球海平面变化的长期趋势、变化幅度以及季节变化的空间分布特征.结果表明:(a)1993—2008年间太平洋海平面呈西升东降的形态,印度洋绝大部分海区海平面呈上升趋势,大西洋除湾流流域外的其他海区海平面的长期趋势以上升为主;(b)全球海平面变化存在显著的年变化和半年变化等季节信号,无论是半球平均还是洋盆平均,北半球海平面季节变化的振幅明显大于南半球,中纬度海区季节变化的振幅最大;(c)北印度洋海平面季节变化的振幅高于同纬度带的北太平洋和北大西洋;(d)太平洋、印度洋、大西洋三大洋受西边界流、赤道流系等强流影响的海域海平面变化幅度大于周围海域;(e)赤道海域各大洋东、西边界和大洋内区海平面变化不同步,可能受赤道海洋波动的影响较大;(f)厄尔尼诺年,西太平洋暖池和赤道太平洋中部海平面明显降低,赤道东太平洋海域海平面明显升高,赤道印度洋海域东、西边界的海平面变化与其相反.     

Detection of human influence on sea-level pressure

Greenhouse gases and tropospheric sulphate aerosols--the main human influences on climate--have been shown to have had a detectable effect on surface air temperature, the temperature of the free troposphere and stratosphere and ocean temperature. Nevertheless, the question remains as to whether human influence is detectable in any variable other than temperature. Here we detect an influence of anthropogenic greenhouse gases and sulphate aerosols in observations of winter sea-level pressure (December to February), using combined simulations from four climate models. We find increases in sea-level pressure over the subtropical North Atlantic Ocean, southern Europe and North Africa, and decreases in the polar regions and the North Pacific Ocean, in response to human influence. Our analysis also indicates that the climate models substantially underestimate the magnitude of the sea-level pressure response. This discrepancy suggests that the upward trend in the North Atlantic Oscillation index (corresponding to strengthened westerlies in the North Atlantic region), as simulated in a number of global warming scenarios, may be too small, leading to an underestimation of the impacts of anthropogenic climate change on European climate.     

Climatic instability recorded by the mollusk assemblages from the late glacial loess deposits in China

The loess-paleosol sequence in China records abundant and valuable information on the global and regional climate changes. Biological record from the loess sequence is the most direct evidence on variation in pattern of paleo-atmospheric circulation and changes in winter and summer monsoon. A new record of climatic instability, which occurred in the Loess Plateau during the late glacial period, is presented. Through the study of terrestrial mollusks from three loess sequences, the authors intend to characterize the biological response process to rapid climate change and to learn the mechanisms driving the instable climate changes and the possible linkage in different regions. The result shows the striking consistent variability in the ratio records of three mollusk sequences of the late glacial, indicating apparent rapid climate fluctuations. Correlation of our three mollusk records with the oxygen isotopic records from Greenland ice cores and foraminifera1 records from the Northeast Pacific Ocean reveals similar instability climate during the late glacial period, which provides us a new thought probing the climate instability observed in the North Atlantic, the North Pacific and the Loess Plateau. The low-level atmospheric circulation in the Northern Hemisphere may be one possible way to link the unstable climate patterns observed in the above three regions.     

Peat record reflecting Holocene climatic change in the Zoigê Plateau and AMS radiocarbon dating

Through the use of reliable AMS dating of high resolution (15–30 years) peat and the establishment of monsoon climate proxies sequence, we have been able to recognize several cold, dry events in the Tibetan Plateau during the Holocene. The more obvious ones occurred around 12800, 11300, 10200, 9580, 8900, 6400, 4400, 3700, 2800 and 1500 cal. aBP. These events correlate well with both ice rafting events recorded in high latitude North Atlantic Ocean sediment cores and cooling events in the low latitude SST. Spectral analysis indicates high frequency climate variation on centennial-millennial time scale during the Holocene. This further reflects Holocene climate instability and the existence of centennial-millenium scale rhythm in mid latitude areas as well.     

Peat record reflecting Holocene climatic change in the Zoige Plateau and AMS radiocarbon dating

Through the use of reliable AMS dating of high resolution (15-30 years) peat and the establishment of monsoon climate proxies sequence, we have been able to recognize several cold, dry events in the Tibetan Plateau during the Holocene. The more obvious ones occurred around 12800, 11300, 10200, 9580, 8900, 6400, 4400, 3700, 2800 and 1500 cal. aBP. These events correlate well with both ice rafting events recorded in high latitude North Atlantic Ocean sediment cores and cooling events in the low latitude SST. Spectral analysis indicates high frequency climate variation on centennial-millennial time scale during the Holocene. This further reflects Holocene climate instability and the existence of centennial-millenium scale rhythm in mid latitude areas as well.     

江淮流域夏季降水异常及与全球中低纬海温异常关系的诊断研究

对1951－1999年中国夏季江淮流域降水异常与海温异常关系的分析表明,前期及同期各季节三大洋海表温度异常（SSTA）与长江流域降水异常的关系是非常显著的,而对淮河流域降水异常总体上的影响较小,前期冬季SSTA的影响显著区主要有：热带印度洋、黑潮、热带中东太平洋和大西洋,各关键区海温异常对亚洲夏季风的影响特征为：当前期冬季赤道印度洋、黑潮、赤道大西洋和热带东太平洋海表温度异常升高（降低）,当年夏季印度西南季风和东亚热带辐合带减弱（加强）,副热带高压位置偏南（北）,副热带辐合带加强（减弱）,长江流域易发生洪涝（干旱）,相关显著性分析表明,前冬赤道印度洋和黑潮区的海温异常对中国夏季降水的影响更为显著。     

Response of the East Asian climate system to water and heat changes of global frozen soil using NCAR CAM model

Under the condition of land-atmosphere heat and water conservation, a set of sensitive numerical experiments are set up to investigate the response of the East Asian climate system to global frozen soil change. This is done by introducing the supercooled soil water process into the Community Land Model (CLM3.0), which has been coupled to the National Center of Atmospheric Research Community Atmosphere Model (CAM3.1). Results show that:(1) The ratio between soil ice and soil water in CLM3.0 is clearly changed by the supercooled soil water process. Ground surface temperature and soil temperature are also affected. (2) The Eurasian (including East Asian) climate system is sensitive to changes of heat and water in frozen soil regions. In January, the Aleutian low sea level pressure circulation is strengthened, Ural blocking high at 500 hPa weakened, and East Asian trough weakened. In July, sea level pressure over the Aleutian Islands region is significantly reduced; there are negative anomalies of 500 hPa geopotential height over the East Asian mainland, and positive anomalies over the East Asian ocean. (3) In January, the southerly component of the 850 hPa wind field over East Asia increases, indicating a weakened winter monsoon. In July, cyclonic anomalies appear on the East Asian mainland while there are anticyclonic anomalies over the ocean, reflective of a strengthened east coast summer monsoon. (4) Summer rainfall in East Asia changed significantly, including substantial precipitation increase on the southern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, central Yangtze River Basin, and northeast China. Summer rainfall significantly decreased in south China and Hainan Island, but slightly decreased in central and north China. Further analysis showed considerable upper air motion along ~30°N latitude, with substantial descent of air at its north and south sides. Warm and humid air from the Northeast Pacific converged with cold air from northern land areas, representing the main cause of the precipitation anomalies.