1株产表面活性剂石油降解菌筛选及发酵条件优化

从含有原油的样品中筛选出能够产生表面活性剂的菌株,对其菌株及产物进行初步鉴定,并优化其摇瓶发酵条件。分别采用称重法和薄层层析法(TLC)测定其原油降解率和鉴别其表面活性剂的类型。采用不同种类的碳源和氮源、不同梯度的温度、盐度、酸碱度,筛选出产高效脂肽类生物表面活性剂的革兰氏阴性菌株E-02。摇瓶发酵最适条件为碳源是食用油,氮源为NH4Cl,温度为42℃,盐度为7.5%,最适pH为5.4,培养3 d后,原油降解率为41.02%。实验筛选的菌株能适应较广泛的环境条件,可对石油污染进行有效修复。     

芽孢杆菌HBS-4产生的表面活性剂及其与原油相互作用研究

菌株HBS-4是从油藏分离的1株芽孢杆菌,该菌株在其代谢过程中产生脂肽和糖脂类生物表面活性物质.可将发酵液的表面张力降低到25.6 mN/m.在细菌与原油相互作用的过程中,生物表面活性剂不仅具有分散、乳化原油的作用,而且有协助细菌代谢原油的作用.实验结果表明,生物表面活性剂在pH值5～12之间保持稳定,当pH值小于5时,会逐渐失活,所以控制发酵液的pH值,有利于细菌对原油的降解.原油与细菌作用12 d后,原油的沥青质和芳烃组分被转化和降解, 相对含量分别降低了2.89%和17.39%,原油的饱和烃∑C21/∑C22 比值由开始的0.39升为1.36, 长链的饱和烃被降解为短链的饱和烃.     

一株耐高矿化菌株产生的表面活性剂性质的研究

为了得到耐高矿化的生物表面活性剂产生菌,采用富集培养,排油圈复筛,从高矿化油田的油水混合物中得到了一株产表面活性剂的菌株K1。通过对K1菌株形态、生理生化特征及16S rRNA基因序列分析,确定该菌为肺炎克雷伯氏菌(Klebsiella pneumoniae)。薄层色谱和红外光谱分析,初步确定该菌株产生的表面活性剂为糖脂类物质。对菌株K1所产表面活性剂在高矿化水中的乳化活性以及温度、酸碱度(pH)对表面活性剂稳定性的影响进行研究,结果显示:在高矿化条件下该生物表面活性剂可以保持较好的乳化活性,对柴油的乳化率为59.5%;具备良好的温度稳定性并可耐受90℃的高温;pH值在6.011.0之间时其活性较强。菌株K1产生的糖脂类生物表面活性剂在提高高矿化油田的原油采收率和原油污染生物修复方面具有应用的潜力。     

北极耐冷石油降解菌BJ1、BJ9和BJ19的降解特性

为对低温海域石油烃污染修复提供优良菌源,采用红外分光仪和气相色谱与质谱联用仪对北极耐冷石油降解菌BJ1、BJ9和BJ19的降解特性进行研究,结果显示:除BJ1-9外,其他混合菌群的降解率均大于单一菌株的降解率,盐度、pH、温度、初始油质量浓度、营养盐对石油降解率均有较大影响;BJ1、BJ9和BJ19以及混合菌群对柴油总烃的降解效率分别为55.25%、49.37%、50.76%和63.44%;BJ1、BJ9和BJ19以及混合菌群在单因素最好条件下对柴油芳香烃的降解效率分别为32.22%、19.87%、15.73%和7.33%;菌株在低温下优先降解短链烷烃,在7d内C18后的长链烷烃未被降解;BJ1、BJ9、BJ19和混合菌群对汽油和海燃油降解效果明显,而对原油和燃料油等降解效果较差.研究表明,该三株菌能够利用多种石油烃组分作为碳源生长并可降解多环芳烃,对碳源的利用具有广谱性.     

一株高效生物表面活性剂产生菌的分离、鉴定及培养条件的优化

以市政污水处理厂剩余活性污泥作为菌种来源,经过培养分离、筛选,得到一株高效生物表面活性剂产生菌X1A-2.经形态学与16SrDNA鉴定,X1A-2菌株属于戈登氏菌属.菌株X1A-2产生物表面活性剂的环境影响因素研究结果表明:菌株在发酵培养14h后达到稳定状态,发酵液表面张力降低至33.0mN/m;在较大的培养条件范围内,发酵液的表面张力均可显著降低;石油烃类碳源的存在对其产生物表面活性剂的影响甚微.在模拟石油污染的最优培养条件下,菌株能够长期保持活性,所产生物表面活性剂可使以石油为碳源的发酵液表面张力保持在35mN/m以下.研究结果表明,X1A-2是一株高效生物表面活性剂产生菌,在实际海洋石油污染的生物修复方面具有很好的应用前景.     

稠油降解菌的筛选及其生物表面活性剂的特性

添加稠油对土壤中土著微生物进行驯化, 分离出33株能以稠油为惟一碳源生长的细菌, 从中筛选出2株高效表面活性剂产生菌XJ1和SJ4, 9株高效稠油降解菌. XJ1和SJ4可将发酵液的表面张力由72.4 mN/m分别降到36.1 mN/m和36.2 mN/m;14 d摇瓶油降解率分别为35.89%和31.59%, 降解效率在各单菌中最高. 同时研究了发酵液中XJ1和SJ4的生长量与其生物表面活性剂产生情况之间的关系, 经红外光谱分析初步确定两种生物表面活性剂均为糖脂类化合物.     

一株高温解烃菌的筛选及性能评价

从油田产出水中筛选出一株能在高温条件下以原油为碳源的烃类降解菌D-1,通过形态、生理生化特征分析,确定该菌株为芽孢杆菌属.测定了pH、温度和盐度对降解能力的影响,确定了最佳生长条件,并用该菌株进行了物模驱油实验.实验结果表明:该菌最佳pH和温度分别为6.0和60℃;其中盐度为0.2%时,降解率达到64.3%,对盐离子具有较好的耐受性;在物理模拟驱油实验中培养10 d后可提高原油采收率5.6%.菌株D-1在微生物采油中具有很好的应用前景.     

嗜热耐盐烃降解菌Geobacillus sp.WJ-2降解原油性能研究

以液蜡为唯一碳源,从大庆油田龙虎泡区块采油污水样中分离到一株高效嗜热耐盐的兼性烃降解菌WJ-2,经形态观察、生理生化实验和16S rRNA基因序列分析,初步鉴定为地芽孢杆菌Geobacillus sp..在有氧或者厌氧条件下,该菌均在45～75℃和0～10％ NaCl溶液中生长良好,其最适生长温度为65℃,最适盐的质量分数为3.0％;该菌株能以原油为唯一碳源生长并合成生物表面活性剂,发酵7d,生物表面活性剂产量在好氧条件和厌氧条件下分别为19.89 g/L和11.69 g/L.薄层层析和显色反应表明WJ-2产出的表面活性剂组成在好氧和厌氧条件下不相同.经GC气相色谱和族组分柱层析对菌株WJ-2在好氧和厌氧降解下原油组分分析结果表明:该菌在好氧下优先降解较轻组分,在厌氧条件下优先降解重质组分,原油黏度分别降低71.57％和77.45％,凝固点分别降低5℃和8℃.在好氧和厌氧条件下该菌可在一次水驱基础上分别进一步提高采收率6.96％和6.42％,可有效应用于高温高盐油藏微生物驱现场试验.     

石油高效降解细菌的筛选及其降解特性研究

以山东省东营市胜利油田附近被石油污染的土壤作为分离样品,连续富集筛选出以原油为唯一碳源、能源进行生长繁殖的石油高效降解菌株X_P和X_B.经菌落形态、生理生化反应,初步鉴定2株菌分属为芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus sp.)和假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas sp.);通过生物表面活性剂活性试验,分析了2株菌的油降解能力.结果表明:2株菌均具溶血和排油特性,溶血圈直径高达3.6 cm、排油圈直径高达4.9 cm,可以产生生物表面活性剂,并且溶血圈和排油圈直径与生物表面活性剂的产生呈正相关.室内培养箱实验测定,2株菌对石油的降解率分别为72.3%(X_P)和61.2%(X_B)(原油含量/土壤总量×100%=10%),在此过程中2株菌对石油降解的速度、能力有显著效果.室外堆制试验中,60 d处理后,锯末、小麦秸秆、菌剂及N、P营养物协同处理组降解效果明显,降解率高达54.0%-68.2%,说明外源添加物能提高微生物的降解能力.结论:筛选得到的菌株X_P和X_B是两株高效降解石油的菌株,在土壤中能很好地利用石油进行生长代谢,可应用于石油污染实际生物修复工程.     

一株高温产表面活性剂菌的筛选及性能评价

从油田产出水中筛选出一株能在75℃条件下产生表面活性剂的高温菌,经形态、生理生化特征及Biolog微生物自动鉴定仪鉴定,该菌为枯草芽孢杆菌.生物表面活性剂的临界胶束质量浓度CMC为130mg/L.对其激活条件进行优化,优化结果为:该菌最佳碳源、氮源和最佳盐度分别为花生油、酵母膏和质量分数0.5%的NaCl.用该菌株在模拟75℃高温油藏条件下进行物模驱油实验,结果表明:在培养10d后可提高采收率4.5%.菌株B-1在微生物采油中具有很好的应用前景.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that