Reactions of sodium hypochlorite with some compounds having reactive methylene groups

Summary Alkaline sodium hypochlorite solution oxidises a number of compounds having reactive methylene groups to the corresponding gem diols, but in some cases only decarboxylation occurs at room temperature.     

Lead reactive substances in peripheral synapses

Zusammenfassung Durch vitale bzw. supravitale Behandlung mit Pb(NO₃)₂ werden die subneuralen Apparate der quergestreiften Muskeln sowie die synaptischen Strukturen der vegetativen Ganglien dargestellt. Die Frage wird diskutiert, ob das bleireaktive Material mit den Sulfhydrylsubstanzen bzw. mit der Cholinesterase identisch sci.     

Skeletal muscle capillary densities during reactive hyperemia

Summary Reactive hyperemia was induced in hindlimbs of rats by occlusion of the femoral artery. Using fluorescein dye as a peripheral vascular marker, we observed that there was an increase in the number of flowing capillaries supplying the muscle fibres following release of the occlusion. The results indicate that the number of flowing capillaries is not dependent on the duration of occlusion (2–10 min).     

Skeletal muscle capillary densities during reactive hyperemia

Reactive hyperemia was induced in hindlimbs of rats by occlusion of the femoral artery. Using fluorescein dye as a peripheral vascular marker, we observed that there was an increase in the number of flowing capillaries supplying the muscle fibres following release of the occlusion. The results indicate that the number of flowing capillaries is not dependent on the duration of occlusion (2-10 min).     

Soluble antigen-antibody complexes reactive in homologous rabbit skin

Résumé Des complexes solubles d'antigènes-anticorps préparés à partir de l'anticorps DNP non précipitable de lapin et obtenus à des stades «avancés» et «retardés» d'immunisation produisent une réaction immédiate d'hypersensibilité cutanée quand ils sont injectés dans une peau normale de lapin. La réduction, le chauffage à 56°C et la succinilation des anticorps suggèrent que les anticorps des stades «avancés» et «retardés» compris dans les complexes diffèrent dans leurs propriétés physicochimiques, bien qu'ils possèdent le même pouvoir de sensibilisation sur les peaux homologues.     

Molecular compounds without chemical bonding

Zusammenfassung Die Infrarotspektren der Einschlussverbindungen [Ni(CN)₂(NH₃)(C₆H₆)] und [Ni(CN)₂(NH₃)C₄H₅N] wurden untersucht und mit den Spektren von gasförmigen und flüssigen C₆H₆ bzw. C₄H₆N verglichen.

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Clathrate work was carried out under a research grant by University of Western Australia. Nickel cyanide-ammonia clathrates were further investigated by the author at the Punjab University (Chandigarh, India), University of Rome (Rome, Italy) and Fisk University (Nashville, Tennessee, USA).     

Unusual antimicrobial compounds fromAeollanthus buchnerianus

Using bioassay guided isolation, three novel 12 carbon polyoxygenated fatty acids and a novel abietane diterpene have been isolated from the the chloroform extract of aerial parts ofAeollanthus buchnerianus (Lamiaceae). Rigorous spectroscopic methods were used for compound identification. (Z,Z)-8-acetoxy-5-hydroxydodeca-2,6-dienoic acid and (Z,Z)-5,8-dihydroxydodeca-2,6-dienoic acid inhibited the spore germination ofCladosporium cucumerinum (both with Minimum Inhibitory Dose (MID) values of 1 g) andAspergillus niger (MID 5 and 25 g respectively). Further, they also reduced the hyphal growth ofPythium ultimum. (Z)-5-hydroxy-6,7,8-triacetoxydodeca-2-dienoic acid exhibited short term inhibition of the growth ofCladosporium cucumerinum. The novel abietane diterpenoid, (rel)-14-acetoxyabiet-7-en-18-oic acid inhibited the growth of the gram positive bacteriaBacillus subtilis, staphylococcus aureus andStreptomyces scabies (MIC values 80, 20 and 20 g ml^–1 respectively).     

Enzymatic hydroxylation of aromatic compounds

Selective hydroxylation of aromatic compounds is among the most challenging chemical reactions in synthetic chemistry and has gained steadily increasing attention during recent years, particularly because of the use of hydroxylated aromatics as precursors for pharmaceuticals. Biocatalytic oxygen transfer by isolated enzymes or whole microbial cells is an elegant and efficient way to achieve selective hydroxylation. This review gives an overview of the different enzymes and mechanisms used to introduce oxygen atoms into aromatic molecules using either dioxygen (O₂) or hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) as oxygen donors or indirect pathways via free radical intermediates. In this context, the article deals with Rieske-type and α-keto acid-dependent dioxygenases, as well as different non-heme monooxygenases (di-iron, pterin, and flavin enzymes), tyrosinase, laccase, and hydroxyl radical generating systems. The main emphasis is on the heme-containing enzymes, cytochrome P450 monooxygenases and peroxidases, including novel extracellular heme-thiolate haloperoxidases (peroxygenases), which are functional hybrids of both types of heme-biocatalysts. Received 11 August, 2006; received after revision 28 September 2006; accepted 9 November 2006     

Radioprotective effectiveness of some serotonin-like compounds

Zusammenfassung Bei Mäusen wurde die Strahlenschutzwirksamkeit des 5-Ethoxytryptamins und 5-Methoxytryptamins mit derjenigen von 5-Hydroxytriptamin, SAS (Benzothiophenverbindung) und 5-Methoxy-SAS verglichen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Schutzwirksamkeit des 5-Ethoxytryptamins der des SAS sehr ähnlich ist.     

Role of adenosine in reactive hyperemia of the dog heart

Résumé Le dipyridamol, la lidoflazine et l'aminophylline modifient la vasodilatation provoquée par l'adénosine. Le dipyridamol seul augmente l'hyperhémie réactionnelle et les résultats ne confirment pas l'hypothèse que l'adénosine peut être un médiateur de l'hyperhémie réactionnelle.

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This work was supported in part by grants from the U.S.P.H.S., National Institutes of Health, and the Wisconsin Heart Association.     

Do chickens have gastrin-like compounds?

Zusammenfassung Bei Hühnern wurden in Extrakten der Schleimhaut des Duodenums geringe Mengen einer Substanz nachgewiesen, die radioimmunologisch mit Antikörpern gegen synthetisches Humangastrin 2–17 reagiert. Serum, Oesophagus, Kropf, Drüsenmagen, Hornmagen und Pankreas enthielten keinerlei Aktivität. Die gastrinähnliche Substanz spielt vermutlich für die Steuerung der Magensekretion bei Hühnern keine wesentliche Rolle.

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Supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft.     

Studies on organic fluorine compounds II

Résumé Les esters éthyliques et tertiobutyliques ont été synthétisés à partir des esters correspondants de l'acide oxalique et fluoroacétique par une condensation de Claisen Wislicenus.En injection intrapéritonéale effectuée sur des souris et des rats, ces esters se sont montrés pratiquement non toxiques. En revanche, ils exercent (sous forme d'énolates sodiques hydro-solubles) une action inhibitrice prononcée sur la croissance de l'Escherichia coli etAerobacter aerogenes dans des milieux de cultures synthétiques.

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Part I:E. Bergmann andI. Blank, J. chem. Soc., in press (1953).