油套管用钢P110的CO_2腐蚀动力学研究

利用高温高压腐蚀试验及电化学原位测量技术,并辅以SEM、EDS和XRD等微观分析手段研究了油套管用钢P110在CO2分压为2 MPa、温度为100℃的3.5%NaCl水溶液中的腐蚀失重、界面反应电化学特性、腐蚀产物膜的微观形貌、成分和结构特征,探讨了油套管用钢CO2腐蚀动力学.研究结果表明:油套管用钢P110的CO2腐蚀产物为FeCO3;随腐蚀时间的延长及腐蚀产物膜的形成,平均腐蚀速率逐渐降低、趋势变缓,产物膜生长满足抛物线生长规律;腐蚀产物晶粒逐渐长大并堆垛紧密,逐渐成膜覆盖于金属表面,膜厚先增加后逐渐趋于稳定,对基体保护能力增强;不同腐蚀时间交流阻抗图谱(EIS)的拟合结果表明,极化电阻随着腐蚀时间增加逐渐增大,电极反应由最初的活化控制变为扩散控制.     

3Cr低合金管线钢及焊接接头的CO_2腐蚀行为

采用高温、高压反应釜和电化学技术对3Cr低合金管线钢及焊接接头的CO2腐蚀行为进行研究.结果表明,3Cr低合金管线钢在高温、高压CO2腐蚀环境中表面生成致密的富Cr腐蚀产物膜,这是其抗CO2腐蚀性能优于X65钢的主要原因.3Cr低合金管线钢焊接接头中母材、热影响区和焊缝的腐蚀产物膜特征相似,结构致密,均存在Cr元素的富集.与X65钢相比,3Cr低合金管线钢的自腐蚀电位较正,自腐蚀电流密度较低.在CO2腐蚀介质中,3Cr低合金管线钢焊接接头的母材区域作为阳极首先发生腐蚀,焊缝和热影响区作为阴极受到保护.     

Transparent organic light-emitting diodes based on Cs<Subscript>2</Subscript>CO<Subscript>3</Subscript>:Ag/Ag composite cathode

The transparent organic light-emitting diodes (TOLEDs) based on Cs 2 CO 3:Ag/Ag composite cathode are reported in this paper.They show higher efficiency and better stability than the control devices with the Cs 2 CO 3 /Ag cathode.The devices are highly transparent,and show total efficiencies from both sides of the devices comparable with conventional bottom-emitting devices.The electroluminescence (EL) spectrum from the cathode side of the device is closer to the photoluminescence (PL) spectrum of the light...     

Experimental study on CO2/CO of typical lining materials in full-scale fire test

Lining materials are widely used in buildings to cover walls and ceilings. Combustible linings may produce a potential high fire hazard in buildings. Once ignited, it propagates fire and accelerates the enclosure fire growth. Two types of lining materials were studied during the tests： block board and plywood. The test was conducted in an ISO 9705 room, where linings were mounted on walls without the ceiling. By changing the heat output of the burner, the ventilation, etc., the concentrations of CO2/CO of different lining materials were researched. The effect of test conditions on the production of CO2/CO of different lining materials was investigated, and useful experimental data were provided for the further development of numerical modeling to simulate enclosure fire growth lined with combustible materials.     

Flow-accelerated corrosion behavior of 13Cr stainless steel in a wet gas environment containing CO<Subscript>2</Subscript>

This work investigated the flow-accelerated corrosion (FAC) behavior of 13Cr in a wet CO₂-containing environment at different flowing gas velocities and impinging angles, with the natural-gas pipeline environment simulated by a self-assembled impingement jet system. Surface morphology determination, electrochemical measurements, and hydromechanics numerical analysis were carried out to study the FAC behavior. The results demonstrate that pitting corrosion was the primary mode of corrosion in 13Cr stainless steel. High-flow-rate gas destroyed the passive film and decreased the pitting potential, resulting in more serious corrosion. The corrosion degree with various impact angles showed the following order: 90° > 60° > 45°. The shear force and the electrolyte from the flowing gas were concluded to be the determinant factors of FAC, whereas the shear force was the main factor responsible for destroying the passive film.     

Effect of CO<Subscript>2</Subscript> concentrations on the activity of photosynthetic CO<Subscript>2</Subscript> fixation and extracelluar carbonic anhydrase in the marine diatom <Emphasis Type="Italic">Skeletonema costatum</Emphasis>

The growth and activity of photosynthetic CO2 uptake and extracellular carbonic anhydrase (CAext) of the marine diatom Skeletonema costatum were investigated while cultured at different levels of CO2 in order to see its physio-logical response to different CO2 concentrations under either a low (30 靘ol·m-2·s-1) or high (210 靘ol·m-2·s-1) irradiance. The changes in CO2 concentrations (4—31 靘ol/L) affected the growth and net photosynthesis to a greater extent under the low than under the high light re-gime. CAext was detected in the cells grown at 4 mol/L CO2 but not at 31 and 12 靘ol/L CO2, with its activity being about 2.5-fold higher at the high than at the low irradiance. Photo- synthetic CO2 affinity (1/ K1/2(CO2)) of the cells de-creased with increased CO2 concentrations in culture. The cells cultured under the high-light show significantly higher photosynthetic CO2 affinity than those grown at the low-light level. It is concluded that the regulations of CAext activity and photosynthetic CO2 affinity are dependent not only on CO2 concentration but also on light availability, and that the de-velopment of higher CAext activity and CO2 affinity under higher light level could sufficiently support the photosyn-thetic demand for CO2 even at low level of CO2.     

新型2Cr1Mo2Ni钢在含二氧化碳油田采出液中的腐蚀行为

为弄清Mo和Ni元素在低Cr钢耐蚀方面所起的作用,炼制了新型2Cr1Mo2Ni钢,研究其在模拟油田采出液中的腐蚀行为,实验条件为80℃,0.8MPa CO2分压.利用扫描电镜和能谱分析研究了2Cr1Mo2Ni钢和3Cr钢的腐蚀产物膜微观形貌和成分,测试了高温高压极化曲线和电化学阻抗谱,分析了腐蚀产物膜的生长过程.实验结果表明,Mo和Ni元素在提高抗CO2腐蚀性能方面的作用不及Cr元素.2Cr1Mo2Ni钢腐蚀164h后,中低频感抗弧消失,腐蚀产物膜开始完全覆盖基体表面;腐蚀240h后,生成的腐蚀产物膜具有较好的保护性.     

碳钢高温高压CO2腐蚀产物膜的形成机制

利用高温高压反应釜模拟了N80钢在CO2分压1MPa、温度90℃、流速1ms-1条件下地层水中不同时间的腐蚀行为,并应用SEM、EDS和XRD等微观分析手段研究了腐蚀产物膜的微观形貌、成分和结构特征,探讨了腐蚀产物膜的形成机制. 结果表明:在腐蚀开始阶段(8h),腐蚀产物主要为Fe3C,并有少量的FeCO3形成. 随着腐蚀的进行(72h后),腐蚀产物膜基本上为FeCO3. 腐蚀产物膜由内外两层构成:内层膜是溶液中HCO-3不断透过膜进入膜/基界面与基体反应形成,并使膜/基界面不断向内推进;外层膜是由于溶液中Fe2 和CO2-3的浓度超过FeCO3的容度积,FeCO3晶体在内层膜表面形核并长大而形成. 外层膜的晶粒比较细小、致密. 内层膜与外层膜的界面结合比较弱,而内层膜与基体的结合比较强.     

温度对油套管用钢腐蚀速率的影响

通过模拟塔里木油田现场环境进行腐蚀试验,研究井下不同井段腐蚀环境下KO110和3Cr110油套管用钢的腐蚀形态以及腐蚀速率,确定表面腐蚀产物的成分.结果表明:在90℃附近两种材料出现腐蚀速率的最大值,KO110为9.9437mm/a,3Cr110为5.9734mm/a;3Cr110在低温下(90℃以下)的腐蚀速率远小于KO110,在90℃以上与KO110的腐蚀速率相当,甚至要高于KO110;KO110局部腐蚀相当严重,3Cr110表现出了良好的抗局部腐蚀性能,在整个温度区间,局部腐蚀很轻微.     

ENSO frequency change in coupled climate models as response to the increasing CO<Subscript>2</Subscript> concentration

The response of ENSO frequency to the increasing CO2 concentration and associated mechanism are examined with outputs of four coupled climate models (GFDL/CM2.0,CNRM/CM3,IPSL/CM4 and INM/CM3.0) submitted to the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report (IPCC AR4).Results reveal a significant change of ENSO frequency as response to the increasing CO2 concentration.However,such a change exhibits an evident model dependence.The ENSO frequency tends to increase in GFDL/CM2.0 and CNRM/CM3 models and decreases in IPSL/CM4 an...     

Comparative study of the net exchange of CO<Subscript>2</Subscript> in 3 types of vegetation ecosystems on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau

Using the eddy covariance method, from 1 July 2003 to 30 June 2004, we conducted the observation and analysis of ecosystem CO2 flux in 3 types of alpine meadow vegetation （Kobresia humilis, Potentilla fruticosa shrub and Kobresia tibetica swamp meadows） on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. The results show that the Kobresia humilis meadow, the shrub meadow and the swamp meadow＇s highest CO2 uptake rates are 16.78, 10.42 and 16.57 μmol·m^-2·-s^-1 respectively, while their highest CO2 release rates are 8.22, 7.73 and 18.67μmol·m^-2·-s^-1 respectively. The Kobresia humilis meadow and shrub meadow＇s annual atmospheric uptakes are 282 g CO2/m^2 and 53 g CO2/m^2, respectively, while swamp meadow＇s annual atmospheric release is 478 g CO2/m^2. This proves that the Kobresia humilis meadow and the shrub meadow on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau have relatively low potential for CO2 uptake and release compared to C4 grasslands, a number of lowland grasslands, and forests. Moreover, swamp meadow has relatively high release potential. This, in turn, reveals clear differences in carbon source/sink between different types of vegetation in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau alpine meadow ecosystem. These differences are mainly brought by differences in the vegetations＇ photosynthetic capacity and soil respiration.     

Comparative study on the corrosion behavior of X52, 3Cr,and 13Cr steel in an O2-H2O-CO2 system:products,reaction kinetics,and pitting sensitivity

The corrosion behaviors of X52, 3Cr low-alloy steel, and 13Cr stainless steel were investigated in an O₂-H₂O-CO₂ environment at various temperatures and O₂-CO₂ partial-pressure ratios. The results showed that the corrosion rates of X52, 3Cr, and 13Cr steels increased with increasing temperature. The corrosion rates slowly increased at temperatures less than 100℃ and increased sharply when the temperature exceeded 100℃. In the absence of O₂, X52, 3Cr, and 13Cr exhibited uniform corrosion morphology and FeCO₃ was the main corrosion product. When O₂ was introduced into the system, various forms of Fe₂O₃ appeared on the surface of the samples. The Cr content strongly influenced the corrosion resistance. The 3Cr steel with a low Cr content was more sensitive to pitting than the X52 or 13Cr steel. Thus, pitting occurred on the surface of 3Cr when 1.25 MPa of O₂ was added; this phenomenon is related to the non-uniform distribution of Cr in 3Cr.     

Temperature effect on the corrosion and passivation characterization of Ni<Subscript>82.3</Subscript>Cr<Subscript>7</Subscript>Fe<Subscript>3</Subscript>Si<Subscript>4.5</Subscript>B<Subscript>3.2</Subscript> alloy in acidic media

The effects of temperature on corrosion and the electrochemical behavior of Ni_82.3Cr₇Fe₃Si_4.5B_3.2 glassy alloy in HCl, H₂SO₄, and H₃PO₄ acids were studied using AC and DC techniques. Impedance data reveal that the susceptibility to localized corrosion increases with increasing temperature. Potentiodynamic polarization curves reveal that the bulk glassy alloy is spontaneously passivated at all the investigated temperature in H₂SO₄ and H₃PO₄ solutions. A localized corrosion effect in HCl solution is clearly observed. The apparent activation energies in the regions of Tafel, active, and passive, as well as the enthalpies and entropies of the dissolution process were determined and discussed. The high apparent activation energy (E_a) value for H₃PO₄ solution in Tafel region is explained by the low aggressivity of PO₄3- ions.     

Synthesis, Characterization and Calorimetry of Ni（C4H8N2O3）2Cl2

A coordination complex was synthesized from NiCl2 and dipeptide glycylglycine（GG）. It was characterized by element analysis, NMR and TG methods, and then was determined to be Ni（C4HsN2O3）2Cl2. Using an isoperibolic reaction calorimeter, the standard molar enthalpy of formation of Ni（GG）2Cl2（solid） has been determined to be -（1 674.66±2.02） kJ · mol^-1 at 298.15 K.     

Influences of the degradation of swamp and alpine meadows on CO2 emission during growing season on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

CO2 emission fluxes of two types of ecosystem, swamp meadow and alpine meadow, in the Fenghuo- shan region of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau were studied by the static chamber-portable infrared chro- matographic method. The results showed that there was large difference in the CO2 emission fluxes between the two ecosystems and in the same ecosystem of different degradation degrees. CO2 emis- sion flux of the swamp meadow gradually decreased with increasing degradation degree, while that of the alpine meadow gradually increased with increasing degradation degree except in May. The CO2 emission flux of undegraded swamp meadow was 65.1%―80.3% higher than that of undegraded alpine meadow; and the CO2 emission flux of moderately degraded swamp meadow was 22.1%―67.5% higher than that of alpine meadow; but the CO2 emission flux of severely degraded alpine meadow was 14.3%―29.5% higher than that of swamp meadow. The soil moisture content and temperature in the upper 5 cm soil layer and above-ground biomass were significantly correlated with the CO2 emission fluxes and regarded as the main environment factors to control the CO2 emission.     

基于非对称滞回的不同细粒含量融化粉砂本构模型

利用GDS动态三轴试验系统研究不同细粒含量粉砂土经历多次冻融循环后的动应力、动剪切模量、动剪切模量比和阻尼比变化规律.考虑动态过程中滞回曲线的非对称性,采用分段方程求解动力参数.结果表明,反复冻融循环对降低动应力、动剪切模量和动剪切模量比有很大影响,并使阻尼比增大.对此,建立了描述动剪切模量比、阻尼比与动应变变化关系的...     

Reaction of CH radical with O<Subscript>2</Subscript> by time-resolved FTIR spectroscopy

The Methylidyne radical, CH, plays a crucial role in several complex environments such as planetary atmos- pheres and interstellar clouds, and is one of the most im- portant and active intermediate in hydrocarbon flames[1]. The CH involving reactions, including chemiionization, oxidation of hydrocarbons, the soot formation[2—5], and especially the formation of prompt NO[6], are of funda- mental interest in combustion chemistry, owing to the high reactivity and the large enthalpy of formatio…     

Synthesis and Magnetic Properties of Spin-Liquid Tb2Ti2O7

Polycrystalline samples of a novel spin-liquid compound Tb2Ti2O7 were prepared by a standard solid-state reaction. X-ray diffraction at room temperature confirms that the synthesized compound of Tb2Ti2O7 is single phase with cubic unit cell constant a0 of 1.015 44 nm. Magnetic susceptibility measurements in the temperature range between 100 and 300 K give an effective moment of 9.44 μB and Curie-Weiss temperature of 12.68 K, respectively, indicating the dominance of antiferromagnetic interactions. However, below 50 K, the magnetic behavior of Tb2Ti2O7 deviates from Curie-Weiss law, whose origin remains suspicion.     

带状组织对SSCC和CO2腐蚀的影响

利用ＳｈｅｌＴｙｐｅ法和ＮＡＣＥ拉伸试验研究了低碳锰钢的硫化物应力腐蚀开裂（ＳＳＣＣ）行为,结果表明：存在带状组织,且与外加应力方向平行时可提高ＳＳＣＣ抗力．带状组织的存在还可降低ＣＯ２腐蚀速率,温度升高ＣＯ２腐蚀速率增大,并提出了带状组织影响ＳＳＣＣ和ＣＯ２腐蚀的物理模型．     

Chemical quenching and inhibition of positronium in Cr<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>3</Subscript>/Al<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>3</Subscript> catalysts

The pore structure of Cr2O3/Al2O3 catalysts and the surface chemical properties of these pores were characterized by positron lifetime and coincidence Doppler broadening (CDB) measurements. Four lifetime components could be resolved from the positron lifetime spectrum, with two long lifetime components and two short lifetime components. The two long lifetimes τ4 and τ3 are attributed to ortho-positronium (o-Ps) annihilation in large pores and microvoids, respectively. With increasing Cr2O3 content, both τ4 and its intensity I4 show sharp decrease, while τ3 and its intensity I3 keep nearly unchanged. The Doppler broadening S parameters also show sharp decrease with increasing Cr2O3 content. Detailed analysis of the CDB spectrum reveals that the parapositronium (p-Ps) intensity also decreases with increasing Cr2O3 content. This indicates that the change of o-Ps lifetime τ4 is due to the chemical quenching by Cr2O3 but not spin-conversion of positronium. The decrease of o-Ps intensity I4 indicates that Cr2O3 also inhibits positronium formation.