Prediction of Tumor Outcome Based on Gene Expression Data

Gene expression mieroarray data can be used to classify tumor types.We proposed a new procedure to classify human tumor samples based on mieroarray gene expressions by using a hybrid supervised learning method called MOEA WV(Multi-Objective Evolutionary Algorithm Weighted Voting).MOEA is used to search for a relatively few subsets of informative genes from the high-dimensional gene space,and WV is used as a classification tool.This new method has been applied to predicate the subtypes of lymphoma and outcomes of medulloblastoma.The results are relatively accurate and meaningful compared to those from other methods.     

A gene expression atlas of the central nervous system based on bacterial artificial chromosomes

The mammalian central nervous system (CNS) contains a remarkable array of neural cells, each with a complex pattern of connections that together generate perceptions and higher brain functions. Here we describe a large-scale screen to create an atlas of CNS gene expression at the cellular level, and to provide a library of verified bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) vectors and transgenic mouse lines that offer experimental access to CNS regions, cell classes and pathways. We illustrate the use of this atlas to derive novel insights into gene function in neural cells, and into principal steps of CNS development. The atlas, library of BAC vectors and BAC transgenic mice generated in this screen provide a rich resource that allows a broad array of investigations not previously available to the neuroscience community.     

基于广义线性模型的基因表达水平预测

组蛋白修饰是生物体中普遍存在的一种现象,能够以不同的调控方式影响基因表达,且随着高通量测序技术的飞速发展,大量的测序数据使得探究组蛋白修饰信号与基因表达水平之间的内在联系成为可能.由于基因表达数据存在零膨胀现象,提出了一种基于广义线性模型框架的主从模型,能够以较高精度从组蛋白修饰信号预测基因表达水平.首先通过人类全基因组注释文件中的基因位点信息,筛选出包含完整基因位点信息的表达数据;其次,根据基因位点信息,定位并提取出组蛋白修饰数据中基因特定位点的特征信息,构建设计矩阵;最后结合响应变量数据零膨胀的特点,构建主从模型,以GM12878细胞系为例,与现有的多种回归算法进行对比,验证了所提模型的有效性.     

Regenerating the damaged central nervous system

It is self-evident that the adult mammalian brain and spinal cord do not regenerate after injury, but recent discoveries have forced a reconsideration of this accepted principle. Advances in our understanding of how the brain develops have provided a rough blueprint for how we may bring about regeneration in the damaged brain. Studies in developmental neurobiology, intracellular signalling and neuroimmunology are bringing the regeneration field closer to success. Notwithstanding these advances, clear and indisputable evidence for adult functional regeneration remains to be shown.     

ATP receptor-mediated synaptic currents in the central nervous system.

Until now, the only well documented, fast excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain has been glutamate. Although there is evidence for adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) acting as a transmitter in the peripheral nervous system, suggestions for such a role in the central nervous system have so far not been supported by any direct evidence. Here we report the recording of evoked and miniature synaptic currents in the rat medial habenula. The fast rise time of the currents showed that they were mediated by a ligand-activated ion channel rather than a second messenger system, thus limiting the known transmitter candidates. Evidence was found for the presence on the cells of glutamate, gamma-aminobutyric acid, acetylcholine and ATP receptors, but not for 5-hydroxytryptamine (5HT3) or glycine receptors. The evoked currents were unaffected by blockers of glutamate, gamma-aminobutyric acid or acetylcholine receptors but were blocked by the ATP receptor-blocker, suramin and the desensitizing ATP receptor-agonist alpha,beta-methylene-ATP. Our evidence identifies for the first time synaptic currents in the brain, mediated directly by ATP receptors.     

Spatial restriction in expression of a mouse homoeo box locus within the central nervous system

A common feature of Drosophila homoeo box genes appears to be their spatially restricted expression patterns during morphogenesis. Using Northern blot analysis and in situ hybridization to mouse tissue sections, the spatially restricted expression of a newly identified mouse homoeo box locus, Hox-3, within the central nervous system of newborn and adult mice has been demonstrated.     

瑞替加滨对左旋布比卡因引起的中枢神经系统毒性的影响

酰胺类局麻药布比卡因和罗哌卡因可以抑制KCNQ2/Q3通道,增加神经元的兴奋性。抗癫痫药瑞替加滨可以逆转布比卡因对KCNQ2/Q3通道的抑制作用。为观察KCNQ2/3钾离子通道激活剂瑞替加滨对局麻药左旋布比卡因诱发的兔中枢神经毒性的影响。通过将20只新西兰兔随机分为两组,瑞替加滨组(R组,样本数n=10)和对照组(C组,样本数n=10),每组10只。两组兔均并以8 mL/kg/h速度经耳缘静脉输注0.5%左旋布比卡因直至发生兔发生惊厥,惊厥后立即停止输注左旋布比卡因,R组静脉注射瑞替加滨5 mg/kg, C组静脉注射等体积的生理盐水作为对照。连续监测每只兔的行为特征和脑电波变,记录惊厥停止后30 min的兔脑电图和心电图,并进行定量脑电图分析。记录发生惊厥时输注左旋布比卡因所需时间,惊厥行为以及惊厥脑电波的持续时间,记录家兔基础心率、惊厥前以及给予瑞替加滨和生理盐水处理后30 min心率变化。实验结果表明：瑞替加滨能有效终止兔行为学和脑电波惊厥,减少行为学惊厥持续时间和脑电波(EEG)惊厥持续时间,并且降低惊厥后β和θ波功率。可见KCNQ2/3通道在左布比卡因诱导的中枢神经系统毒性中发...     

中枢神经系统内的胰岛素及其受体

众所周知,胰岛素是一个小分子的蛋白质类激素,其主要作用是维持外周的血糖平衡,而对于中枢神经系统内胰岛素的研究则相对较少。大脑中非胰岛素依赖性葡萄糖的摄取,是大家认为脑是胰岛素不敏感器官的主要原因。然而,最近的研究结果显示,大脑的提取物中有高浓度的胰岛素;外周分泌的胰岛素,可以经过特异的转运系统穿过血脑屏障进入中枢神经系统。与大脑中胰岛素的来源、定位和功能的研究相比,中枢神经系统中胰岛素受体的表达也得到了相当高的关注。将从中枢神经系统尤其是脑内的胰岛素及其受体,中枢神经系统内胰岛素的功能,包括繁殖、食物摄入与体重控制、糖代谢调节和记忆等方面进行简要的综述。     

Visual processing in the leech central nervous system

In animals with complex visual systems spatial contrast is enhanced by mutual inhibition between retinal neurones monitoring different fields. By analogy, if animals like leeches and some caterpillars, that have several simple (non-image-forming) eyes aimed in different directions, are capable of rudimentary form detection, one might predict mutual antagonism between eyes monitoring different fields. In support of this prediction, I report here a paired interneurone in the central nervous system (CNS) of the leech which is stimulated by eyes on one side of the animal and inhibited by eyes on the other. There are striking parallels between these neurones and other integrating neurones, in particular those processing bilateral auditory input in crickets, suggesting that the visual system of the leech may be representative of a general class of sensory processing systems.     

The central nervous system stabilizes unstable dynamics by learning optimal impedance.

To manipulate objects or to use tools we must compensate for any forces arising from interaction with the physical environment. Recent studies indicate that this compensation is achieved by learning an internal model of the dynamics, that is, a neural representation of the relation between motor command and movement. In these studies interaction with the physical environment was stable, but many common tasks are intrinsically unstable. For example, keeping a screwdriver in the slot of a screw is unstable because excessive force parallel to the slot can cause the screwdriver to slip and because misdirected force can cause loss of contact between the screwdriver and the screw. Stability may be dependent on the control of mechanical impedance in the human arm because mechanical impedance can generate forces which resist destabilizing motion. Here we examined arm movements in an unstable dynamic environment created by a robotic interface. Our results show that humans learn to stabilize unstable dynamics using the skillful and energy-efficient strategy of selective control of impedance geometry.     

Segment-specific expression of a zinc-finger gene in the developing nervous system of the mouse

The process of segmentation, in which repeated homologous structures are generated along the anterior-posterior axis of the embryo is a widespread mechanism in animal development. In vertebrates, segmentation is most apparent in the somites and the peripheral nervous system, but the existence of repetitive bulges, termed neuromeres, in the early neural epithelium of vertebrates suggests that the CNS may also be segmented. Consistent with this, cranial ganglia and certain neurons are associated with specific hindbrain neuromeres. Here, we report that Krox-20, a zinc-finger gene, is expressed in two alternate neuromeres in the mouse early hindbrain. This pattern subsequently decays and Krox-20 is transiently expressed in specific hindbrain nuclei. In addition, Krox-20 is expressed in early neural crest cells, and then in the neural crest-derived boundary caps, glial components of the cranial and spinal ganglia. The demonstration that neuromeres are domains of gene expression provides molecular evidence for the segmentation of the CNS.