中国云南地区地面紫外辐射观测

 在云南丽江(26°52′N,100°13′E)和勐腊(21°29′N,101°34′E)两地分别对以254nm和297nm为中心波长的太阳紫外辐射作了地面观测.观测时间为1999年7月～2000年5月.本文分析了两地紫外辐射的时空变化并初步讨论了与云量、臭氧总量的相关关系.研究结果表明:297nm波段的紫外辐射夏季强,冬季弱,具有明显的季节变化.丽江地区的紫外辐射在同一云量条件下高于勐腊地区,这可能是由海拔高度的差异引起.云量对两地的紫外辐射变化有强烈的影响,而当剔除云量、季节和随机变化等影响因素后,紫外辐射和臭氧总量呈现出了负的相关关系.     

2015—2021年采暖季华北平原污染过程气象条件分析

华北平原是中国三大平原之一，特殊的地理位置、较多的重工业企业及采暖季相对更高的污染排放，导致采暖季极易出现大范围、长时间的污染过程，PM_2.5浓度明显高于周边区域。为了更好地了解天气系统及气象要素对采暖季华北平原城市空气质量的影响，以北纬32°—40°、东经114°—120°华北平原地区50个城市为研究对象，分析2015—2021年采暖季(11月至次年3月)气象条件对华北平原采暖季大范围重污染过程的影响。研究表明，华北平原发生重污染时，高空500 hPa环流曲率减小，环流相对更加平直，垂直方向逆温出现概率增大，水平及垂直方向更加静稳，污染物扩散能力减弱，近地面山东中南部、河南异常偏南风导致区域升温、增湿，有利于颗粒物吸湿增长及二次转化，河北中西部异常偏东至东北风，导致污染物受太行山山脉影响，在太行山东侧堆积，易在山前形成大范围污染过程，且与山东中南部、河南的异常偏南风形成区域风场辐合，污染物扩散条件不利。分析2021年1月20日至28日一次污染过程发现，污染发生期间华北平原高空大气环流相对平直，地面以均压场控制为主，多静风辐合，湿度持续较大，整体污染扩散条件不利，...     

Fluxes of CO2, N2O and CH4 from a typical temperate grassland in Inner Mongolia and its daily variation

Using a dark enclosed chamber technique, the fluxes of CO2, N2O and CH4 from nature and disturbed grassland were measured on the spot in Inner Mongolian Temperate Grassland along the annual rainfall gradient section ranging from 450 to 200 mm. The results showed that the measured mean fluxes of CO2, N2O and CH4 were (1 180.4 ± 308.7), (0.010 ± 0.004) and (- 0.039 ± 0.016) mg·m?2/h, respectively. The decrease of the fluxes of CO2, N2O and CH4 follows with that of annual rainfall gradient in the measurement area. Human activities, such as grazing and reclamation are also critical factors to affect the fluxes of these gases from grassland. Daily continuous measurement of CO2, N2O and CH4 fluxes showed a strong diurnal variation with higher emission in the daytime. A good relationship between the fluxes of CO2, N2O, CH4 and temperature was exposed in this study.     

内蒙古乌拉特后旗荒漠蜥蜴种间关系研究

在内蒙古乌拉特后旗 (41°26'N,106°58'E,) 荒漠,变色沙蜥(Phrynocephalus versicolor)为蜥蜴群落的优势种,密点麻蜥(Eremias multiocellata)和无斑沙蜥(P.immaculatus)为伴生种.3种蜥蜴之间的时间生态位重叠指数均大于0.7.变色沙蜥具最大的空间生态位宽度指数(9.72)却具最小的营养生态位宽度指数(2.99),而密点麻蜥却相反(1.02和5.58),这2种蜥蜴的空间和营养生态位重叠指数分别为0.54和0.60,这两项指标在2种沙蜥之间分别为0.75和0.51.无斑沙蜥与密点麻蜥的空间生态位重叠指数最小(0.11),但营养生态位重叠指数却最大(0.92).     

美洲黑杨及其引种展望

<正>杨树是北半球中纬度平原地区广为栽培的树种。目前我国栽培的杨树,多起源于纬度较高的地方,在纬度较低的暖温带和亚热带的平原地区,尚缺少速生优质和抗病的良种资源。 自十九世纪以来,杨树引种栽培广泛开展,尤以本世纪五十年代后,意大利选出了几个南方型美洲黑杨栽培无性系,引起了人们对美洲黑杨这个种和它的栽培无性系的高度重视。除在地中海各国广泛引种外,已逐渐推向南半球和低纬度地区。 1972年我们第一次引种了亲本起源于较低纬度的Ⅰ—63和Ⅰ—69等美洲黑杨栽培无性系,经过几年的多点栽培试验初步证明,适宜于南方栽培,这就为我国杨树栽培向南推移展现了广阔的前景。     

Ductile deformation within Upper Himalaya Crystalline Sequence and geological implications, in Nyalam area, Southern Tibet

The South Tibet Detachment System(STDS) is a flat normal fault that separates the Upper Himalaya Crystalline Sequence(UHCS) below from the Tethyan Sedimentary Sequence(TSS) above.Timing of deformations related to the STDS is critical to understand the mechanism and evolution of the Himalaya collision zone.The Nyalam detachment(ND)(～86°E) locates in the middle portion of STDS(81°-89°E).Dating of deformed leucocratic dykes that are most probably syntectonic at different depth beneath the ND,allow us to constrain the timing of deformation.(1) Dyke T11N37 located ～3500 m structurally below the ND emplaced at 27.4± 0.2 Ma;(2) Dyke T11N32 located ～1400 m structurally below the ND emplaced at 22.0±0.3 Ma;(3) T11N25 located within the top to the north STD shear zone,～150 m structurally below the ND,emplaced at 17.1±0.2 Ma.Combining ND footwall cooling history and T11N25 deformation temperature,we indicate a probable onset of top to the north deformation at ～16 Ma at this location.These results show an upward younging of the probable timing of onset of the deformation at different structural distance below the ND.We then propose a new model for deformation migration below the ND with deformation starting by pure shear deformation at depth prior to ～27.5 Ma that migrates upward at a rate of ～ 0.3 mm/a until ～18 Ma when deformation switches to top to the north shearing in the South Tibet Detachment shear zone(STDsz).As deformation on the ND stops at 14-13 Ma this would imply that significant top to the North motion would be limited to less than 5 Ma and would jeopardize the importance of lower channel flow.     

生物质制取氢气和生物油液体燃料

催化水蒸气重整由生物质快速裂解得到的生物油制取氢气,催化剂C12A7-O^-／15％Mg显示了很高的活性,并在我们所研究的几种催化剂中具有最高的氢产率．在最佳重整条件（T=750℃,S／C=6．0,GHSV=26000h^-1）下,得到70％的氢产率和约93％的最大碳转化率．结果显示,氢产率和碳转化率对温度和S／C（水蒸气和碳的摩尔比）具有选择性．目前结果表明,由水蒸气重整生物油制取的生物油舍成气,用费托合成法直接合成洁净液体生物油燃料将是一个很有前景的选择．研究了由生物油合成气制备的费托合成液体燃料的特征,在典型的反应条件（T=300℃,P=1．5MPa,W／F=12．5gcat&#183;h／mol）下,总碳转化率（包括CO和CO2）约36％,C5＋的选择性约44％．     

Continuous wavelet transform and discrete multi-resolution analysis of surface fluxes and atmospheric stability

Variations of land surface fluxes of sensible heat (H), latent heat (LE), and CO₂ (F-CO₂) obtained from the eddy-covariance measurements above a winter wheat field from March 30 to April 24, 2001 have been studied at scales ranging from 10 minutes to days. Wavelet transform is used in the analysis of land surface fluxes and atmospheric stability (ζ) calculated from the measurements to reveal the changes in land surface fluxes in hours to days scales. The main results are: (1) Concise and compact information about the fluxes, net radiation (R_n), temperature (T) and ζ in the scale-time domain are extracted from the data by continuous wavelet analysis, and 1 day, 0.5 day and short-period (shorter than 0.5 day) components are revealed. Continuous wavelet coefficients can be used to characterize periodic components of changes in fluxes and ζ. (2) Discrete-time multi-resolution analysis can be used to concentrate total energy variance of time series of the measurements to a small number of coefficients, plotting the relative energy distribution to get several meaningful characteristics of the data. (3) Under neutral atmospheric conditions, the relative energy distributions of the Haar multi-resolution analysis of the three non-dimensional coefficients (T/T^*, q/q^* and c/c^*) display clear similarities.     

北京平原地下水流数值模拟情景分析

在非稳定流模型(1995~2014年)基础上设计5个情景:现状(A)、回灌(B)、沉降中心停采(C)、沉降中心部分减采(D)及不同沉降中心不同减采比例(E),对北京平原2015~2030年地下水可持续利用进行分析。结果表明:(1)现状条件下,由于连续干旱及应急水源地的投入运行,北京平原地下水储存量被持续大量消耗,地下水位快速下降;(2)预测期内平均来说,A和B分别消耗1.16×108、0.28×108m3/a的地下水储存量,而C、D、E储存量分别恢复3.52×108、1.18×108、2.83×10~8m~3/a;(3)设计合理情景F:5区(八仙庄)、6区(天竺)和7区(王四营)的工业和城市生活用水分别减采0.51×108、0.12×108、1.76×108m3,总开采量19.28×10~8m~3,F是北京平原未来应采取的最优开采情景。     

Global cooling controls on the chemical weathering as evidenced from the Plio-Pleistocene deposits of the North China Plain

Major element concentrations were analyzed on the sediments of a 203.6-m core from the North China Plain near Tianjin. The chemical index of alteration (CIA), Al2O3-(CaO+Na2O)-K2O diagram and elemental ratios, such as Al/K and Ti/Na, were used to reveal information of chemical weathering in the source regions since the late Pliocene. Results show that the fluvial materials in the North China Plain were derived from vast regions, which were in the early Na and Ca removal stage and underwent numerous upper-crustal recycling processes. Proxies of chemical weathering show a decreasing trend, in parallel with the global cooling since the late Pliocene, suggesting a strong role of the global cooing in controlling the continental chemical weathering intensity.     

藏灵菇菌增殖条件及其乳酸发酵特性的研究

对藏灵菇菌增殖条件及其产乳酸特性进行了研究。藏灵菇增殖适宜条件为：乳浓度60%,培养温度28℃,接种量5%,pH值6.6,250 mL三角瓶装液量50 mL,转数100 r·m in^-1。连续培养5代后,其增殖率达到108%。藏灵菇产酸能力较强,培养20 h,pH值迅速下降到4.62,酸度增至109°T。外加碳源不利于藏灵菇生长,而添加蛋白胨和酵母浸提物则对藏灵菇增殖有促进作用。     

Characteristics of tidal gravity changes in Lhasa, Tibet, China

Tidal gravity changes arise from the response of the solid Earth to the tidal forces of the Sun,Moon and planets close to the Earth,and are a comprehensive reflection of the structure and distribution of physical properties of the Earth’s interior.As a result,observations of tidal gravity changes are the basis of studies on other global and/or regional dynamic processes.The characteristics of tidal gravity changes in the region of the Tibetan Plateau were investigated through continuous gravity measurements recorded with a superconducting gravimeter (SG) installed in Lhasa over a year.Through contrast measurements with a spring gravimeter LaCoste-Romberg ET20 at the same site,the gravity observations in Lhasa were scaled to the international tidal gravity reference in Wuhan.Meanwhile,the scale factor of the SG was determined accurately as-777.358 ± 0.136 nm s-2V-1,which is about 2.2% less than the value provided by the manufacturer.The results indicate that the precision of the tidal gravity observations made with the SG in Lhasa was very high.The standard deviation was 0.459 nm s-2,and the uncertainties of for the four main tidal waves (i.e.O 1,K 1,M 2 and S 2) were better than 0.006%.In addition,the observations of the diurnal gravity tides had an obvious pattern of nearly diurnal resonance.As a result,it is affirmed that the Lhasa station can provide a local tidal gravity reference for gravity measurements on the Tibetan Plateau and its surrounding regions.The loading effects of oceanic tides on tidal gravity observations in Lhasa are so weak that the resulting perturbations in the gravimetric factors are less than 0.6%.However,the loading effects of the local atmosphere on either the tidal or nontidal gravity observations are significant,although no seasonal variations were found.After removal of the atmospheric effects,the standard deviation of the SG observations in Lhasa decreased obviously from 2.009 to 0.459 nm s-2.Having removed the loading effects of oceanic tides and local atmosphere,it was found that the tidal gravity observations made with the SG in Lhasa significantly differed by about 1% from those expected theoretically,which may be related to active tectonic movement and the extremely thick crust in the region of the Tibetan Plateau.A more-certain conclusion requires longer accumulation of SG data and further associated theoretical studies.     

江汉平原秸秆焚烧污染物排放的估算

为了解江汉平原地区秸秆焚烧的危害, 通过入户调查确定该地区主要农作物秸秆露天燃烧的比例, 用排放因子法估算2010 年该地区主要农作物秸秆焚烧排放的大气污染物量, 结合入户调查的结果、MOD/ MYD14A1 和GLC2000-China 的地表覆盖数据, 分析该地区农作物秸秆焚烧排放的时空分布。结果表明, 2010 年江汉平原秸秆焚烧共排放73.3 Gg (1 Gg=109g) PM2.5, 18.6 Gg OC, 3.27 Gg BC, 7763 Gg CO2, 238 Gg CO, 10.6 Gg CH4, 28.6 Gg NMHCs, 0.382 Gg N2O, 5.74 Gg NH3, 8.26 Gg SO2 和17.1 Gg NOx, 其中5 月、9 月和10 月是秸秆焚烧的高峰期。在所有县市中, 监利县、仙桃市和天门市是秸秆焚烧排放最多的3 个地区, 荆州市市辖区是单位面积农田上秸秆焚烧PM2.5 排放最高的地区; 在所有的农作物中, 水稻秸秆焚烧对排放的贡献最大, 其次是油菜和小麦。     

Heat flow distribution in Chinese continent and its adjacent areas

Using a compilation of 6980 heat flow measurements, we produce a new heat flow map for the Chinese continent and its adjacent areas. We develop an objective and integrated method to interpolate the heat flow data, taking into account both the uniformity within geological units and coherency of regional heat flow. The geologic units are outlined based on Zhang et al.＇s active tectonic block model. Our heat flow model is presented in two formats： a contour map and a heat flow dataset with values on a 1 × 1° grid for the Chinese continent and its adjacent areas, reflecting detailed variations in some regions. Also provided is a resolution map which helps understand the reliability of the heat flow model. Our results reveal that （1） Heat flows in the eastern part of the Chinese continent are relatively higher than those in the western part except that in the Tibetan Plateau area. （2） Heat flows in the Ordos and North China blocks are around 60 mW/m^2, and are 50-55 mW/m^2 in South China except for the continental marginal sea regions. （3） Heat flow is the lowest in the Junggar Basin, only 35-45 mW/m^2, and is 45-55 mW/m^2 in the Tarim Basin. The results of this study provide an important dataset for studies on thermal and rheological structures of the Chinese continent and its adjacent areas.     

Comparison of sensible and latent heat fluxes during the transition season over the western Tibetan Plateau from reanalysis datasets

The sensible and latent heat fluxes during the transition season over the western Tibetan Plateau from the NCEP-1 (NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis 1), AR-II (NCEP-DOE Reanalysis 2) and ERA40 reanalysis datasets were compared and analyzed. The results show that the phase change in soil moisture has a significant effect on the sensible and latent heat fluxes over the western Tibetan Plateau (TP) due to the freezing–thawing processes during the transition from the dry to the wet period. The uncertainties in the sensible and latent heat fluxes over the western TP are quite high in the reanalysis data, and depend largely on the success of the soil moisture simulations in the models. Improving the hydrological process simulations in the land-surface models in seasonally frozen ground and in the active frozen soil layer may be an effective way of enhancing the reliability of the surface heat fluxes from the reanalysis data over the Tibetan Plateau.     

不同低温条件下吉富罗非鱼的耐受性研究

应用室内人工降温,以0.5 ℃/2 h的降温方法研究吉富罗非鱼的低温耐受能力,分析比较不同低温条件下吉富罗非鱼的昏迷情况和死亡情况,评价其低温耐受性.结果表明:在8、9、10和11 ℃持续低温胁迫下,吉富罗非鱼的昏迷温度在8.9～10.5℃,半数昏迷温度为9.6℃左右;从开始出现昏迷到全部死亡的经历时间分别为14.5、18.5、24.5和28.5 h;昏迷维持时间与累计死亡率呈显著的线性相关,分别为:y=-0.0489x2+1.4330x-9.5078(R2=0.9999)、y=-0.0136x2+0.5024x-3.6385(R2=0.9649)、y=0.0038x2-0.0461x-0.1344(R2=0.9843)和y=-0.0034x2+0.2443x-3.2131(R2=0.9945).吉富罗非鱼的耐受性与时间和温度密切相关,其中8℃组耐受时间最短,11℃组最长.     

人类活动影响下华北平原水资源可持续利用研究

人类活动对区域水资源可持续利用的影响随着人类社会的发展和进步而不断增大。通过分布式水文模型和系统动力学模型的耦合,设定4大类情景,即现状保持型、农业节水型,南水北调(SNWDP)型和综合发展型(S1~S4),模拟华北平原2009~2028年水资源可持续利用的状况。结果表明:(1)随着社会经济的发展,四种情景下总需水量呈增长趋势,到2028年,S1~S4下华北平原总需水量分别为595.7、543.1、596.9及544.3亿m~3,相应的缺水指数分别为0.509 5、0.429 1、0.251 4及0.177 1;(2)农业节水措施与南水北调工程的结合,才会对华北平原地下水水位的恢复、缺水程度的缓解及水资源的可持续利用产生比较显著的影响;(3)在人类活动影响下,华北平原缺水的问题短期内无法彻底解决,但可以通过采用南水北调与节水措施相结合来缓解缺水问题。     

Binding of vanadium compounds perturbs conformation and aggregation state of insulin

The interactions between zinc-free insulin and vanadium compounds, NaVO3, VO(acac)2 and VO(ma)2, have been investigated by fluorescence spectroscopy, circular dichroism (CD) and Fourier-transformed infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The results showed that binding of vanadium compounds produced a static quenching of the intrinsic fluorescence of insulin. The apparent association constants were determined to be (0.17±0.01)×104 L*mol-1 for NaVO3, (2.8±0.2)×104 L*mol-1 for VO(acac)2, and (4.0±0.1)×104 L*mol-1 for VO(ma)2, respectively. The light scattering intensity of insulin decreased upon incubation with the vanadium compounds, suggesting the disaggregation of insulin. The attenuation of the band at 273 nm of insulin CD spectra also supported the disaggregation of insulin observed above. A new band at 1650～1653 cm-1 appeared in the FT-IR spectra of insulin upon incubation with the vanadium compounds, indicating the formation of an α-helix structure at B (9-19) motif. This α-helix structure suggests a structural change of insulin from an extended conformation (T state) to a helical conformation (R state), which is essential for binding of insulin to its receptor. In conclusion, binding of vanadium compounds results in conformational changes and disaggregation of insulin. These changes might account for the enhancement of binding affinity for insulin to its receptor in the presence of vanadium compounds.     

Fluxes of carbon dioxide and methane from swamp and impact factors in Sanjiang Plain,China

Incomplete decomposition of organic matter results in the accumulation of the carbon and other nutriments in wetlands. The wetland ecosystem gains a large amount of carbon from atmosphere CO2 by photosynthesis, and it loses much of which back into the atmosphere as CO2 and CH4 emission through the decomposition and respiration. Climate change, such as global warming and reduction of precipitation could drive the wetlands from carbon sink to source[1,2]. Wetland plays an important role in car…     

对称三取代的功能化α 环糊精衍生物的合成与表征

将α-环糊精6-位羟基进行选择性修饰,使之与过量的2-巯基吡啶在N,N-二甲基甲酰胺/碳酸钾体系中反应,合成了一种新的具有C3v对称的α-环糊精分子主体,并用核磁共振谱、电喷雾质谱等方法对其结构进行了表征.