科学争论中的逻辑推理——量子革命中的爱因斯坦-玻尔论战

爱因斯坦与玻尔之间关于量子力学解释的争论,已经成为20世纪物理学历史中的一个经典案例。通过对爱因斯坦-玻尔关于测不准原理的两次论战以及有关EPR论文所引发的第三次论战的讨论,我们可以发现,涉及重大科学革命的科学争论,背后必定是最根本的哲学问题的争论。而在这种争论中,逻辑推理就成为极为有效的论证方式,它们成为科学家赢得争论的有力武器。尽管科学家在争论中要运用各种修辞论证,但修辞论证必须建立在逻辑推理的基础之上。因此,在逻辑推理与修辞论证之间存在一种必要的张力。     

A Century of Quantum Theory: Time for a Change in Thinking

The aim of science is the explanation of complicated systems by reducing it to simple subsystems. According to a millennia-old imagination this will be attained by dividing matter into smaller and smaller pieces of it. The popular superstition that smallness implies simplicity seems to be ineradicable. However, since the beginning of quantum theory it would be possible to realize that the circumstances in nature are exactly the other way round. The idea “smaller becomes simpler” is useful only down to the atoms of chemistry. Planck’s formula shows that smaller extensions are related to larger energies. That more and more energy should result in simpler and simpler structures, this does not only sound absurd, it is absurd. A reduction to really simple structures leads one to smallest energies and, thus, to utmost extended quantum systems. The simplest quantum structure, referred to as quantum bit, has a two-dimensional state space, and it establishes a cosmological structure. Taking many of such quantum bits allows also for the construction of localized particles. The non-localized fraction of quantum bits can appear as “dark matter”.     

A Further Review of the Incompatibility between Classical Principles and Quantum Postulates

The traditional “realist” conception of physics, according to which human concepts, laws and theories can grasp the essence of a reality in our absence, seems incompatible with quantum formalism and it most fruitful interpretation. The proof rests on the violation by quantum mechanical formalism of some fundamental principles of the classical ontology. We discuss if the conception behind Einstein’s idea of a reality in our absence, could be still maintained and at which price. We conclude that quantum mechanical formalism is not formulated on those terms, leaving for a separated paper the discussion about the terms in which it could be formulated and the onto-epistemological implications it might have.     

道家哲学与现代物理哲学的契合性考察

与儒家"向内觅理"有别,道家重视外向的"天之道",对自然之源和万物之本多有探讨,形成了独特而深刻的自然哲学思想,诸如"道""朴""无""有""阴阳"等自然哲学概念,在此基础上形成了"道生万物"的宇宙创生观,"负阴抱阳"的自然运行观,"道通为一"的世界统一观等自然哲学思想.这些概念和思想被现代物理科学,特别是量子物理学所...     

暗物质与暗能量研究新进展

本文简要回顾了暗物质和暗能量研究的历史。重点综述了暗物质实验探测的最新进展和理论研究动态,对各种可能的暗能量模型进行了比较介绍。最后对我国暗物质和暗能量方面的研究进行了介绍和展望。     

从狭义相对论看爱因斯坦的科学思想、研究方法及哲学思想

爱因斯坦创立的狭义相对论,宣告了现代时空观的到来.论文深入地发掘了狭义相对论体现的统一性科学思想、逻辑思辨与探索性演绎研究方法、唯物的辩证自然观哲学思想,揭示了产生这项带给人类科学创见、思想革命、精神解放的理智的自由发明的真正原因.借以领受人类智慧的洗礼,传承人类知性的火种,捍卫宇宙法则的尊严.     

相对论遭遇和量子学争论所蕴含的深刻启示--兼论思想坐标对学术判断创新的重要影响

在纪念狭义相对论100周年和爱因斯坦逝世50周年之际,深入透视音乐表象-科学概象-哲学意象在孕育相对论这一全新时空图式中的智慧发生学价值及其动力机制,钩探爱因斯坦与玻尔关于量子观测规律之40年争论的思想坐标异化根源,总结统一场论建构失误之内外原因及其深远意义,这对于深入理解、阐释开掘和创用其思想遗产,具有重要价值.     

Anthropic Fluctuations vs. Weak Anthropic Principle

A modern assessment of the classical Boltzmann-Schuetz argument for large-scale entropy fluctuations as the origin of our observable cosmological domain is given.The emphasis is put on the central implication of this picture which flatly contradicts the weak anthropic principle as an epistemological statement about the universe. Therefore, to associate this picture with the anthropic principle as it is usually done is unwarranted. In particular, Feynman's criticism of theanthropic principle based on the entropy-fluctuation picture is a product of this semantic confusion.     

The Nature of Light and Twentieth Century Experimental Physics

In the popular literature of physics the electromagnetic field isoften treated as though it has an intrinsic particle nature. When thetheory is examined carefully, quantum theory only makes the weakerrequirement that the emission and absorption of light are restricted todiscrete amounts of energy. There are very few realizable experiments inoptics for which the classical Maxwell theory and the quantum theorymake a different prediction. I discuss some of these experiments with anemphasis on the distinction between what the experiments tell us aboutthe measurement process, and what they tell us about the nature of thelight field.     

Quantum Particles as Conceptual Entities: A Possible Explanatory Framework for Quantum Theory

We put forward a possible new interpretation and explanatory framework for quantum theory. The basic hypothesis underlying this new framework is that quantum particles are conceptual entities. More concretely, we propose that quantum particles interact with ordinary matter, nuclei, atoms, molecules, macroscopic material entities, measuring apparatuses,  in a similar way to how human concepts interact with memory structures, human minds or artificial memories. We analyze the most characteristic aspects of quantum theory, i.e. entanglement and non-locality, interference and superposition, identity and individuality in the light of this new interpretation, and we put forward a specific explanation and understanding of these aspects. The basic hypothesis of our framework gives rise in a natural way to a Heisenberg uncertainty principle which introduces an understanding of the general situation of ‘the one and the many’ in quantum physics. A specific view on macro and micro different from the common one follows from the basic hypothesis and leads to an analysis of Schrödinger’s Cat paradox and the measurement problem different from the existing ones. We reflect about the influence of this new quantum interpretation and explanatory framework on the global nature and evolutionary aspects of the world and human worldviews, and point out potential explanations for specific situations, such as the generation problem in particle physics, the confinement of quarks and the existence of dark matter.     

复杂性科学研究述评

复杂性科学是研究复杂系统行为与性质的科学。本文在阐述熵增原理的基础上,对复杂性科学研究的演进和复杂性科学主要流派的观点进行了追溯,并对复杂性科学的主要流派——耗散结构理论的研究对象和耗散结构的形成条件进行了述评。     

Informational Branching Universe

This paper suggests an epistemic interpretation of Belnap’s branching space-times theory based on Everett’s relative state formulation of the measurement operation in quantum mechanics. The informational branching models of the universe are evolving structures defined from a partial ordering relation on the set of memory states of the impersonal observer. The totally ordered set of their information contents defines a linear “time” scale to which the decoherent alternative histories of the informational universe can be referred—which is quite necessary for assigning them a probability distribution. The “historical” state of a physical system is represented in an appropriate extended Hilbert space and an algebra of multi-branch operators is developed. An age operator computes the informational depth of historical states and its standard deviation can be used to provide a universal information/energy uncertainty relation. An information operator computes the encoding complexity of historical states, the rate of change of its average value accounting for the process of correlation destruction inherent to the branching dynamics. In the informational branching models of the universe, the asymmetry of phenomena in nature appears as a mere consequence of the subject’s activity of measuring, which defines the flow of time-information.     

论爱因斯坦逻辑简单性思想及其渊源

简单性作为科学家的信念,引起了不少哲学家和科学家的关注。爱因斯坦的逻辑简单性思想不仅是他的科学信念,而且也是科学认识的指导原则和科学研究方法论的基本准则,并且体现在他创立相对论的过程中。本文首先对爱因斯坦之前的简单性思想进行了梳理,为理解爱因斯坦逻辑简单性思想独创性奠定基础;其次,探讨了爱因斯坦逻辑简单性思想的丰富内涵及其对他创立相对论的影响,澄清一些模糊的认识;最后,分析了爱因斯坦逻辑简单性思想的来源,特别是斯宾诺莎哲学的影响,为人们理解哲学与科学之间的互动关系提供了具体的案例。     

From Permanence to Total Availability: A Quantum Conceptual Upgrade

We consider the classical concept of time of permanence and observe that its quantum equivalent is described by a bona fide self-adjoint operator. Its interpretation, by means of the spectral theorem, reveals that we have to abandon not only the idea that quantum entities would be characterizable in terms of spatial trajectories but, more generally, that they would possess the very attribute of spatiality. Consequently, a permanence time shouldn’t be interpreted as a “time” in quantum mechanics, but as a measure of the total availability of a quantum entity in participating to a process of creation of a spatial localization.     

Relativity Theory Refounded

We put forward a new view of relativity theory that makes the existence of a flow of time compatible with the four-dimensional block universe. To this end, we apply the creation-discovery view elaborated for quantum mechanics to relativity theory and in such a way that time and space become creations instead of discoveries and an underlying non temporal and non spatial reality comes into existence. We study the nature of this underlying non temporal and non spatial reality and reinterpret many aspects of the theory within this new view. We show that data of relativistic measurements are sufficient to derive the three-dimensionality of physical space. The nature of light and massive entities is reconsidered, and an analogy with human cognition is worked out.     

The Arrow of Time and Meaning

All the attempts to find the justification of the privileged evolution of phenomena exclusively in the external world need to refer to the inescapable fact that we are living in such an asymmetric universe. This leads us to look for the origin of the “arrow of time” in the relationship between the subject and the world. The anthropic argument shows that the arrow of time is the condition of the possibility of emergence and maintenance of life in the universe. Moreover, according to Bohr’s, Poincaré’s and Watanabe’s analysis, this agreement between the earlier-later direction of entropy increase and the past-future direction of life is the very condition of the possibility for meaningful action, representation and creation. Beyond this relationship of logical necessity between the meaning process and the arrow of time the question of their possible physical connection is explored. To answer affirmatively to this question, the meaning process is modelled as an evolving tree-like structure, called “Semantic Time”, where thermodynamic irreversibility can be shown. Time is the substance I am made of. Time is a river which sweeps me along, but I am the river ; it is a tiger which destroys me, but I am the tiger ; it is a fire which consumes me, but I am the fire. – (Jorge Luis Borges)     

The Observer Effect

Founding our analysis on the Geneva-Brussels approach to the foundations of physics, we provide a clarification and classification of the key concept of observation. An entity can be observed with or without a scope. In the second case, the observation is a purely non-invasive discovery process; in the first case, it is a purely invasive process, which can involve either creation or destruction aspects. An entity can also be observed with or without a full control over the observational process. In the latter case, the observation can be described by a symmetry breaking mechanism, through which a specific deterministic observational process is selected among a number of potential ones, as explained in Aerts’ hidden measurement approach. This is what is called a product test, or product observation, whose consequences are that outcomes can only be predicted in probabilistic terms, as it is the case in typical quantum measurements. We also show that observations can be about intrinsic (stable) properties of the observed entity, or about relational (ephemeral) properties between the observer and observed entities; also, they can be about intermediate properties, neither purely classical, nor purely quantum. Our analysis allows us to propose a general conceptual characterization of quantum measurements, as observational processes involving three aspects: (1) product observations, (2) pure creation aspects and (3) ephemeral relational properties. We also discuss the important concept of non-spatiality and emphasize some of the differences and similarities between quantum and classical/relativistic observations.     

最小作用量原理之统计解释

本文提出最小作用量原理之统计解释,将作用量等价于物理场背后潜在统计系统之自由能。由此导出系统之绝对温度正比于位能,提出真空具有相应于其温度的真空辐射及真空位能。并对量子隧道效应提出了不同于海森伯测不准原理的新解释,预言粒子穿透隧道所需时间正比于隧道长度之平方,建议用隧道二极管做实验加以验证。     

论道家"和谐"的生态美学思想

远古时期人们就重视生态问题.先秦道家建立起了以"道"为核心,从"道法自然"出发的和谐生态美学思想,在更高意义上阐发了人的审美活动,具有前瞻性和预见性.道家崇尚自然美,把完美和谐的自然生态系统看作宇宙的完美生命,把和谐安泰的社会看成人类理想的生存环境,把自适率真的情性看作人自身的完美归宿.这种观念和思想在生态危机日益严重的今天有着重要的现实意义.