泥盆纪枝蕨纲的分支系统学研究

枝蕨纲是中泥盆世至早石炭世的一个重要的植物类群。作者对枝蕨纲代表植物进行了尝试性的分支系统学研究。枝蕨纲中可识别出伊瑞蕨目、瘤指蕨目和其他一些过渡类型。伊瑞蕨目和瘤指蕨目演化关系密切,二者分别以营养性末级附枝的顶端回弯和具瘤指蕨型的植物体组构为近裔共性。中国中上泥盆统的Metacladophyton和Polypetalophyton比伊瑞蕨目和瘤指蕨目进化程度要高,可能代表枝蕨纲内的一个新的高级分类单元,以具片化的末级附枝及次生生长为特征。伊瑞蕨目和瘤指蕨目出现在中泥盆世,而以Metacladophyton和Polypetalophyton为代表的进化类型出现在中泥盆世晚期至晚泥盆世早期。从伊瑞蕨目、瘤指蕨目到Metacladophyton和Polypetalophyton,侧生分枝系统显示了从三维的枝系统向似羽片状系统逐渐演化的趋势。     

广州地区前华夏植物群研究

广州地区晚泥盆世至早石炭世植物群计 2 3属 4 1种,以真蕨纲和种子蕨纲为主,石松纲居次,另外还有少量楔叶纲、科达纲及种子化石.按地层分布当前植物群可分为沙水岗组植物组合、龙江组植物组合及测水组植物组合.分析该植物群的组成特征,其性质属前华夏植物群     

内蒙古东胜煤田延安组侏罗纪植物群

为确定内蒙古东胜煤田延安组的地质时代,对东胜煤田钻孔中产出的大量古植物化石进行了详细研究和鉴定,该植物群组成包括节蕨纲、真蕨纲、种子蕨纲、苏铁纲、银杏纲、松柏纲的25属68种,以真蕨纲、银杏纲为主,其次为苏铁纲和松柏纲,节蕨纲和种子蕨纲较为少见。可建立Coniopteris（锥叶蕨）-Cladophlebis（枝脉蕨）植物组合,并可进一步划分为2个亚组合：延安组一段的Coniopteris（锥叶蕨）-Neocalamites（新芦木）亚组合和延安组二段的Cladophlebis（枝脉蕨）-Phoenicopsis（拟刺葵）亚组合。经与国内、外其它地区植物群对比,延安组一段的地质时代为早侏罗世晚期土阿辛期,延安组二段的地质时代为中侏罗世早期阿林期和巴柔期。     

龙潭楔叶的再研究——兼论华南晚泥盆世楔叶目的演化

基于安徽省巢湖市狮子口剖面上泥盆统(法门阶)五通组的标本,对龙潭楔叶Sphenophyllum lungtanense Gothan et Sze的叶形和脉式等重要特征取得了新认识。华南晚泥盆世楔叶目的起源和演化分异模式不同于劳俄大陆的同类植物,它们兼有原始和进化的营养器官(枝状、线状或片状叶)和生殖器官(缺少或具有孢子叶),显示出较高的形态多样性和镶嵌演化。     

龙潭楔叶的再研究——兼论华南晚泥盆世楔叶目的演化

基于安徽省巢湖市狮子口剖面上泥盆统（法门阶）五通组的标本,对龙潭楔叶Sphenophyllum lungtanense Gothan et Sze的叶形和脉式等重要特征取得了新认识。华南晚泥盆世楔叶目的起源和演化分异模式不同于劳俄大陆的同类植物,它们兼有原始和进化的营养器官（枝状、线状或片状叶）和生殖器官（缺少或具有孢子叶）,显示出较高的形态多样性和镶嵌演化。     

河北曲阳晚古生代植物群及古地理研究

在河北省曲阳石炭一二叠纪地层中发现古植物化石29属62种,包括真蕨纲和种子蕨纲、楔叶纲、石松纲、瓢叶纲、苏铁纲、种子化石、科达纲、银杏纲.此古植物群华夏植物群的特点明显,纵向上可划分成5个古植物组合;演化具有阶段性,组合的变化与古地理6个演化阶段相适应.     

10种蕨类植物叶表皮特征的研究

利用光学显微镜对3科5属10种蕨类植物的叶表皮形态进行了观察和研究.结果表明:(1)它们的叶表皮细胞大多为不规则型,表皮细胞垂周壁均呈深波状;(2)气孔为下生型,多呈椭圆形;共观察到9种气孔器类型(不等细胞型、极细胞型、腋下细胞型、无规则四细胞型、放射状细胞型、聚合极细胞型、横列型、带状细胞型和围绕细胞型),每种植物具有2~6种不同类型的气孔器;(3)根据叶表皮特征,支持姬蕨科与碗蕨科合并,而凤尾蕨科与铁线蕨科单独成科.研究结果为姬蕨科、凤尾蕨科和铁线蕨科植物的系统演化及分类提供科学依据.     

种子蕨的肉籽类Sarcocarpidiates古生代具果实的种子植物

苏铁纲、银杏纲、紫杉纲及买麻藤纲,由于胚珠的珠被里及假花被和套被里出现形成层,在受精之后形成层行次生生长,形成肉质的果皮,包着种子,起着保护作用,是雏形的果实,有别于后继的被子植物由子房(心皮叶)发育所成的果实,这种雏形果实从种子蕨类出现的初始阶段就已存在,并在种子蕨类占有优势和主流的地位,明显地存在着系统发育的意义.这一大类的种子包括上泥盆世的芦松Calamopitys、早石炭世的髓木Medulosa和皱羊齿Lyginopteris.与肉籽类在晚泥盆世出现的种子蕨类,包括狭轴羊齿Stenomylon、晚石炭世的华丽木Callistophyton、及盾籽Peltosperma代表着不具壳斗,珠被里不存有维管束,种子缺乏肉质保护组织,应归入狭义的种子蕨类.从晚泥盆世出现的第三支派的种子植物是科达Cordaites为代表的松柏类.     

亚鳞木属及其相关属的分支系统学研究

亚鳞木属被视为中国晚泥盆世的标志性植物大化石之一。分支系统学研究表明,亚鳞木属不宜归入传统所认为的原始鳞木目,因为它与系统发育上进化的封印木科、鳞木科和奇木科中成员的近共裔性状相似。作者提出该属的新分类系统：亚鳞木属隶属于亚鳞木科,归入广义的水韭目。在当前的分支图中,亚鳞木科的系统发育位置处于封印木科和薄皮木科之间,这种分支式样表明系统发育上比较进化的木本石松植物并不是在石炭纪突然出现的,而是在晚泥盆世（法门期）就已经演化。亚鳞木属可能代表了系统发育上比较高级的木本石松的成员或鳞木科 (或奇木科) 的祖先类群之一。     

中国珠蕨属孢子形态的研究

利用扫描电子显微镜对我国产珠蕨属5种植物的孢子进行了观察。结果表明,该属孢子形态较为一致,三裂缝,辐射对称,极面观为钝三角形,具明显的角,赤道面观为半圆形或超半圆形。由外壁和周壁共同形成纹饰轮廓,财壁紧附于外壁上,呈疣状或具颗粒状的疣块状。作者从孢子形态的角度,对珠蕨属的与中国蕨科其他属之间的关系及分类位置进行了探讨。     

Giant cladoxylopsid trees resolve the enigma of the Earth's earliest forest stumps at Gilboa

The evolution of trees of modern size growing together in forests fundamentally changed terrestrial ecosystems. The oldest trees are often thought to be of latest Devonian age (about 380-360 Myr old) as indicated by the widespread occurrence of Archaeopteris (Progymnospermopsida). Late Middle Devonian fossil tree stumps, rooted and still in life position, discovered in the 1870s from Gilboa, New York, and later named Eospermatopteris, are widely cited as evidence of the Earth's 'oldest forest'. However, their affinities and significance have proved to be elusive because the aerial portion of the plant has been unknown until now. Here we report spectacular specimens from Schoharie County, New York, showing an intact crown belonging to the cladoxylopsid Wattieza (Pseudosporochnales) and its attachment to Eospermatopteris trunk and base. This evidence allows the reconstruction of a tall (at least 8 m), tree-fern-like plant with a trunk bearing large branches in longitudinal ranks. The branches were probably abscised as frond-like modules. Lower portions of the trunk show longitudinal carbonaceous strands typical of Eospermatopteris, and a flat bottom with many small anchoring roots. These specimens provide new insight into Earth's earliest trees and forest ecosystems. The tree-fern-like morphology described here is the oldest example so far of an evolutionarily recurrent arborescent body plan within vascular plants. Given their modular construction, these plants probably produced abundant litter, indicating the potential for significant terrestrial carbon accumulation and a detritus-based arthropod fauna by the Middle Devonian period.     

Earliest record of megaphylls and leafy structures, and their initial diversification

Evolutionary changes in the structure of leaves have had far-reaching effects on the anatomy and physiology of vascular plants, resulting in morphological diversity and species expansion. People have long been interested in the question of the nature of the morphology of early leaves and how they were attained. At least five lineages of euphyllophytes can be recognized among the Early Devonian fossil plants (Pragian age, ca. 410 Ma ago) of South China. Their different leaf precursors or "branch-leaf complexes" are believed to foreshadow true megaphylls with different venation patterns and configurations, indicating that multiple origins of megaphylls had occurred by the Early Devonian, much earlier than has previously been recognized. In addition to megaphylls in euphyllophytes, the laminate leaf-like appendages (sporophylls or bracts) occurred independently in several distantly related Early Devonian plant lineages, probably as a response to ecological factors such as high atmospheric CO 2 concentrations. This is a typical example of convergent evolution in early plants.     

四川龙门山区晚泥盆世的轮藻化石层及其地质意义

本文描述了四川龙门山区晚泥盆世轮藻藏卵器的两个种,一是Sycidium melo F.Sandberger,(甜瓜形直立轮藻),另一是Sycidium melo var.pskowensis Karpinsky(甜瓜形直立轮藻卜斯科变种)。这两个Sycidium种的数量非常丰富,组成一Sycidium粘土层,这对理解法拉与法门期之间的生物灭绝,晚泥盆世的海退及地层中的似整合等问题是十分重要的。     

维管植物叶子的起源

陆生维管植物中叶子的出现和早期演化是影响到整个地球生命的重要事件。许多植物化石被做了研究，但对叶子究竟什么时候、以什么样的形态是早出现在陆地上，人们仍有不同的看法。早在本世纪初Ｊｅｆｆｅｒｅｙ把叶子分为小型叶和大型叶，Ｂｏｗｅｒ进一步赋予它们系统发育上的含义。依据在劳伦大陆泥盆系地层中发现的化石，人们对小型叶起源的“突起学说“和大型叶起源的“顶枝学说“做出了相应的解释。特别是在大型叶演化系列中建立     

龙门山唐王寨地区逆冲推覆体生物地层学研究

推覆体的泥盆系地层生物繁盛,门类众多,下、中泥盆统有丰富的腕足类,次为珊瑚、双壳类、三叶虫和角石;中、上泥盆统碳酸盐地层中发育大全牙形石,特别是Palmatolepis极为丰富。经分析研究划分出11个化石带和化石组合,聚类分析谱系图表现出来的10个化石组合与它吻合,可进行区域对比。在此基础上,对泥盆系的地层单元及下、中,土泥盆统之间的界线进行了划分,对化石特征进行了描述.     

华南泥盆纪生物礁及其控制因素初探

华南中、晚泥盆世时生物礁非常发育,主要造礁生物为层孔虫及床板珊瑚。按礁体的发育程度及地貌特征,可分为“层状礁”及“丘状礁”两大类。这些生物礁的发育在纵向上有由南而北渐次推迟的趋势,横向上多邻近海槽边缘或陆缘碳酸盐岩台地边缘。生物礁的这些特征主要是受海西运动中活动的北西-南东向及北东-南西向两组断裂及其所塑造的以槽围台的古海底地貌、海流、淡水注入等因素的控制。华南泥盆纪海并非单纯的陆表海或陆缘海,而是具有两者的某些主要特征。华南泥盆纪的层状礁与加拿大泥盆纪的“低礁”较为相似,而丘状礁则与加拿大“高礁”及德国的泥盆纪礁类似。     

西藏日土县拉竹龙—双陷大坂的泥盆系和石炭系

本文主要论述西藏日土县以北拉竹龙-双陷大坂地区,新发现比较完整的中、晚泥盆世和早石炭世地层。根据化石和岩性特征,把该区中、上泥盆统划分为中泥盆统的三岔口组、万泉河组,上泥盆统的邦达组、拉竹龙组;下石炭统划分为月牙湖组、双陷大坂组。上述各组除拉竹龙组外,均为新建组名。三岔口组、万泉河组、邦达错组和拉竹龙组的层位,分别与应堂阶、东岗岭阶、余田桥阶和锡矿山阶相当,而月牙湖组和双陷大坂组的层位,则分别与岩关阶和大塘阶相当。     

青海省杂多县沙呼腾镇中晚泥盆世地层的发现及特征

通过1∶5万区域地质矿产调查,杂多然青走日麻一带新发现一套中泥盆世地层,结合岩石学、岩相学及古生物化石特征研究和对比,认为该地层与区域上出露于玉树县巴塘乡汹钦地区的中泥盆世汹钦组地层基本一致。由此推测在前人厘定的杂多地区早石炭世杂多群下部可能普遍存在该套地层,只是由于受调查精度限制,未能全部填绘出来。通过对新发现的中泥盆世地层的研究,为今后在该地区开展地质工作提供思路。     

An early tetrapod from 'Romer's Gap'

The fossil record of early tetrapods has been increased recently by new finds from the Devonian period and mid-late Early Carboniferous period. Despite this, understanding of tetrapod evolution has been hampered by a 20-million-year gap ('Romer's Gap') that covers the crucial, early period when many key features of terrestrial tetrapods were acquired. Here I describe the only articulated skeleton of a tetrapod, Pederpes, yet found from the Tournaisian epoch (354-344 million years ago (Myr)). The new taxon includes a pes with five robust digits, but a very small, possibly supernumerary digit preserved on the manus suggests the presence of polydactyly. Polydactylous early tetrapods may have survived beyond the end of the Devonian and pentadactyly cannot be assumed for the pes. However, the pes has characteristics that distinguish it from the paddle-like feet of the Devonian forms and resembles the feet of later, more terrestrially adapted Carboniferous forms. Pederpes is the earliest-known tetrapod to show the beginnings of terrestrial locomotion and was at least functionally pentadactyl. With its later American sister-genus, Whatcheeria, it represents the next most primitive tetrapod clade after those of the Late Devonian, bridging the temporal, morphological and phylogenetic gaps that have hitherto separated Late Devonian and mid-Carboniferous tetrapod faunas.