沉积物中重金属污染程度生物毒性评价

根据目前国际上沉积物对重金属毒性评价的进展对沉积物中重金属的潜在危害,本文结合沉积物中重金属主要的结合相、形态,介绍沉积物中重金属的形态提取方法,可应用沉积物质量基准法和Ha Kanson潜在生物风险指数法,以及生态危害指数与污染系数,分析沉积物中重金属污染状况和生态危害程度,揭示沉积物中重金属生物毒性。     

新乡市郊区蔬菜基地土壤中重金属的形态分布特征及污染评价

基于对新乡市郊区蔬菜基地土壤的采样分析,借助地累积指数法、风险评估指数(Risk AsssessmentCode,RAC),分析研究了该土壤中重金属的富集污染程度和其潜在的生物可利用性.结果表明:研究区域土壤中重金属Cd与Ni明显超出了国家土壤环境质量三级标准的限值(GB15618-1995),重金属Cu与Zn在国家土壤环境质量三级标准的限值以内,重金属Cr则在国家土壤环境质量二级标准的限值以内;地累积评价结果表明土壤中各重金属的富集污染程度由高到低排序为:Cd,Ni,Zn,Cu和Cr;RAC评价结果表明土壤几种重金属对环境的风险程度由高到低依次为:Cd,Zn,Cu,Ni,Cr,其中Cd与Zn的环境风险较高,成为该区域土壤的主要环境风险控制因子.     

密云水库沉积物中重金属元素分布及形态研究

主要研究了北京市密云水库沉积物中重金属的总量以及形态分布特征,采用风险评价准则法(RAC)和Tucker3模型探讨沉积物中重金属的潜在危害性.结果表明,各重金属元素的平均含量都超过北京市土壤背景值,重金属元素有一定的富集.Cu有机结合态约占总量的3%～68%;Mn可交换态、碳酸盐结合态约占总量的1%～18%、7%～31%;Pb、Zn的铁锰氧化物结合态分别占总量的12%～53%、4%～27%;其它重金属均以铁锰氧化物结合态和残渣态为主,平均含量占总量的80%以上.根据RAC法得出,Mn(除采样点18)处于中等风险甚至高风险等级;Pb、Zn、Cu属从低风险到中等风险级;Ni、V、Cr、Ti的潜在生态风险较低.该结论将为北京市密云水库保护、人体健康安全保护措施的制定提供科学依据.     

基于稻虾共作系统水稻收割后水体水质及沉积物重金属风险评估

为探究稻虾共作系统中水稻收割后水体营养盐和沉积物重金属的分布特征,评估其水生态风险,通过监测4块稻虾田的种养后期水体中的理化指标,评价了稻虾田中分子氨和沉积物重金属的毒性,系统分析了种养体系中水体营养盐、重金属的生态毒性风险.结果表明,稻虾种养模式的水稻收割后,水体pH值高,达到9.25;总氮、氨氮和COD浓度分别达到14.15、11.49和92.01 mg/L.常年的稻虾共作系统中,沉积物中的重金属w As (16.21 mg·kg^-1)和w Cd (0.20 mg·kg^-1)水平较高,分别超背景值2.35倍和1.72倍,其他重金属含量较低.综合潜在生态风险指数和潜在生物毒性评价结果均表明,稻虾共作系统中沉积物重金属的生态风险低,这与克氏原螯虾(Procambarus clarkii)养殖需要矿物质元素有关.综上所述,稻虾共作系统具有潜在修复土壤重金属污染的能力.     

鄱阳湖表层沉积物重金属污染特征及潜在生态风险评价

通过对鄱阳湖表层沉积物5种重金属(Cd、Pb、Cu、Zn和Cr)含量特征进行分析,并应用潜在生态危害指数法对重金属的潜在生态风险进行评价.结果表明:Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Cr含量范围和均值分别为20.33~160.67、61.53;24~87.61、48.17;64.83~409.28、194.11;0.33~4.39、1.54和11.06~67.83、28.05 mg/kg;沉积物中重金属的污染程度较高,Cu是主要的污染因子.潜在生态风险评价显示:该湖表层沉积物中重金属潜在生态风险指数RI的平均值为151.81,属中等生态危害,5种重金属潜在生物毒性风险大小依次为Cu>Cd>Pb>Zn>Cr.     

广西企沙港沉积物重金属污染现状及潜在生态风险评价

采集了企沙港海域13个表层沉积物并对其中的Zn、Cu、Pb、Cd、Hg、As重金属元素进行含量测试。采用单因子污染系数、综合污染指数对其污染程度进行了评价,并采用Hakanson潜在生态风险系数及其指数法评价了沉积物中重金属综合污染效应。结果表明:企沙港海域沉积物中各种重金属含量均低于国家海洋沉积物质量第一类标准。各种重金属污染程度从高到低排序:CuPbCdZnHgAs。从综合污染指数可以看出,企沙港海域各站位综合污染水平为低到较高污染,各种重金属综合污染指数平均值为8.67,属于中污染。企沙港海域沉积物中的各种重金属对其海洋生态系统的影响相对较低,各种重金属的潜在生态风险程度从高到低排序:CdHgCuPbAsZn;整个企沙港海域各种重金属潜在生态风险指数RI平均值为120.10,由总潜在生态风险指数分级来看,其属于低潜在生态风险。     

汾河沉积物中重金属污染及生态风险评价

研究针对汾河太原段的沉积物进行采样,对重金属进行分析。测定结果表明:汾河太原段沉积物中重金属的含量很高,4种重金属之间、12个采样点之间含量差别较大;含量反映了工业排放是造成汾河太原段重金属含量高的主要原因。重金属污染状况评价表明:所研究的4种重金属都处于中等以上污染水平,污染程度排行为:PbCrCuNi;对采样点进行综合污染状况评价表明,所有采样点均处于一个较高或很高的污染水平,污染最严重的是胜利桥和涧河。潜在生态风险评价表明:Cu处于较高的潜在生态风险,Pb、Cr和Ni处于中、低的潜在风险;采样点的潜在风险评价表明:胜利桥、涧河和南沙河的综合潜在生态风险处于较高水平。     

阳宗海湖滨湿地表层沉积物重金属污染特征及生态风险评估

以阳宗海湖滨湿地表层沉积物为研究对象,分析不同湖岸沉积物中8种重金属(As、Zn、Cu、Cr、Ni、Pb、Co、Mn)的含量水平.采用内梅罗污染指数法评价湖滨湿地沉积物中重金属的污染特征,甄别主要污染物,同时采用基于总量的潜在生态风险指数法和基于形态的风险评估指数法来评价沉积物中重金属总量及不同形态的生态风险.研究结果表明:(1)阳宗海湖滨湿地表层沉积物中不同重金属元素在4个湖岸空间分布上存在差异,其中Cu、Ni和Co的最高值出现在北岸,Zn、Mn、Pb、Cr和As的最高值出现在东岸;(2)阳宗海不同湖岸湖滨湿地表层沉积物中重金属污染程度大致呈现东岸湖滨湿地受重金属重度污染,南岸和北岸湖滨湿地受重金属轻度污染;西岸湖滨湿地重金属污染程度处于警戒水平,且不同重金属在不同湖岸的污染程度存在差异;(3)阳宗海湖滨湿地表层沉积物中重金属总体呈现低生态风险,不同湖岸RI值呈东岸北岸南岸西岸,其中As、Co和Cu为主要的风险污染物;(4)阳宗海湖滨湿地沉积物中不同重金属主要赋存形态存在差异,主要以还原态和残余态为主,RAC风险评估指数法表明8种重金属具有中等程度以下的生态风险.     

防城港湾夏季水质及表层沉积物重金属污染评价

【目的】调查及评价广西防城港湾的重金属污染现状。【方法】2013年8月从广西防城港湾采集33个站位海水样品和11个站位表层沉积物样品,测定海水和沉积物中重金属(铜、铅、锌、镉、汞、砷)含量,再采用单因子指数法和生态风险指数法对采集的海水和沉积物污染状况进行评价。【结果】该海域海水重金属污染程度由高到低分别是PbZnHgCuCdAs,其中,Pb的平均单项污染指数均大于1,超过国家一类海水水质标准;沉积物中重金属平均含量排序为ZnPbCuAsCdHg,均符合国家一类沉积物标准;沉积物重金属污染程度排序为AsPbCuZnHgCd,即污染程度均属于低污染;潜在危害的影响程度从大到小排序为HgAsCdPbCuZn,即潜在风险较低。【结论】夏季防城港湾海洋重金属环境质量状况良好。     

安徽太平湖流域底质沉积物多种重金属和砷的分布特征及环境评价

对安徽太平湖湖区和5条主要入湖河流表层沉积物中的重金属Cu,Pb,Zn,Cd,Cr,Hg和As的含量水平和空间分布进行分析,并对沉积物中重金属对生态环境的影响进行评价.结果表明,湖区重金属Cu,Pb,Zn,Cd和Hg的平均含量分别为21.25,0.96,14.61,0.034,0.005mg/kg,Cr和As低于检出限.各重金属在湖区的空间分布较为一致,整体上呈现自西向东重金属含量先变高再变低的趋势,5条入湖河流的重金属含量均低于黄山市土壤背景值.潜在生态风险(Hakanson)评价结果表明,所有点位的单因子重金属潜在生态风险值Eri均低于40,生态综合风险指数(RI)全部低于150,研究区整体处于轻微生态风险水平.地累积指数评价结果表明重金属元素在表层沉积物中基本不构成污染.沉积物质量基准法得出重金属浓度均低于ERL值,对研究区域生态环境无影响.底质沉积物中的重金属富集尚未对流域的生态环境造成不良影响,太平湖湖区和5条主要入湖河流生态环境状况良好.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the