Assessment of alternated cooling and heating treatment by US combined CEUS in the VX2 rabbit liver tumor model

Inoperable liver tumors are often treated by thermal ablation that destroys the tumor in situ and spares the adjacent hepatic tissue.Thermal–physical treatment has many advantages,but treatment by freezing or heating alone has some limitations.By taking the advantages and disadvantages of cryosurgery and thermotherapy into consideration,a new thermal technique that combines cryosurgery and radio frequency ablation has been proposed,thereby overcoming the disadvantages of each treatment strategy and improving therapeutic outcomes.This new approach remains to be systematically studied in the liver;therefore,this study was performed to estimate survival after alternated cooling and heating ablation therapy in a VX2 rabbit liver tumor model.Sixteen days after VX2 carcinoma implantation into the rabbit liver,tumors were treated with alternated cooling and heating ablation therapy.Rabbits were monitored for 6 months after treatment and assessed with ultrasound(US)and computed tomography at 1,7,14,and 30 days posttreatment.Untreated tumor-bearing animals served as the control group.Our results show that alternate freezing and heating ablation therapy resulted in a good recovery of VX2 rabbits.Compared with the control group,treated rabbits lived significantly longer(P\0.05),with 70%of treated animals surviving to 196 days posttreatment without metastasis or recurrence,while none of the controls did so.There was no local recurrence in the treatment group.All rabbits in the control group developed metastasis,while metastasis was only observed in 30% of treated rabbits.These results suggest that alternate cooling and heating ablation therapy can prolong the survival time of rabbits with VX2 liver tumors and is an effective method for tumor therapy.Furthermore,we also showed in this model that contrast enhanced US is a valid follow-up approach to assess treatment effectiveness.     

Study of space heating by dual-function solar collectors

A novel solar collector named dual-function solar collector （DFSC） has been proven feasible for sup-plying warm air for space heating in winter and hot water during none-heating season by theoretical and experimen-tal studies. While integrated with building, the DFSC becomes component of the envelope. Because complexly coupling of several heat transfer modes and subjecting to random weather condition, the thermal influence of DFSC on a building remains obscure. In order to investigate the effect of DFSC for passive and active heating, a demon- strating office building integrated with DFSC panels on the southern wall and roof has been built in Hefei, in the east region of China. A simulation project of the whole building system in winter was built by the software TRNSYS with the new component developed for DFSC and compiled into the TRNSYS library based on the validated theoretical method and experimental results from previous studies. The simulation results show that the energy supplied by the DFSC can meet the heating requirement at most of the time of a sunny day, except early morning. More than 30 % solar fraction can be provided during the whole heating season in Hefei, the value further increases to 59 % in a region of high solar irradiance, such as Lhasa. While active DFSC panels are operated to provide fresh warm air through ventilation system, the flow rate shows strong influence on the solar fraction of heating load. With appropriate operation scheme of the active DFSC, more energy savings and thermal comfort can be achieved.     

Numerical study on solid–liquid phase change in paraffin as phase change material for battery thermal management用于电池热管理的石蜡相变材料固液相变的数值模拟

With the large latent heat and low cost, the paraffin has been widely used in battery thermal management(BTM) system to improve the efficiency and cycling life of power battery. The numerical model of paraffin melting in a cavity has been established, and the effects on the solid–liquid phase change process have been investigated for the purpose of enhancing the heat transfer performance of paraffin-based BTM system. The results showed that the location of the heating wall had great effects on the melting process. The paraffin in the cavity melted most quickly when the heating wall located at the bottom. Furthermore, the effects of thermal conductivity and the velocity of the slip wall have been considered. The gradient of liquid fraction increased with the increase in thermal conductivity, and the melting process could be accelerated or delayed by the slip wall with different velocity.     

传统加热和微波加热下氧化锰矿的碳热还原行为研究

For the purpose of exploring a potential process to produce FeMn, the effects of microwave heating on the carbothermal reduction characteristics of oxidized Mn ore was investigated. The microwave heating curve of the mixture of oxidized Mn ore and coke was analyzed in association with the characterization of dielectric properties. The comparative experiments were conducted on the carbothermal reductions through conventional and microwave heatings at temperatures ranging from 973 to 1373 K. The thermogravimetric analysis showed that carbothermal reactions under microwave heating proceeded to a greater extent and at a faster pace compared with those under conventional heating. The metal phases were observed in the microstructures only under microwave heating. The carbothermal reduction process under microwave heating was discussed. The electric and magnetic susceptibility differences were introduced into the thermodynamics analysis for the formation of metal Mn. The developed thermodynamics considered that microwave heating could make the reduction of MnO to Mn more accessible and increase the reduction extent.     

Construction and control technology of the main bridge superstructure of Sutong Bridge

The Sutong Yangtze River Bridge （short as Sut.ong Bridge） is now the largest span cable-stayed bridge in the world. The construction of the superstructure of the middle bridge covered several stages including erection of the big block girders for the side span, assistant span and tower area, erection of standard girders and closure of the middle span. The big block girders were hoisted by a floating crane, and the standard girders were hoisted by a double crane system on the deck. The pushing assistant method was adopted for the middle span closure construction. Furthermore, key technologies and innovative methods used in the processes of girder erection and cable assemblage in all stages were expatiated systematically. An all-stage self- adaptive geometry control method was used in the construction process. By accurately controlling the unstressed dimensions and shape of all structural components in each step, and realization that the control system and the controlled system adapt to each other, the goal was to make control of the final line shape and inner force of the bridge structure achievable. Two solutions, including GPS based and total station based dynamic geometry monitoring systems, were used to resolve the measure problem under the wide - range of wind-induced vibrations in the long cantilever state. Finally, research on the wind-induced vibration of the superstructure during the construction period was executed. Buffeting response analysis to the longest single and double cantilever states were carried out. The analysis and evaluation of wind resistance safety of the main girders under the longest single cantilever state was made, and corresponding wind resistance measures were suggested. The as-built geometric error and cable force error were controlled in a required design range, and this whole technological achievement can be a benchmark for construction of other large span cable-stayed bridges in the future.     

Novel Elastomeric Fabrics for the Treatment of Hypertrophic Burn Scars Using Polyhexamethylene Biguanide Antimicrobial Agents

In burn treatments,microorganisms on pressure garments during pressure therapy can prevent rehabilitation by causing functional,hygienic,and aesthetic difficulties. As bacterium is one of the most trouble-causing organisms,they can threaten patients causing infection during the long period of use of these garments.Novel burn pressure garments having durable antimicrobial property were developed using polyhexamethylene biguanide( PHMB)antimicrobial agent procedure on highly elastic nylon 66 /spandex fabrics in powernet,flat warp and weft knitted structures using paddry-cure method. Commercial wireless pressure sensors were used to control pressures at an acceptable medical range. Antimicrobial activity,wash durability,Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR) and Scanning electron microscopy(SEM) analyses were conducted for the treated samples. Antimicrobial test results following AATCC 100 Test Method showed 99% reduction of bacteria for the fabric samples treated with PHMB. A small but significant decrease in antimicrobial activity was observed even after50 launderings. These treatments also yield good results to prevent odor,decrease infection by preventing and /or blocking microbial growth according to the antimicrobial mechanism and support reducing of scarring by providing a hygienic environment around the scar.     

Hydrometallurgical application for treating a Nigerian chalcopyrite ore in chloride medium: Part I. Dissolution kinetics assessment

The dissolution kinetics of a Nigerian chalcopyrite ore in hydrochloric acid was studied in this article. Acid concentration, reaction temperature, and ore particle size were chosen as experimental parameters. The chemical and morphological studies of the ore before and after leaching at optimal conditions were carried out by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). It is revealed that increasing the acid concentration and system temperature and decreasing the ore particle size greatly enhances the dissolution rate. The dissolution kinetics was found to follow the shrinking core model for the diffusion control mechanism where the activation energy (E_a) of 32.92 kJ·mol?1 was obtained for the process and supported by morphological changes at a higher dissolution of 91.33%.     

Spheroidization of molybdenum powder by radio frequency thermal plasma

To control the morphology and particle size of dense spherical molybdenum powder prepared by radio frequency (RF) plasma from irregular molybdenum powder as a precursor, plasma process parameters were optimized in this paper. The effects of the carrier gas flow rate and molybdenum powder feeding rate on the shape and size of the final products were studied. The molybdenum powder morphology was examined using high-resolution scanning electron microscopy. The powder phases were analyzed by X-ray diffraction. The tap density and apparent density of the molybdenum powder were investigated using a Hall flow meter and a Scott volumeter. The optimal process parameters for the spherical molybdenum powder preparation are 50 g/min powder feeding rate and 0.6 m3/h carrier gas rate. In addition, pure spherical molybdenum powder can be obtained from irregular powder, and the tap density is enhanced after plasma processing. The average size is reduced from 72 to 62 μm, and the tap density is increased from 2.7 to 6.2 g/cm3. Therefore, RF plasma is a promising method for the preparation of high-density and high-purity spherical powders.     

Electrical annealing of severely deformed copper: microstructure and hardness

Commercial pure copper sheets were severely deformed after primary annealing to a strain magnitude of 2.32 through constrained groove pressing. After induction of an electrical current, the sheets were heated for 0.5, 1, 2, or 3 s up to maximum temperatures of 150, 200, 250, or 300℃. To compare the annealing process in the current-carrying system with that in the current-free system, four other samples were heated to 300℃ at holding times of 60, 90, 120, or 150 s in a salt bath. The microstructural evolution and hardness values of the samples were then investigated. The results generally indicated that induction of an electrical current could accelerate the recrystallization process by decreasing the thermodynamic barriers for nucleation. In other words, the current effect, in addition to the thermal effect, enhanced the diffusion rate and dislocation climb velocity. During the primary stages of recrystallization, the grown nuclei of electrically annealed samples showed greater numbers and a more homogeneous distribution than those of the samples annealed in the salt bath. In the fully recrystallized condition, the grain size of electrically annealed samples was smaller than that of conventionally annealed samples. The hardness values and metallographic images obtained indicate that, unlike the conventional annealing process, which promotes restoration phenomena with increasing heating time, the electrical annealing process does not necessarily promote these phenomena. This difference is hypothesized to stem from conflicts between thermal and athermal effects during recrystallization.     

Optimization control strategy for single-phase permanent magnet generator based on voltage ripple

A method of feedforward compensation for electromotive force （EMF） in the single-phase permanent magnet linear generation system and a research in the performance of the single-phase PMLG system are presented.A general mathematical model for the single-phase permanet magnet linear generator （PMLG） system is established and the current loop,voltage loop and the feedforward control are studied based on it for the control system.Then this paper analyses the transfer function of the power system,optimizes current loop and voltage loop parameters by engineering algorithm,and calculates the optimal control parameters.An EMF feedforward compensation method is developed to optimize the control system which improves dynamic performance of the power system but does not affect the steady-state performance.The result of this research verifies the correctness and rationality of the design for the control system.     

Cellular inactivation by ultrasound

The lethal effect of ultrasound (US) on mammalian cells has received relatively little attention. Understandably, potential genetic aspects of US have been of prime concern to physicians who use US as a diagnostic tool; at the average power densities involved (<1 W cm(-2)) little, if any cell killing is to be expected. There have been sporadic attempts to use higher intensities ( approximately 1 W cm(-2)) as a treatment modality in cancer therapy, but those experiments seem to have been based on inadequate cellular studies. The effects of US usually were evaluated in terms of morphological criteria rather than on quantitative determination of the loss of viability as measured by colony formation. There are few reports of the effects of US on survival of mammalian cells, and none specifically examine hyperthermic interaction. With the increased interest in hyperthermia for tumour therapy, attention has been directed towards the use of ultrasound to achieve tumour heating. In preliminary experiments in which US was used to heat the EMT6 sarcoma and KHJJ carcinoma in mice, we found a high percentage of tumour cures with short (approximately 30 min) treatments at temperatures (43-44 degrees C) where in vitro results of hyperthermia-induced cell killing would not have led to a prediction of any cures. We therefore initiated an investigation of the effects of US on survival of Chinese hamster cells to see if direct cell killing by US could explain our in vivo results, or, as in the case of radiofrequency (RF) electromagnetic heating, we would be forced to invoke host response(8). In particular, we examined the thermal and non-thermal components of cellular inactivation by US. We report here that there is a definite non-thermal cytotoxic effect of US. Its relative contribution to cell killing is a highly nonlinear function of the temperature of the cellular milieu. The survival curves show clearly that, beyond an initial threshold, small changes in temperature and/or US intensity can give rise to impressive changes in survival values. The threshold nature of the data strongly suggests that by means of overlapping beams, ultrasound energy could be delivered to tumour tissue to achieve massive cell killings while sparing normal tissue outside the tumour volume to a degree far exceeding that of conventional techniques.     

Study on the comprehensive combustion kinetics of MSW

The combustion behavior of typical components of MSW was examined with a thermal gravimetric analyzer (TGA). The experiments were done over the temperature range of room temperature to 1000 degrees C at a heating rate of 10 degrees C/min and in an oxidizing atmosphere. The results indicated that the entire weight loss process of each typical component of MSW consists of one to three distinct combustion stages. The combustion of typical components of MSW could be modeled by one to three independent reactions. The corresponding parameters of typical components of MSW such as activation energy, pre-exponential factor, and reaction order were determined. The calculated results using the comprehensive kinetic model composed of one to three independent and consecutive reactions, agreed well with experimental results.     

豆胶胶合板的高频热压机理及胶合特性

采用高频介质加热技术,研究了不同含水率条件下的多层豆胶胶合板板坯温度场分布和水分迁移情况,以及单板涂胶量对豆胶胶合板胶合性能的影响。结果表明:在高频热压(频率为6.78 MHz,压力为1.0 MPa)过程中,板坯内部温度场分布均匀; 干燥效率呈现出从表层向芯层逐渐增加,即由里到外的干燥模式; 当单板双面涂胶量为400 g/m²时,胶层平均湿态剪切强度为0.83 MPa,高频热压时间仅为12 min。     

Biodegradation of oil in uplifted basins prevented by deep-burial sterilization.

Biodegradation of crude oil by bacterial activity--which has occurred in the majority of the Earth's oil reserves--is known to reduce greatly the quality of petroleum in reservoirs. For economically successful prospecting for oil, it is therefore important to understand the processes and conditions in geological formations that lead to oil biodegradation. Although recent studies speculate that bacterial activity can potentially occur up to temperatures as high as 150 degrees C (refs 3, 4), it is generally accepted that effective petroleum biodegradation over geological timescales generally occurs in reservoirs with temperatures below 80 degrees C (ref. 2). This appears, however, to be at odds with the observation that non-degraded oils can still be found in reservoirs below this temperature. Here we compile data regarding the extent of oil biodegradation in several oil reservoirs, and find that the extensive occurrence of non-biodegraded oil in shallow, cool basins is restricted to those that have been uplifted from deeper, hotter regions of the Earth. We suggest that these petroleum reservoirs were sterilized by heating to a temperature around 80-90 degrees C during deep burial, inactivating hydrocarbon-degrading organisms that occur in the deep biosphere. Even when such reservoirs are subsequently uplifted to much cooler regions and filled with oil, degradation does not occur, implying that the sterilized sediments are not recolonized by hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria.     

昆虫标本制作方法新探

本文通过对标本虫蛀食和霉菌浸染昆明标本的防治的研究，找到了先浸泡再针插的昆明标本制作方法，从而很好地解决了昆虫标本容易被标本虫蛀食或被霉菌浸染的难题，为昆虫标本的保存，特别是贫困地区的昆虫标本的保存起到了一定的积极的指导作用。     

200MW核供热堆汽电联供的经济分析

为了开发低温核供热堆新的应用领域 ,采用国际通用的经济评价方法 ,对 2 0 0 MW低温核供热堆用于工业开发区集中供应压力为 1.5 MPa左右的饱和蒸汽并提供部分厂用电方案的经济性进行了较全面的分析和比较。结果表明 :2 0 0 MW低温核供热堆汽电联供的各项经济评价指标都很好 ,内部收益率为 19.61% ,净现值 (贴现率 10 % )为7.65亿元 ;投资回收期和贷款偿还期均在项目建成后 5年左右。与低温核供热堆用于冬季供暖相比 ,其经济效益有非常明显的改善。同时 ,在经济发达地区的工业开发区 ,利用核能进行工业供汽和发电 ,对城市环境污染的改善将起到非常积极的作用 ,并能缓解我国北煤南运的运输紧张局面     

离子存储、冷却及在量子频标中的应用

首先回顾了量子频标中离子存储和冷却的基本原理,介绍了用分子动力学计算得到的十二极阱中离子的分布和加热速率的结果.然后在此结果基础上,计算了十二极阱射频加热效应和离子微运动对频标造成的影响.相比传统的四极阱,一方面十二极阱可以降低离子云的加热速率,有利于利用Ramsey脉冲进一步压窄离子谱线线宽;另外,十二极阱内势场中部平坦边缘陡峭,可有效降低离子微运动带来的二级多普勒效应,有利于提高离子频标的准确度和稳定性.该文还介绍了美国JPL实验室高稳定性、高准确度、199Hg+离子钟的工作,以及我们正在开展的基于多极阱中激光冷却的113Cd+离子的高稳定性量子频标的工作.     

转杯纺假捻盘作用现状研究

介绍了转杯纺假捻盘对纱线加捻过程影响作用的研究现状,分析和评价了几项比较具有代表性的研究,说明了假捻盘在转杯纺纱加捻过程中具有假捻、阻捻或捻陷作用的不同观点及其相应的分析方法,并对今后分析假捻盘在转杯纺加捻过程中作用的研究思路提出了建议。     

沈阳地区京桃主要病虫害的种类及其防治技术的研究

对沈阳地区京桃病虫害种类进行详细调查结果显示：在京桃树木上共发现13种病虫害,其中病害9种,可分为真菌类、细菌类、缺素类3大类,真菌类病害是京桃的主要病原;虫害4种,蚜类、蚧类、天牛类、枯叶蛾类各1种,属于枯叶蛾类的黄褐天幕毛虫危害最重。京桃13种病害的症状和虫害的危害状都有各自典型的特征,易于鉴定和区分京桃病虫害的控制需严格把握以下几点：培育健康苗或栽植壮苗;提高自身的抗病能力;选择土壤条件好的地段、合理控制水分、清除病树并处理;发病后用70％甲基托布津可湿性剂1/1000～1/800倍液防治。