Effect of methanol and dioxan on the action of chymotrypsin onl -Phenylalanine methyl ester

Zusammenfassung Die Spaltung vonl-Phenylalanin-methylester durch Chymotrypsin ist in Gegenwart von 30 Vol.% Methanol oder Dioxan vollständig gehemmt, während unter denselben Bedingungen Benzoyl-l-phenylalanin-methylester intensiv hydrolisiert wird.     

Terpenoid alkaloids fromMurraya koenigii Spreng. VII1 synthesis ofdl -O-Methylmahanine and related carbazoles

Zusammenfassung Die Synthese vondl-O-Methylmahanine wird beschrieben und damit die Struktur (IIa) für Mahanine bewiesen.

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Part VI.S. P. Kureel, R. S. Kapil andS. P. Popli, Chemy Ind. 1262 (1970).

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Communication No. 1640 from the Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow.     

Transformation ofl -serine tol -cysteine

Zusammenfassung Es wird über die Umwandlung von O-Tosyl-l-seryl-Peptiden zu den entsprechenden S-Acyl-l-cysteinyl-Peptiden berichtet.     

Cystinurie undl -cystinsteinbildung beim hund

Summary Cystinuria andl-Cystine lithiasis, is a rather rare hereditary metabolic disease in human beings. Due to the high purity ofl-Cystine stones formed in the urinary tract, they can serve as ideal models for studies on the chemical dissolution of kidney stones in general. By systematic examinations, it is possible to find for these purposes, dogs in which a cystinuria is present.

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Herrn Prof.Forenbacher, Vet. Med. Fakultät der Universität Zagreb, danken wir für die Übersendung von Steinen, und FrauM. Stoffers für die technische Mitarbeit.     

Die Lecithin/Lysolecithin- und Cholesterin/Cholesterinester-Beziehung im Rattenserum bei der Galaktosamin-Hepatose

Summary After single i.p. application of 300 mg/kgd-galactosamine-hydrochloride in male conventional Wistar-II-rats, the concentration of serum cholesterol esters and serum lysolecithin decreases in statistical significance, serum lecithin increases slightly. Because the relation of esterified serum cholesterol to total serum cholesterol increases, it may be that the significant decrease of the cholesterol ester fraction, induced by the slight galactosamine-liver injury, is not only effected by transacylation-inhibition in plasma.

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Unter experimenteller Mitarbeit von cand. med.B. Riese     

Effect ofd -amphetamine on the activity of single neurons of the cat's tectum opticum

Zusammenfassung d-Amphetamin (2–4 mg i.v.) verstärkt bei Neuronen des Tectum opticum der Katze die Reizantwort auf optische Bewegungsreize und vermindert oder beseitigt die während einer Reizfolge auftretende neuronale Adaptation.     

The conceptual import of Carnot's theorem to the discovery of the entropy

Summary Among many other things, Carnot stated a principle and proved a theorem. In 1850, Clausius corrected Carnot's theory, modifying it according to Joule's principle. He might have considered a corollary of the theorem as the mathematical formulation of Carnot's principle. We challenge the corollary: it is based on hidden assumptions, nor is it true for all cycles. Clausius realized the corollary's lack of generality, but on different grounds. In 1854, he generalized the theorem, and gave an (other) expression to Carnot's principle. We analyze Clapeyron's account of Carnot's theory, Thomson's account of 1849 and some of Clausius belated comments on his 1850 paper, as well Clausius' paper of 1854. We hope that they shed light on the corollary's tacit hypotheses and on the meaning of Carnot's principle. It is our contention: Clausius took seriously a contemporary meaning of the principle, and looked for a condition of integrability that could express recovery of the initial conditions of the reservoirs. Furthermore, he seems to have had some prior knowledge of the form the expression of the principle should take. Actually, this was the theory's natural candidate.     

Paroxysmal discharges in the electroencephalogram of the El mouse

Summary The spike discharges in the EEG of the El mouse, a seizure-susceptible strain, were recorded during convulsive seizures. This fact provides evidence that those seizures are really epileptic convulsions.I thank Dr.K. Imaizumi and Dr.K. Nakano of National Institute of Health for their sharing the strain of El mouse to us and MissY. Nakamoto and Mr.N. Ozawa for their technical assistance and Mr.K. Moriyama for his care for the mice, and also thank Dr. H.Narabayashi for his criticism on this paper.     

Newton and the classical theory of probability

Summary Probabilistic ideas and methods from Newton's writings are discussed in § 1: Newton's ideas pertaining to the definition of probability, his probabilistic method in chronology, his probabilistic ideas and method in the theory of errors and his probabilistic reasonings on the system of the world. Newton's predecessors and his influence upon subsequent scholars are dealt with in §2: beginning with his predecessors the discussion continues with his contemporaries Arbuthnot and De Moiver, then Bentley. The section ends with Laplace, whose determinism is seen as a development of the Newtonian determinism.An addendum is devoted to Lambert's reasoning on randomness and to the influence of Darwin on statistics. A synopsis is attached at the end of the article.Abbreviations PT abridged Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society 1665–1800 abridged. London, 1809 - Todhunter I. Todhunter, History of the mathematical theory of probability, Cambridge, 1865 To the memory of my mother, Sophia Sheynin (1900–1970)     

R?le du ganglion frontal sur le rythme cardiaque chezLocusta migratoria L.

Summary Removal of the frontal ganglion results in a decrease of the cardiac rhythm which is more important than the one following starvation in the adults of both sexes ofLocusta migratoria. This decrease may be due in part to the reduction of protein metabolism but also, according toStrong ⁸ andClarke andAnstee ^7,9, to interruption of the normal activity of the CA brought on by frontalectomy.     

Action ofl -Dopa on the gonads of male rats

Resumen La administración de 300 mg/kgl-Dopa, a ratas machos, por vía subcutánea, tres días a la semana durante un mes, produce una disminución significativa —del peso de testículos, vesículas seminales y próstata.     

Synthesis of L-4-amino-3-isoxazolidinone,the unnatural stereoisomer of cycloserine and its antibiotic activity

Zusammenfassung Eine direkte Synthese vonl- undd-Cycloserin ausl- undd-Serin wurde beschrieben. Die bakteriostatischen Effekte der drei Formen von Cycloserin (d-,l-unddl-) aufE. coli in synthetischem Medium wurden verglichen.     

Metabolism of the neuromodulator d-serine

Over the past years, accumulating evidence has indicated that d-serine is the endogenous ligand for the glycine-modulatory binding site on the NR1 subunit of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors in various brain areas. d-Serine is synthesized in glial cells and neurons by the pyridoxal-5′ phosphate-dependent enzyme serine racemase, and it is released upon activation of glutamate receptors. The cellular concentration of this novel messenger is regulated by both serine racemase isomerization and elimination reactions, as well as by its selective degradation catalyzed by the flavin adenine dinucleotide-containing flavoenzyme d-amino acid oxidase. Here, we present an overview of the current knowledge of the metabolism of d-serine in human brain at the molecular and cellular levels, with a specific emphasis on the brain localization and regulatory pathways of d-serine, serine racemase, and d-amino acid oxidase. Furthermore, we discuss how d-serine is involved with specific pathological conditions related to N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors over- or down-regulation.     

Flavonoids ofMetrosideros polymorpha (Myrtaceae)

Résumé Dans deux variétés deMétrosideros polymorpha Gaud. (Myrtaceae), nous avons trouvé les favanoides suivants: arabinoside-3, galactoside-3, rhamnoside-3-quercetine, et arabinoside-3, thamnoside-3-myricetine; en outre, deux glycosides en moindre quantité.

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Acknowledgment. The authors are grateful to Prof.Siegel and MissCorn, University of Hawaii, for plant materials and to the N.R.C. of Canada for financial support.     

Adaptation of theCahn-Ingold-Prelog system of nomenclature to hexahelicene

Résumé On propose une extension du système deCahn-Ingold-Prelog pour nommer des enantiomers des composés en forme d'hélice tels que le hexahélicène.     

Effects ofl -DOPA treatment on indole metabolism in Parkinson's disease

Zusammenfassung Oralel-Dopa-Behandlung bewirkt bei Patienten mit Parkinsonismus eine signifikante Minderung der Harnausscheidungen von 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure.     

Antischistosomal and some toxicological properties of a nitrodiphenylaminoisothiocyanate (C 9333-Go/CGP 4540)

Summary A procedure to enhance the schistosomicidal effectiveness in vivo of an isothiocyanate derivative and some of its antischistosomal properties are reported. Determinations of the effects of this compound on tissue thiol levels and on highly sensitive bacterial tester strains have indicated that its mutagenic potential is of a low order and that the latter is decreased further after reduction of the host's intestinal bacterial flora.Acknowledgments. Supported, in part, by grants No. AI-08022 and No. GM-16492 from the National Institutes of Health, and No. 274-0063 (JHU No. 1) from The Edna McConnell Clark Foundation. We wish to express our sincere appreciation to Dr.H. Striebel and Dr.F. Kradolfer of Ciba-Geigy for providing us with the isothiocyanate derivative and with information about its biological activities, and to Dr.H. van der Schalie and to Dr.H. Blankespoor of the Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, for supplying us with mice infected with 3 strains ofS. japonicum (under contract No. N01-AI-42504, NIH).     

Evaluations of the beta probability integral by bayes and price

Summary The contribution of Bayes to statistical inference has been much discussed, whereas his evaluations of the beta probability integral have received little attention, and Price's improvements of these results have never been analysed in detail. It is the purpose of the present paper to redress this state of affairs and to show that the Bayes-Price approximation to the two-sided beta probability integral is considerably better than the normal approximation, which became popular under the influence of Laplace, although it had been stated by Price.The Bayes-Price results are obtained by approximating the skew beta density by a symmetric beta density times a factor tending to unity for n , the two functions having the same maximum and the same points of inflection. Since the symmetric beta density converges to the normal density, all the results of Laplace based on the normal distribution can be obtained as simple limits of the results of Bayes and Price. This fact was not observed either by Laplace or by Todhunter.     

Leonardo da Vinci's solution to the problem of the pinhole camera

The longstanding challenge of the pinhole camera for medieval theorists was explaining why luminous bodies cast onto a screen different images at different distances from the screen.I argue that this problem was first solved not by Francesco Maurolico, as David Lindberg concludes in his influential series of articles on the camera, but by Leonardo da Vinci. In studies in the Codex Atlanticus dating c. 1508–14, Leonardo explains the changes in screen patterns with distance by applying a key perspective principle to two kinds of projection pyramids that figure into pinhole camera imaging.In contrast, Maurolico's later conclusions about the pinhole camera are only partly correct. Maurolico gives a mistaken account of why pinhole images change with distance. He also introduces the erroneous notion that similar superimposed parts of the camera image actually fuse as the screen withdraws.     

The oxidative Dephosphorylation of phosphoryl esters derived froml -ascorbic acid

Zusammenfassung Die 2- und 3-Phenylphosphorylester von 5,6-Isopropylidenl-ascorbinsäure wurden synthetisiert. Nach Oxydierung in Wasser oder Äthanol übertragen diese Ester ihre Phosphorylgruppe auf das Lösungsmittel.