语义Web的逻辑基础

分析了目前语义Web理论的研究现状和存在的问题, 分析了用传统描述逻辑作为语义Web逻辑基础的不充分性, 根据语义Web的特点和需求, 提出了一种新的动态描述逻辑DDL, 该DDL将静态知识和动态知识表示与推理有机地整合在一起. 特别的是, 给出了具体的动作描述方法, 并按照传统描述逻辑的语义解释方法给出了动作的语义解释, 从而该DDL形成了一种能同时处理静态知识和动态知识的统一的形式化逻辑框架. 该DDL具有清晰的语义特征, 既提供了可判定的推理服务, 又能有效地对静态知识、动态过程和运行机制进行表示和推理(动作的可实现性和动作之间的包含关系), 因此, 提出的动态描述逻辑DDL可以为语义Web提供合理的逻辑基础, 弥补了传统描述逻辑作为语义Web逻辑基础的不足.     

基于Schweizer-Sklar T-范数的模糊逻辑系统

基于Schweizer-SklarL范数，提出了一个新的模糊逻辑形式系统UL^＊证明了系统UL^＊的可靠性和完备性，并指出著名的SBL-系统是UL^＊的语义扩张，而IMTL△统是UL^＊当两个“非”运算重合时的特例．最后分析了UL^＊系统与其他模糊逻辑形式系统的关系，并从Yager的“与度”、Whalen的“模糊规则交互作用的强度”概念出发，说明了系统UL^＊中参数p的含义及其在近似推理中的应用。     

基于隶属度比较的描述逻辑SHOIQ模糊扩展

语义Web模糊知识的表示和应用经常需要涉及多个模糊隶属度值及其比较的复杂模糊知识描述,但现有的描述逻辑模糊扩展缺乏描述和使用这类复杂模糊知识的能力.文中提出新的描述逻辑SHOIQ模糊扩展SHOIQFC语言.SHOIQFC不仅具有模糊描述逻辑FSHOIQ的全部表达能力,还支持涉及多隶属度值及其比较的复杂模糊知识的表示与推理,拓展了描述逻辑模糊扩展的应用范围.证明了SHOIQFC知识库一致性问题的可判定性并给出Tableau推理算法,为实现语义Web复杂模糊知识的表示与推理提供理论基础.     

适用于多种蕴涵算子的赋值空间上的测度与积分理论

对多种蕴涵算子导出的赋值空间进行统一处理,引入公用的Lebesgue测度,证明了相对于若干常见蕴涵算子而言,全体逻辑公式都是可测函数.建立了t(α重言式)理论,提出了一般的语义MP规则和一般的语义HS规则. 基于积分理论引入了逻辑公式的真度概念,提出了积分MP规则和积分HS规则.最后,通过通用逻辑度量空间概念在全体公式集上引入了伪距离,为近似推理提供了一种可能的框架.     

知识推理的一个模型

引入了能描述操不同语言的多agent系统中知识推理的模态逻辑语言及其Kripke语义与Aumann语义 ,为其建立了完备的形式化演绎系统 ;并构造了多agent系统的逻辑的Institution .     

非正态变量情况下结构可靠性分析的条件概率马尔可夫链模拟方法

基于对失效域样本的高效马尔可夫链模拟方法和鞍点估计法,提出了一种可快速分析高维小失效概率情况下含非正态变量的非线性极限状态函数的可靠性方法.所提方法在非正态空间中,将所求失效概率转化为线性极限状态函数的失效概率与一个特征比例因子的乘积.线性极限状态函数是通过马尔可夫链模拟非线性极限状态函数失效域中的样本而获得的,它与非线性极限状态函数具有近似相同的设计点.而概率论中的乘法定理是获取特征比例因子的理论依据,它反映了非线性极限状态函数失效概率与线性极限状态函数失效概率的关系.线性极限状态函数的失效概率可以由鞍点估计法求得,而特征比例因子可以由马尔可夫链快速模拟线性与非线性失效域中的样本而近似算得.定性分析和定量的算例对比分析表明,所提算法具有较广的适用范围,并且它的实现过程较为简单,计算精度和效率均较高.     

基于辩论语义的算子模糊逻辑

定义了一种基于辩论语义的算子模糊逻辑，这种逻辑是相关的，次协调的，非单调的，能形象地刻画认知过程的信念修正，适于在知识不一致，不清确，不完全情形下推理。     

基于挑战——响应的安全协议分析

安全协议的本质是协议主体采用密码学方法通过挑战一响应来对协议其他方的存在做出判断，同时完成一些数据如会话密钥的协商．大部分国内外现有的分析方法或者采用状态检测等定理证明技术，或者采用认证逻辑等推理技术，存在着分析能力与可操作性之间的矛盾．为了解决这个问题，文中提出一种新的安全协议保密性和关联性的分析方法，该方法基于线空间模型理论给出了协议保密目标和认证目标的形式化定义，采用认证逻辑作为基础分析手段．保密性分析被分解为显式泄密和隐性泄密两种情况，其中隐性泄密分析依赖于关联性的判断，而关联性的分析被总结为Strand的存在关系和参数一致性分析的问题．新的分析方法既具有线空间模型的分析能力，又具有认证逻辑的易用性．     

基于析取逻辑程序设计的诱导推理

利用辨论推理模式，将负文字的析取式作为诱导推理的假设，建立了析取逻辑程序设计的一种诱导语义框架ＤＡＳ。它不仅是实现辩论推理（诱导）的一种简单直观语义而且为析取程序的语义了一个统一的框架。特别地，证明了著名的良基语义和ＥＧＣＷＡ等都可以嵌入ＤＡＳ。     

基于真值的SBL_～公理化扩张系统的计量化

本文首先在带有对合否定的△模糊逻辑系统SBL～中,运用△演绎定理和真值分布,论证了SBL～系统中有效推理的真值关系定理.其次以SBL～系统的公理化扩张Godel～为例,提出了△相似度、△距离,运用真值关系定理论证了△度量空间逻辑算子→,～的连续性,给出了公式与理论间距离的计算方法,从而实现了△模糊逻辑系统的计量化.最后在Godel～系统中提出了3种近似推理模式,并讨论了3种模式之间的关系.     

Inherent properties and statistics with individual particles in quantum mechanics

This paper puts forward the hypothesis that the distinctive features of quantum statistics are exclusively determined by the nature of the properties it describes. In particular, all statistically relevant properties of identical quantum particles in many-particle systems are conjectured to be irreducible, ‘inherent’ properties only belonging to the whole system. This allows one to explain quantum statistics without endorsing the ‘Received View’ that particles are non-individuals, or postulating that quantum systems obey peculiar probability distributions, or assuming that there are primitive restrictions on the range of states accessible to such systems. With this, the need for an unambiguously metaphysical explanation of certain physical facts is acknowledged and satisfied.     

Spasmin-like proteins in various ciliates revealed by antibody to purified spasmins ofCarchesium polypinum

Summary It was found that some ciliates,Stentor, Spirostomum andBlepharisma, which can contract rapidly like the stalks of Vorticellidae, have Ca²⁺-binding proteins that are very similar to spasmins, in the immunological sense. The presence of spasmins in other Protozoa and in some Metazoa was also investigated.     

Partial sequence of the gene for a serine protease from a halophilic archaeumhaloferax mediterranei R4, and nucleotide sequences of 16S rRNA encoding genes from several halophilic archaea

A part of the gene coding for a halophilic serine protease from a halophilic archaeumHaloferax mediterranei R4 was amplified by PCR and its 672 nucleotide sequence was determined. Tentative translation to the amino acid sequence suggested that the enzyme was quite similar to halolysin produced by another halophilic archaeum strain 172P1. Nucleotide sequences of 16S rRNA encoding genes from 9 halophilic archaea were determined. Alignment of 19 sequences known so far showed that there are more than 20 positions carrying bases or deletions specific for each halobacterial genus:Halobacterium, Haloarcula, Haloferax, andHalococcus.     

Endorcine cells producing regulatory peptides

Summary Recent data on the immunologication of regulatory peptides and related propeptide sequences in endocrine cells and tumours of the gastrointestinal tract pancreas, lung, thyroid, pituitary (ACTH and opioids), adrenals and paraganglia have been revised and discussed. Gastrin, xenopsin, cholecystokinin (CCK), somatostatin, motilin, secretin, GIP (gastric inhibitory beenrevised and discussed. Gastrin, xenopsin, cholecystokinin (CCK), somatostatin, motilin, secretin, GIP (gastric inhibitory polypeptide), neurotensin, glicentin/glucagon-37 and PYY (peptide tyrosine tyrosine) are the main products of gastrointestinal endocrine cells; glucagon, CRF (corticotropin releasing factor), somatostatin, PP (pancreatic polypeptide) and GRF (growth hormone releasing factor), in addition to insulin, are produced in pancreatic islet cells; bombesin-related peptidesare the main markers of pulmonary endocrine cells; calcitonin and CGRP (calcitonin gene-related peptide) occur in thyroid and extrathyroid C cells; ACTH and endorphins in anterior and intermediate lobe pituitary cells, -MSH and CLIP (corticotropoin-like intermediate lobe peptide) in intermediate lobe cells; met- and leu-enkephalins and related peptides in adrenal medullary and paraganglionic cells as well as in some gut (enterochromaffin) cells; NPY (neuropeptide Y) in adrenalin-type adrenal medullary cells, etc.. Both tissue-appropriate and tissue-inappropriate regulatory peptides are produced by endocrine tumours, with inappropriate peptides mostly produced by malignant tumours.     

Cognition wars

In what kinds of physical systems can cognition be realized? There are currently competing answers among scientists and theorists of cognition. There are many plant scientists who maintain that cognition can be realized in plants. There are biological scientists who maintain that cognition is materially realized in bacteria. In this paper, I will present the basis for such claims and evaluate them and discuss the future for theories of the metaphysical basis of cognition in the cognitive sciences.     

Anthelmintic activity of a benzimidazoline compound in sheep by abomasal infusion

Summary In vitro and in vivo data on the benzimidazoline compound indicate anthelmintic potential when introduced directly into the abomasum.     

Evolutionary and ecological implications of cardenolide sequestration in the monarch butterfly

Summary Monarch butterflies sequester cardenolides from their larval host plants in the milkweed genusAsclepias for use in defense against predation. Of 108Asclepias species in North America, monarchs are known to feed as larvae on 27. Research on 11 of these has shown that monarchs sequester cardenolides most effectively, to an asymptote of approximately 350 g/0.1 g dry butterfly, from plants with intermediate cardenolide contents rather than from those with very high or very low cardenolide contents. SinceAsclepias host plant species are distributed widely in space and time across the continent, monarchs exploit them by migration between breeding and overwintering areas. After overwintering in central Mexico, spring migrants east of the Rocky Mountains exploit three predominantAsclepias species in the southern USA that have moderately high cardenolide contents. Monarchs sequester cardenolides very effectively from these species. First generation butterflies are thus well protected against predators and continue the migration north. Across the northern USA and southern Canada most summer breeding occurs on a fourthAsclepias species and in autumn most of these monarchs migrate back to Mexican overwintering sites. The ecological implications of this cycle of cardenolide sequestration for the evolution of monarch migration are discussed.     

Bioaccumulation processes in ecosystems

The fate of environmental pollutants — the various isotopes of elements, and inorganic or organic compounds — is a fundamental aspect of ecology and ecotoxicology, and bioaccumulation is a phenomenon often discussed in this context. Human activities have drastically altered natural concentrations of many substances in the environment and added numerous new chemicals. An understanding of the processes of bioaccumulation is important for several reasons. 1) Bioaccumulation in organisms may enhance the persistence of industrial chemicals in the ecosystem as a whole, since they can be fixed in the tissues of organisms. 2) Stored chemicals are not exposed to direct physical, chemical, or biochemical degradation. 3) Stored chemicals can directly affect an individual's health. 4) Predators of those organisms that have bioaccumulated harmful substances may be endangered by food chain effects. While former theories on the processes of bioaccumulation focused on single aspects that affect the extent of accumulation (such as the trophic level within the food chain or the lipophilicity of the chemical), modern theories are based on compartmental kinetics and the integration of various environmental interactions. Concepts include results from quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSAR), pharmacokinetics, ecophysiology and general biology, molecular genetic aspects and selection, and finally the structure of communities and man-made alterations in them.     

Mating attempts between the Scarlet Tiger Moth,Callimorpha dominula L., and the Cinnabar Moth,Tyria jacobaeae L. (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae), involve a common sex pheromone composition

It has been suggested that a common sex pheromone composition may account for interspecific sexual interactions observed with certain moths in the Arctiidae. In this study, it is demonstrated that the sex pheromones released by females of the Scarlet Tiger Moth,Callimorpha dominula L., and the Cinnabar Moth,Tyria jacobaeae L., have similar activities and elute at the same retention time on analysis by coupled gas chromatography (GC)-electrophysiology with males from each species. Peak enhancement on GC, chiral GC and coupled GC-mass spectrometry using authentic compounds show that the sex pheromone for bothC. dominula andT. jacobaeae is (3Z,6Z,9S,10R)-9,10-epoxyheneicosa-3,6-diene.     

Phenology of fruit and leaf production by ‘strangler’ figs on Barro Colorado Island,Panamá

Summary Fruit and leaf initiation by 26 trees representing five stranglerFicus species in the subgenusUrostigma were monitored for 5–8 years in a seasonal lowland forest of central Panamá. Individual trees of each species initiated fruit in synchronized crops. High variation in the number of crops, intervals between crops and dates of crop initiation indicate that these species, like species in the subgenusPharmacosycea, initiate fruit crops the year around. Nevertheless, mean crop initiation dates for four of five species fell within the four-month dry season. Similarly, all species produced new leaf flushes throughout the year, however, mean leaf flush dates of all species fell within the first three months of the dry season.