认知无线电系统中的多中继分布式波束成形方法

本文考虑认知无线电系统中一对认知源目的节点在一组认知中继节点协助下与一对授权发射机和接收机共存的场景,研究了多个单天线认知中继节点在授权接收机处平均干扰功率门限约束及自身独立的平均发射功率约束下,最大化认知目的节点处信干噪比(SINR)的分布式波束成形,从而开发"空谱空洞"的问题.提出了两种波束成形方案:1)最大化SINR的最优策略;2)基于迫零准则的次优策略.最优策略将分布式的波束成形系数求解问题通过半定松弛转化为准凸的优化问题,从而利用二分法及内点法求解;并证明了求得的最优半定松弛解即为原优化问题的最优解.次优策略直接迫零对授权接收机造成干扰,并将来自授权发射机的干扰信号抑制为零.该方法对应的优化问题没有迭代运算,且约束函数简单,算法复杂度低.最后通过数值仿真分析了中继数、认知节点最大的发射功率和授权接收机的干扰功率门限等因素对两类算法平均传输速率的影响,并且通过对比实验验证了考虑授权发射机干扰信号影响带来的性能增益.     

无线传感器网络最小中继节点布置问题的近似算法

为了消除传感器节点路由负载的不平衡,可在无线传感器网络中布置少量功能较强的中继节点作为路由节点,最小化中继节点数是其主要优化目标.文中证明了有界平面区域上的中继节点布置问题是P问题,但一般情况下的计算复杂度相当巨大.从中继节点布置问题的几何覆盖特征出发,提出了一种O(n~2 log n)时间的贪心近似算法,其中n为传感器节点数目.在该算法迭代过程的每一阶段,先从未被覆盖的传感器节点中选出一个关键节点,为了阻止孤立节点的产生,再按照"优先覆盖与关键节点距离较近的传感器节点"的原则来确定中继节点的位置.实验结果表明该算法可在很短的时间内生成一个接近最优的可行中继节点布置,且在中继节点布置的尺寸以及执行时间方面都要优于现有算法.     

多天线放大转发中继系统基于MMSE的重传预编码设计

针对多天线放大转发中继系统,本文提出了一种基于MMSE的新的重传预编码方案,把重传预编码设计问题分解成两个子问题:离散的信道配对和连续的联合源、中继功率分配问题.最优的信道配对需要遍历所有信道配对方式,对于每一种配对方式,联合源、中继功率分配问题是一个多参数非凸的优化问题,本文提出了一种获得该问题最优解的算法和一种次优迭代功率分配算法,此种通过遍历信道配对获得最优重传预编码的方案计算复杂度较高.本文证明了在一跳信道信噪比趋于无穷时,最优的信道配对是使之前的子信道增益和当前另一跳信道奇异值大小排列顺序相反,进而提出了一种简化的信道配对方法.仿真结果表明,简化的信道配对和迭代功率分配算法性能均接近最优.本文所提出的重传预编码与已有的预编码相比,能获得明显性能提升.     

基于协作波束形成的中继阻塞混合无线物理层安全传输

针对双向无线协作通信系统的安全传输(信息论安全)问题,提出一种基于多节点协作波束形成的中继与阻塞混合机制来提高物理层信息传输的安全性.其基本思想是:在协作传输阶段,系统中的一部分协作节点进行分布式波束形成来帮助发送方发送信息给合法用户,同时另一部分协作节点发送干扰信号阻塞窃听者的侦听,从而显著改善系统在协作广播阶段的安全性能.基于这一机制,针对窃听者的瞬时信道状态信息已知与否,本文提出两种不同的协作波束形成方法和优化方案,这两种方案在数学上均归结为解决一个或一系列的二阶凸锥规划问题,从而可以通过内点法有效地求解.仿真结果和对比实验验证了在中继节点数目较多时本文提出的混合安全机制和波束形成方法相对于单纯的协作中继机制或单纯的协作阻塞机制而言显著地提高了系统的物理层安全性能.     

一种新的基于Jackson排队模型多中继跨层协作通信策略

文中提出了一种新的多中继协作通信策略,该策略基于Jackson排队模型同时对物理层(physicallayer,PHY)与媒体接入控制层(MAC)的跨层设计进行了分析.在物理层,重点探讨多中继节点情形下信噪比(SNR)门限与中断概率之间的关系.在MAC层,系统采用Jackson排队网络进行建模,单协作节点数据包排队准则为GI/M/1模型,多节点之间进行相互机会协作,进而分析了所提策略的系统吞吐量与时延性能.跨层设计仿真结果表明,在不同中继策略下,协作节点数的增加将影响物理层高频谱有效性区域的系统中断性能.此外,相对于传统两协作节点模型,所提策略可以达到显著的MAC层数据包吞吐量与时延性能.     

基于多节点分组协作干扰的无线物理层安全传输

针对无线通信的安全传输问题,提出了一种新的多节点分组协作干扰以增强安全的策略.在源节点发送私密信息的同时,传统协作干扰策略中所有的协作节点发送公共的人工噪声干扰窃听用户,而分组协作干扰策略中协作节点分组发送不同的人工噪声.为了保证人工噪声不干扰目的节点,协作干扰策略的波束形成系数的设计基于迫零准则.在节点独立功率约束的条件下,传统干扰策略无法有效的利用所有协作节点的阻塞功率,而分组干扰策略将每两个信道增益接近的节点划分为一组,从而保证组内的协作节点能近乎完全利用可用的阻塞总功率.仿真结果验证了最小距离分组干扰策略利用的阻塞总功率最大,也对应最大的平均安全速率.为更易于实现,文中还提出了基于相对距离的固定分组策略.除此之外,文中还考虑了人工噪声泄露的情况,此时传统协作干扰策略完全失效,而分组协作干扰策略即便是只有一组有效,也可以保证平均安全速率依然随协作节点最大发射功率增大而增大.实验结果证实了分组协作干扰策略要优于传统协作干扰策略.     

非对称双向中继X网络中基于最大化和速率的干扰对齐与中继处理算法

双向中继X网络相对于传统无线通信网络可以实现更高的自由度.然而,基于迫零算法的中继处理算法仅考虑了消除干扰成分,忽略了对期望信号的影响,从而使得网络的和速率有待提高.特别地,当用户发送功率越低,其和速率劣势越明显.针对上述问题研究其干扰对齐方案,并给出了优化的联合考虑期望信号和干扰信号的中继处理算法.首先,通过利用用户矢量信号之间的空间关系,给出网络和速率的数学模型;其次,通过矩阵分析及数值分析理论将最大化网络和速率的中继预编码设计问题转化为线性搜索最优值问题,并用极限值方法近似网络目标函数;再次,进一步将双向网络的目标函数近似为单向网络用户参数的线性组合,大大降低算法复杂度;最后,基于优化的线性搜索最优值问题,得到最大化网络和速率的中继预编码矩阵.仿真结果表明:相较于现有的中继处理方案,本文方案明显改善了网络和速率,同时还简化了最大化网络和速率带来的算法复杂度.     

移动传感网中基于定向角度路由的数据收集

在Sink和节点不断移动的多跳无线传感器网络中,节点和Sink的位置不断变化.如果节点采用传统的广播方式发送数据,节点发送的数据在到达移动Sink之前,很有可能被大量的节点不断转发.这样不仅容易导致数据冗余过大,而且容易造成节点的能量消耗过快从而缩短网络生命周期.为了最大化网络生命周期,提出一种节能的算法ROAR来解决这个问题.首先,节点执行类似于选取簇头的收集器选择算法,能量高的节点以高概率决定是否成为收集器.然后,节点将数据发送给有效区域内的邻居节点.所谓的有效区域是指过节点作连接节点和Sink的直线的垂线,以垂线为边界,与移动Sink同侧的区域.最后,收集器采用折半角度传输的方式将数据发送给移动Sink.仿真实验结果表明,与目前已有的算法相比,算法ROAR能够有效地缩短收集一轮数据所需的时间、减少能量开销、延长网络生命周期.     

地月中继链路系统设计与验证

嫦娥四号任务由着陆器、巡视器和中继星组成,中继星先于着陆器与巡视器发射,着陆器与巡视器着陆于月球背面开展探测任务.中继链路系统负责搭建地面站与月面探测器之间的通信链路,是其工程实现的关键组成部分之一.本文针对嫦娥四号任务特点,开展中继链路系统任务需求分析,并提出中继链路系统方案.该方案在兼顾任务需求的同时,充分继承了嫦娥三号任务成果,并开展系统级优化设计,降低了嫦娥四号任务工程实现代价.该方案结合嫦娥四号任务实际过程,对动力下降、着陆器与巡视器分离、休眠唤醒等关键过程中的中继链路系统工作模式开展设计.最后,本文对系统验证情况进行了介绍.     

基于实用动态安全域的最优暂态稳定紧急控制

对计及紧急控制措施的实用动态安全域做了大量的仿真研究, 发现了一些重要的安全域临界面迁移规律, 据此提出了一种电力系统最优暂态稳定紧急控制的新方法. 该方法把实用动态安全域与紧急控制措施联系起来, 用紧急控制措施所引起的实用动态安全域临界面沿其外法线方向的迁移距离来表示紧急控制措施的有效性, 通过选择不同的措施控制安全域临界面的推移, 使扩展后的实用动态安全域能涵盖当前系统运行点, 保证系统不会发生暂态失稳现象. 在此基础上, 把控制措施量化为一成本指标, 建立了最优暂态稳定紧急控制的数学模型. 在10机39节点新英格兰系统上的测试结果表明了这种方法的有效性和实用性.     

Inherent properties and statistics with individual particles in quantum mechanics

This paper puts forward the hypothesis that the distinctive features of quantum statistics are exclusively determined by the nature of the properties it describes. In particular, all statistically relevant properties of identical quantum particles in many-particle systems are conjectured to be irreducible, ‘inherent’ properties only belonging to the whole system. This allows one to explain quantum statistics without endorsing the ‘Received View’ that particles are non-individuals, or postulating that quantum systems obey peculiar probability distributions, or assuming that there are primitive restrictions on the range of states accessible to such systems. With this, the need for an unambiguously metaphysical explanation of certain physical facts is acknowledged and satisfied.     

Spasmin-like proteins in various ciliates revealed by antibody to purified spasmins ofCarchesium polypinum

Summary It was found that some ciliates,Stentor, Spirostomum andBlepharisma, which can contract rapidly like the stalks of Vorticellidae, have Ca²⁺-binding proteins that are very similar to spasmins, in the immunological sense. The presence of spasmins in other Protozoa and in some Metazoa was also investigated.     

Partial sequence of the gene for a serine protease from a halophilic archaeumhaloferax mediterranei R4, and nucleotide sequences of 16S rRNA encoding genes from several halophilic archaea

A part of the gene coding for a halophilic serine protease from a halophilic archaeumHaloferax mediterranei R4 was amplified by PCR and its 672 nucleotide sequence was determined. Tentative translation to the amino acid sequence suggested that the enzyme was quite similar to halolysin produced by another halophilic archaeum strain 172P1. Nucleotide sequences of 16S rRNA encoding genes from 9 halophilic archaea were determined. Alignment of 19 sequences known so far showed that there are more than 20 positions carrying bases or deletions specific for each halobacterial genus:Halobacterium, Haloarcula, Haloferax, andHalococcus.     

Endorcine cells producing regulatory peptides

Summary Recent data on the immunologication of regulatory peptides and related propeptide sequences in endocrine cells and tumours of the gastrointestinal tract pancreas, lung, thyroid, pituitary (ACTH and opioids), adrenals and paraganglia have been revised and discussed. Gastrin, xenopsin, cholecystokinin (CCK), somatostatin, motilin, secretin, GIP (gastric inhibitory beenrevised and discussed. Gastrin, xenopsin, cholecystokinin (CCK), somatostatin, motilin, secretin, GIP (gastric inhibitory polypeptide), neurotensin, glicentin/glucagon-37 and PYY (peptide tyrosine tyrosine) are the main products of gastrointestinal endocrine cells; glucagon, CRF (corticotropin releasing factor), somatostatin, PP (pancreatic polypeptide) and GRF (growth hormone releasing factor), in addition to insulin, are produced in pancreatic islet cells; bombesin-related peptidesare the main markers of pulmonary endocrine cells; calcitonin and CGRP (calcitonin gene-related peptide) occur in thyroid and extrathyroid C cells; ACTH and endorphins in anterior and intermediate lobe pituitary cells, -MSH and CLIP (corticotropoin-like intermediate lobe peptide) in intermediate lobe cells; met- and leu-enkephalins and related peptides in adrenal medullary and paraganglionic cells as well as in some gut (enterochromaffin) cells; NPY (neuropeptide Y) in adrenalin-type adrenal medullary cells, etc.. Both tissue-appropriate and tissue-inappropriate regulatory peptides are produced by endocrine tumours, with inappropriate peptides mostly produced by malignant tumours.     

Cognition wars

In what kinds of physical systems can cognition be realized? There are currently competing answers among scientists and theorists of cognition. There are many plant scientists who maintain that cognition can be realized in plants. There are biological scientists who maintain that cognition is materially realized in bacteria. In this paper, I will present the basis for such claims and evaluate them and discuss the future for theories of the metaphysical basis of cognition in the cognitive sciences.     

Anthelmintic activity of a benzimidazoline compound in sheep by abomasal infusion

Summary In vitro and in vivo data on the benzimidazoline compound indicate anthelmintic potential when introduced directly into the abomasum.     

Evolutionary and ecological implications of cardenolide sequestration in the monarch butterfly

Summary Monarch butterflies sequester cardenolides from their larval host plants in the milkweed genusAsclepias for use in defense against predation. Of 108Asclepias species in North America, monarchs are known to feed as larvae on 27. Research on 11 of these has shown that monarchs sequester cardenolides most effectively, to an asymptote of approximately 350 g/0.1 g dry butterfly, from plants with intermediate cardenolide contents rather than from those with very high or very low cardenolide contents. SinceAsclepias host plant species are distributed widely in space and time across the continent, monarchs exploit them by migration between breeding and overwintering areas. After overwintering in central Mexico, spring migrants east of the Rocky Mountains exploit three predominantAsclepias species in the southern USA that have moderately high cardenolide contents. Monarchs sequester cardenolides very effectively from these species. First generation butterflies are thus well protected against predators and continue the migration north. Across the northern USA and southern Canada most summer breeding occurs on a fourthAsclepias species and in autumn most of these monarchs migrate back to Mexican overwintering sites. The ecological implications of this cycle of cardenolide sequestration for the evolution of monarch migration are discussed.     

Mating attempts between the Scarlet Tiger Moth,Callimorpha dominula L., and the Cinnabar Moth,Tyria jacobaeae L. (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae), involve a common sex pheromone composition

It has been suggested that a common sex pheromone composition may account for interspecific sexual interactions observed with certain moths in the Arctiidae. In this study, it is demonstrated that the sex pheromones released by females of the Scarlet Tiger Moth,Callimorpha dominula L., and the Cinnabar Moth,Tyria jacobaeae L., have similar activities and elute at the same retention time on analysis by coupled gas chromatography (GC)-electrophysiology with males from each species. Peak enhancement on GC, chiral GC and coupled GC-mass spectrometry using authentic compounds show that the sex pheromone for bothC. dominula andT. jacobaeae is (3Z,6Z,9S,10R)-9,10-epoxyheneicosa-3,6-diene.     

Bioaccumulation processes in ecosystems

The fate of environmental pollutants — the various isotopes of elements, and inorganic or organic compounds — is a fundamental aspect of ecology and ecotoxicology, and bioaccumulation is a phenomenon often discussed in this context. Human activities have drastically altered natural concentrations of many substances in the environment and added numerous new chemicals. An understanding of the processes of bioaccumulation is important for several reasons. 1) Bioaccumulation in organisms may enhance the persistence of industrial chemicals in the ecosystem as a whole, since they can be fixed in the tissues of organisms. 2) Stored chemicals are not exposed to direct physical, chemical, or biochemical degradation. 3) Stored chemicals can directly affect an individual's health. 4) Predators of those organisms that have bioaccumulated harmful substances may be endangered by food chain effects. While former theories on the processes of bioaccumulation focused on single aspects that affect the extent of accumulation (such as the trophic level within the food chain or the lipophilicity of the chemical), modern theories are based on compartmental kinetics and the integration of various environmental interactions. Concepts include results from quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSAR), pharmacokinetics, ecophysiology and general biology, molecular genetic aspects and selection, and finally the structure of communities and man-made alterations in them.     

Observation and prediction in ancient astrology

What is the relationship between observations, predictions, texts, and instruments in ancient astrology? By distinguishing between two distinct kinds of observation claim in astrological texts, I show on the one hand the rhetorical and theoretical importance of each kind of observation claim to ancient astrological traditions, and on the other hand how practices of ancient astrology break from observation once astronomical phenomena become reliably predictable. We thus see a shift in practice from observationally derived predictions to a reliance on textual and instrumental authority, even though the rhetoric of ancient astrology still tries to maintain an emphasis on observation.