创业投资辛迪加网络中控制权的演化博弈分析

创业投资的高风险性和信息不对称性使创业投资中控制权分配问题逐渐成为关系到风险投资项目成败的关键。本文运用演化博弈方法,分析控制权在辛迪加网络中两类创业投资家之间分配的博弈过程,得出在不同控制权分配比例下相应的演化稳定策略。在此结果上表明即期博弈中,创业投资家的私人收益和项目产出分配值的对比关系与控制权的分配密切相关。     

基于政府最低交通量担保的高速公路PPP项目价值研究

在对公私合营模式(PPP模式)的高速公路项目价值进行研究时,使用传统的评估方法(净现值)计算常常会忽略项目本身的管理柔性价值。本文在实物期权理论的基础上,对政府向私营机构做出的最低交通量担保价值进行估算,并采用讨价还价博弈理论,基于政府和私营机构的双方风险偏好,对政府最低交通量担保价值进行分配。最后基于政府最低交通量担保,将风险分担策略应用于某高速公路PPP项目的案例分析中,说明运用实物期权计算的项目价值与项目的实际价值更为接近,为政府和私营机构提供了定量分析的参考方法。     

基于深度强化学习的不完美信息群智夺旗博弈

复杂环境中群智博弈问题是近年来的研究热点之一.为解决不完美信息条件下多智能体夺旗博弈问题,本文提出了一种基于多智能体双重决斗深度Q网络(multi-agent dueling double deep Q-network, MAD3QN)以及图注意力网络(graph attention network, GAT)的多智能体夺旗博弈深度强化学习算法(G-MAD3QN).该算法在实现多智能体在迷宫地图中路径规划的同时,建模不完美信息条件下多智能体合作与竞争关系,从而确定夺旗博弈策略.在实验中,本文基于二维迷宫环境,考虑智能体观测信息不完美条件,将G-MAD3QN算法与多智能体深度Q网络(multi-agent deep Q-network, MADQN)、MAD3QN等多智能体深度强化学习的基线算法进行对比,从而验证了在二对二夺旗博弈中本文G-MAD3QN算法的有效性.     

平台领导与补足品供应商协作冲突关系演化博弈分析

基于平台创新价值链企业之间协作与冲突两种关系,建立了协作与冲突Kiewitt型索穹顶张力结构模型,在此基础上,建立了内环与内外环演化博弈模型,分析了平台经济下平台领导各部门间及与补足品供应商之间二次演化博弈的过程与影响因素。研究结果表明:平台经济下平台领导与补足品供应商协作与冲突演化博弈的结果主要取决于双方初始状态、协作收益、违约补偿以及平台网络收益等因素。     

一种基于重复博弈的频谱分配策略

针对动态频谱接入,提出了一种基于重复博弈的频谱共享分配策略。通过基于惩罚的防欺骗策略,参与用户将约束自己的行为以合作方式共享频谱、实现频谱分配,保证合作竞争的诚实性。仿真结果显示,该合作规则方法能够很好地降低用户间的干扰,防欺骗方式也能很好地约束参与人保持合作。     

应用 ANP的 Shapely值法服务供应链系统利益分配研究

基于 Shapley值的利益分配是研究服务供应链系统利益分配的有效方法之一,但其没有考虑系统成员在投入、努力、风险和客户等因素的差异性.因此在服务供应链系统利益分配过程中,应用网络分析法(ANP)确定影响系统利益分配的投入因素、努力因素、风险因素和客户因素的权重,对 Shapley值法利益分配进行修正,建立服务供应链系统的利益分配模型.案例分析表明,这种利益分配的结果更加科学合理     

再分配伪逆算法分配效率研究

多操纵面先进战斗机在进行舵面分配设计时,分配效率是衡量分配算法优劣的一个重要指标.再分配伪逆算法(RPI)的分配效率取决于伪逆阵的选择,其可达转矩集是一个复杂的非凸多面体.本文利用"微元"的求解思路,对二维及三维RPI算法的分配效率进行了研究,给出一种近似求解RPI可达转矩集的方法.将RPI分配效率作为适应度函数,通过遗传算法来选择具有最优分配效率的广义逆阵,从而提高RPI算法的分配效率.以某飞机的数据进行基于RPI的分配器设计,结果显示此方法显著提高了算法的分配效率.     

跨国企业间的多维博弈分析

研究了两个跨国企业同时生产具有相互替代性的两种产品时的策略选择问题。建立了两个跨国企业关于两种产品的多维博弈模型,得到了其Nash均衡解。运用多维博弈的方法分析得知,单独博弈仅是多维博弈的一种特殊情况,且企业进行单独博弈的策略劣于其进行多维博弈的策略。当两个跨国企业对两种具有相互替代性的产品同时进行多维博弈时,要充分考虑它们之间的影响关系,这样选择的策略才是最优策略。     

NASA技术转移中的知识产权管理及对公共研究机构的启示

聚焦公共研究机构的知识产权管理问题,以美国国家航空航天局（NASA）为研究对象,对其成熟的技术转移体系背后的国家法律支持以及知识产权管理政策和规范进行分析,重点关注其机构知识产权所有权归属、技术转移机制/流程和内部技术转移机构设置、角色和职责设计、技术许可商业化流程及技术转移的收益分配和奖励。公共研究机构可以从NASA成功的经验中获得如下启示：在遵循国家法律政策的基础上,完善知识产权所有权归属和使用权的相关规定,探索新的举措;建立更规范且操作性强的技术转移业务流程,针对技术批露、知识产权申请预评估与申请决策、技术商业化决策等管理关键环节构建有效管理机制;从业务流程出发建立更清晰的部门和岗位职责设置,重视专业人才队伍培养和引进;从建立知识产权管理平台、完善利益分配和奖励制度等角度构建科学的知识产权管理政策体系,以促进技术转移活动的开展。     

非合作Internet用户行为特征和约束机制的研究

基于一次博弈模型的流速与拥塞控制方法虽然能解释用户的非合作行为,但是由于最终的均衡解的效率不高,影响了其应用价值.文中在讨论了一次博弈模型和流速均衡的解析解的基础上,对基于无限重复博弈模型的流速与拥塞控制行为进行了深入研究.提出了重复和无限重复流速与拥塞控制博弈模型,论证了重复博弈NEP的存在性和最优性,并讨论了重复博弈中贴现因子的意义.接着研究了N个用户的无限重复流速控制博弈中用户不合理行为的惩罚威胁策略,设计了无限和有限博弈中用户行为的惩罚约束方法.最后利用重复博弈模型中的结论,提出了一种基于重复博弈模型的流速率控制算法FCAR.仿真实验表明,FCAR算法能够较为有效地规范和约束用户不合理行为,促使理性的非合作用户达成合作,以实现整个流速与拥塞控制系统效用的最优.     

Inherent properties and statistics with individual particles in quantum mechanics

This paper puts forward the hypothesis that the distinctive features of quantum statistics are exclusively determined by the nature of the properties it describes. In particular, all statistically relevant properties of identical quantum particles in many-particle systems are conjectured to be irreducible, ‘inherent’ properties only belonging to the whole system. This allows one to explain quantum statistics without endorsing the ‘Received View’ that particles are non-individuals, or postulating that quantum systems obey peculiar probability distributions, or assuming that there are primitive restrictions on the range of states accessible to such systems. With this, the need for an unambiguously metaphysical explanation of certain physical facts is acknowledged and satisfied.     

Spasmin-like proteins in various ciliates revealed by antibody to purified spasmins ofCarchesium polypinum

Summary It was found that some ciliates,Stentor, Spirostomum andBlepharisma, which can contract rapidly like the stalks of Vorticellidae, have Ca²⁺-binding proteins that are very similar to spasmins, in the immunological sense. The presence of spasmins in other Protozoa and in some Metazoa was also investigated.     

Partial sequence of the gene for a serine protease from a halophilic archaeumhaloferax mediterranei R4, and nucleotide sequences of 16S rRNA encoding genes from several halophilic archaea

A part of the gene coding for a halophilic serine protease from a halophilic archaeumHaloferax mediterranei R4 was amplified by PCR and its 672 nucleotide sequence was determined. Tentative translation to the amino acid sequence suggested that the enzyme was quite similar to halolysin produced by another halophilic archaeum strain 172P1. Nucleotide sequences of 16S rRNA encoding genes from 9 halophilic archaea were determined. Alignment of 19 sequences known so far showed that there are more than 20 positions carrying bases or deletions specific for each halobacterial genus:Halobacterium, Haloarcula, Haloferax, andHalococcus.     

Endorcine cells producing regulatory peptides

Summary Recent data on the immunologication of regulatory peptides and related propeptide sequences in endocrine cells and tumours of the gastrointestinal tract pancreas, lung, thyroid, pituitary (ACTH and opioids), adrenals and paraganglia have been revised and discussed. Gastrin, xenopsin, cholecystokinin (CCK), somatostatin, motilin, secretin, GIP (gastric inhibitory beenrevised and discussed. Gastrin, xenopsin, cholecystokinin (CCK), somatostatin, motilin, secretin, GIP (gastric inhibitory polypeptide), neurotensin, glicentin/glucagon-37 and PYY (peptide tyrosine tyrosine) are the main products of gastrointestinal endocrine cells; glucagon, CRF (corticotropin releasing factor), somatostatin, PP (pancreatic polypeptide) and GRF (growth hormone releasing factor), in addition to insulin, are produced in pancreatic islet cells; bombesin-related peptidesare the main markers of pulmonary endocrine cells; calcitonin and CGRP (calcitonin gene-related peptide) occur in thyroid and extrathyroid C cells; ACTH and endorphins in anterior and intermediate lobe pituitary cells, -MSH and CLIP (corticotropoin-like intermediate lobe peptide) in intermediate lobe cells; met- and leu-enkephalins and related peptides in adrenal medullary and paraganglionic cells as well as in some gut (enterochromaffin) cells; NPY (neuropeptide Y) in adrenalin-type adrenal medullary cells, etc.. Both tissue-appropriate and tissue-inappropriate regulatory peptides are produced by endocrine tumours, with inappropriate peptides mostly produced by malignant tumours.     

Cognition wars

In what kinds of physical systems can cognition be realized? There are currently competing answers among scientists and theorists of cognition. There are many plant scientists who maintain that cognition can be realized in plants. There are biological scientists who maintain that cognition is materially realized in bacteria. In this paper, I will present the basis for such claims and evaluate them and discuss the future for theories of the metaphysical basis of cognition in the cognitive sciences.     

Anthelmintic activity of a benzimidazoline compound in sheep by abomasal infusion

Summary In vitro and in vivo data on the benzimidazoline compound indicate anthelmintic potential when introduced directly into the abomasum.     

Evolutionary and ecological implications of cardenolide sequestration in the monarch butterfly

Summary Monarch butterflies sequester cardenolides from their larval host plants in the milkweed genusAsclepias for use in defense against predation. Of 108Asclepias species in North America, monarchs are known to feed as larvae on 27. Research on 11 of these has shown that monarchs sequester cardenolides most effectively, to an asymptote of approximately 350 g/0.1 g dry butterfly, from plants with intermediate cardenolide contents rather than from those with very high or very low cardenolide contents. SinceAsclepias host plant species are distributed widely in space and time across the continent, monarchs exploit them by migration between breeding and overwintering areas. After overwintering in central Mexico, spring migrants east of the Rocky Mountains exploit three predominantAsclepias species in the southern USA that have moderately high cardenolide contents. Monarchs sequester cardenolides very effectively from these species. First generation butterflies are thus well protected against predators and continue the migration north. Across the northern USA and southern Canada most summer breeding occurs on a fourthAsclepias species and in autumn most of these monarchs migrate back to Mexican overwintering sites. The ecological implications of this cycle of cardenolide sequestration for the evolution of monarch migration are discussed.     

Bioaccumulation processes in ecosystems

The fate of environmental pollutants — the various isotopes of elements, and inorganic or organic compounds — is a fundamental aspect of ecology and ecotoxicology, and bioaccumulation is a phenomenon often discussed in this context. Human activities have drastically altered natural concentrations of many substances in the environment and added numerous new chemicals. An understanding of the processes of bioaccumulation is important for several reasons. 1) Bioaccumulation in organisms may enhance the persistence of industrial chemicals in the ecosystem as a whole, since they can be fixed in the tissues of organisms. 2) Stored chemicals are not exposed to direct physical, chemical, or biochemical degradation. 3) Stored chemicals can directly affect an individual's health. 4) Predators of those organisms that have bioaccumulated harmful substances may be endangered by food chain effects. While former theories on the processes of bioaccumulation focused on single aspects that affect the extent of accumulation (such as the trophic level within the food chain or the lipophilicity of the chemical), modern theories are based on compartmental kinetics and the integration of various environmental interactions. Concepts include results from quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSAR), pharmacokinetics, ecophysiology and general biology, molecular genetic aspects and selection, and finally the structure of communities and man-made alterations in them.     

Mating attempts between the Scarlet Tiger Moth,Callimorpha dominula L., and the Cinnabar Moth,Tyria jacobaeae L. (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae), involve a common sex pheromone composition

It has been suggested that a common sex pheromone composition may account for interspecific sexual interactions observed with certain moths in the Arctiidae. In this study, it is demonstrated that the sex pheromones released by females of the Scarlet Tiger Moth,Callimorpha dominula L., and the Cinnabar Moth,Tyria jacobaeae L., have similar activities and elute at the same retention time on analysis by coupled gas chromatography (GC)-electrophysiology with males from each species. Peak enhancement on GC, chiral GC and coupled GC-mass spectrometry using authentic compounds show that the sex pheromone for bothC. dominula andT. jacobaeae is (3Z,6Z,9S,10R)-9,10-epoxyheneicosa-3,6-diene.     

Phenology of fruit and leaf production by ‘strangler’ figs on Barro Colorado Island,Panamá

Summary Fruit and leaf initiation by 26 trees representing five stranglerFicus species in the subgenusUrostigma were monitored for 5–8 years in a seasonal lowland forest of central Panamá. Individual trees of each species initiated fruit in synchronized crops. High variation in the number of crops, intervals between crops and dates of crop initiation indicate that these species, like species in the subgenusPharmacosycea, initiate fruit crops the year around. Nevertheless, mean crop initiation dates for four of five species fell within the four-month dry season. Similarly, all species produced new leaf flushes throughout the year, however, mean leaf flush dates of all species fell within the first three months of the dry season.