陡帮缩界开采在露天矿中的应用研究

以最终帮坡角作为圈定开采境界的依据,介绍了一种基于矿床三维地质实体模型的储量计算方法.并通过境界圈定储量计算对这连河露天矿两种不同最终帮坡角的境界方案进行比较.     

依兰露天矿横采内排方案研究

以依兰露天矿地质模型软件系统做为依托,在三维地质模型的基础上,利用系统的储量计算以及模拟开采技术,对依兰露天矿技术改造做了深入研究,提出横采内排的开采方案。根据露天矿煤层赋存条件、开采境界、开采现状,并充分考虑实现横采内排的便利性,提出两套开采方案。运用计算机模拟技术,得出详细的工程煤岩量,自动生成V=f（P）曲线,对两种过度方案进行比较,确定东部作为首采区为最佳合理方案,并且制定出过度方式与接续程序,解决了生产技术问题,取得了较好的经济效益。     

基于三维地质模型的露天矿模拟开采系统应用研究

为了实现露天矿三维可视化模拟开采,提出了一种快速构建露天矿三维地质模型的方法——包络面构模法。在建立露天矿数字化三维地形／地质模型的基础上,根据露天矿的实际情况建立三维开采模板,自动生成推进模板,从而实现露天矿的模拟开采,使得多方案设计从中选优成为可能,进而提高了采矿设计的速度和质量。     

侧钻水平井提高石油采收率的油藏物理模拟

研究了水平井开采物理模拟的相似准则, 设计了油藏相似比例模型, 建立了水平井开采油藏物理模拟系统. 在该系统上进行了侧钻水平井开采的实验研究, 分析了侧钻水平井开采曲线变化规律, 比较了侧钻水平井与直井的开采效果, 研究了侧钻水平井的侧钻时机、开采速度、水平段长度等对开采效果的影响. 由于侧钻水平井开采时改变了油藏内渗流压力场和流体流动方向, 能够开采死油区内的剩余油, 提高了最终采收率.     

露天矿经济合理剥采比确定方法的改进

目前露天矿经济合理剥采比是与并工开采成本对比计算得到的,计算时没有考虑井工开采的安全事故、地表沉陷等所造成的巨大经济损失,同时也没考虑露天开采对生态环境破坏和环境治理成本.本文综合考虑上述诸因素,并对露天开采和地下开采所引起的安全事故损失等进行了量化处理,利用概率统计法建立了由上述各因素所构成的成本计算模型,提出了:①浅部露天开采和深部井工开采的资源回收率差异较大；②露天与并工开采资源回收率相同；③浅部露天开采、深部暂不开采的矿床,三种条件下新的经济合理剥采比确定方法.以哈尔乌素露天煤矿为例进行了应用研究,确定其经济合理剥采比为10.06 m3/t,比传统方法所确定的剥采比增大0.06 m3/t,实践证明新结果更加合理.     

抚顺东露天矿排土工艺优化研究

提出了抚顺东露天矿向西露天矿矿坑排土的多种排土工艺方案。通过对西露天矿的地质条件的分析以及对几种方案进行对比分析,提出了抚顺东露天矿的最佳排土方案,即“铁道-电铲”＋“铁道-溜槽-汽车-推土机”联合排土工艺方案。对该方案进行了系统的设计和优化,解决了东露天矿排土困难的重要问题。     

不同下垫面的热带气旋强风阵风系数研究

利用设置在近海海上和海岸上的3个观测塔共同获取的一个强台风过程数据以及3个观测塔1个年度的梯度风实测资料,对观测塔不同方位的下垫面进行分类并定量计算出塔周边不同下垫面的粗糙长度参数,在对强台风＂黑格比＂的强风数据代表性判别和样本筛选的基础上,分析了不同下垫面的热带气旋强风阵风系数变化特征,发现以下观测事实和变化规律：1）依据实测风资料,采用对数风廓线法给出的中性大气层结条件下的粗糙长度参数,能够客观刻画出下垫面的细微变化;2）台风强风阵风系数不随风速大小产生趋势变化,但在粗糙下垫面上会产生很大的变幅,这对工程结构的设计取值将产生重要影响;3）阵风系数的高度变化呈幂指数或对数律分布,幂指数法可更好地拟合较光滑下垫面的近地层阵风系数廓线,对粗糙下垫面对数律拟合效果略好;4）对实测数据的分析还发现,阵风系数与其下垫面粗糙长度之间可用幂指数或线性方程来描述;5）本观测个例的阵风系数与WMO的推荐值存在差异——粗糙下垫面的离岸风阵风系数比WMO推荐值大,而来自光滑下垫面的离海风阵风系数则小于WMO的推荐值.     

角修正型双圆环面二次包络环面蜗杆传动的啮合原理

导出了一般化的角修形条件,解释了角修形的物理意义;提出啮合分析的法截面法,该方法可以用来计算奇异啮合点附近共轭齿面偶的法向距离;运用该方法,通过分析法截线,指明角修形传动蜗杆螺旋面、蜗轮齿面名义原接触区、新接触区三者沿传动副瞬时接触线奇点轨迹相互交叉,说明三者虽然相互密切,但程度不同;阐明角修形切去蜗轮齿面二次接触区,并且使得蜗杆工作长度变短的机理.在角修正型二包传动啮合理论的指导下,对角修形双圆环面二包传动的啮合特性进行了深入系统的研究,发现这是一种性能优良的新型环面蜗杆传动装置.     

基于均匀试验设计的隔离墙防治采空区自燃技术研究

为了明确隔离墙防治采空区自燃的效果及影响因素,优化其现场应用的工艺参数,并提高隔离墙防治采空区自燃的效率。基于均匀设计原理,利用COMSOL Multiphysics软件进行数值模拟,得到隔离墙的间距、长度、道数不同时所对应的采空区氧化带的具体位置;使用SPSS软件进行逐步回归,分析了氧化带宽度、氧化带始、终位置与隔离墙的间距、长度和道数三个参数之间的关系。结果表明,隔离墙的三个参数对采空区氧化带范围有显著影响,并建立了氧化带宽度、始、终位置与隔离墙三个参数之间的非线性综合方程,能有效指导采空区自燃防治工作。     

基于FLAC3D的露井联采下采空区顶板安全厚度研究

在露天煤矿露井联采安全开采的过程中,确立采空区顶板安全厚度和跨度之间的关系已成为一项关键技术。通过对比多种理论方法后,提出了采用普氏拱理论法与长宽比梁法相结合的研究方法,明确了采空区临界高度的概念及计算公式,并应用于某露天矿的实际生产中。在此基础上,运用FLAC3D数值模拟监测采空区上覆岩层中关键点的位移变化量,完成对采空区上覆岩层突变分析的研究。结合数值模拟、理论算法与实际情况,给出了采空区顶板安全厚度在不同跨度下的取值,对露天开采具有一定的参考价值。     

Implications of toxins in the ecology and evolution of plant pathogenic microorganisms: Bacteria

This review attempts to rationalise what is known about bacterial phytotoxins and associate it with the ecology and possible evolution of the producing organisms. Study of non-toxin producing variants gives insight into the ecological role of the toxin. Elucidation of chemical structures of phytotoxins has shown that many exist as families of analogous compounds. Studies on the variation of chemical structures and how they are distributed across species and genera can lead to development of hypotheses on evolutionary relationships. Knowledge on biosynthetic pathways to tosins allows recognition of specific enzymatic steps involved in developing the characteristic features of the structures. Phytotoxins often have a potent biochemical activity, and in some cases the producing organism has associated mechanisms to prevent action of the toxin upon itself; in such cases toxigenesis is clearly not a chance event. The various aspects of bacterial toxigenesis indicate that bacterial phytotoxins are special secondary metabolic products that play beneficial roles to the producing organisms in their various ecological niches.     

Inherent properties and statistics with individual particles in quantum mechanics

This paper puts forward the hypothesis that the distinctive features of quantum statistics are exclusively determined by the nature of the properties it describes. In particular, all statistically relevant properties of identical quantum particles in many-particle systems are conjectured to be irreducible, ‘inherent’ properties only belonging to the whole system. This allows one to explain quantum statistics without endorsing the ‘Received View’ that particles are non-individuals, or postulating that quantum systems obey peculiar probability distributions, or assuming that there are primitive restrictions on the range of states accessible to such systems. With this, the need for an unambiguously metaphysical explanation of certain physical facts is acknowledged and satisfied.     

Instar-specific defensive secretions of stink bugs (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae)

Defensive secretions (allomones) from first-instar nymphs of stink bugs in the subfamily Pentatominae contain (E)-4-oxo-2-decenal as a major constituent, whereas this compound is absent from later instars. In contrast, first instars ofEdessa meditabunda (Edessinae) produce allomones like those of later instars. The C₆ and C₈ (E)-4-oxo-2-alkenals are common, characteristic exocrine compounds of nymphal and adult Heteroptera, but (E)-4-oxo-2-decenal is previously unknown as a major natural product for which a biological role has yet to be established.     

Spasmin-like proteins in various ciliates revealed by antibody to purified spasmins ofCarchesium polypinum

Summary It was found that some ciliates,Stentor, Spirostomum andBlepharisma, which can contract rapidly like the stalks of Vorticellidae, have Ca²⁺-binding proteins that are very similar to spasmins, in the immunological sense. The presence of spasmins in other Protozoa and in some Metazoa was also investigated.     

Partial sequence of the gene for a serine protease from a halophilic archaeumhaloferax mediterranei R4, and nucleotide sequences of 16S rRNA encoding genes from several halophilic archaea

A part of the gene coding for a halophilic serine protease from a halophilic archaeumHaloferax mediterranei R4 was amplified by PCR and its 672 nucleotide sequence was determined. Tentative translation to the amino acid sequence suggested that the enzyme was quite similar to halolysin produced by another halophilic archaeum strain 172P1. Nucleotide sequences of 16S rRNA encoding genes from 9 halophilic archaea were determined. Alignment of 19 sequences known so far showed that there are more than 20 positions carrying bases or deletions specific for each halobacterial genus:Halobacterium, Haloarcula, Haloferax, andHalococcus.     

Endorcine cells producing regulatory peptides

Summary Recent data on the immunologication of regulatory peptides and related propeptide sequences in endocrine cells and tumours of the gastrointestinal tract pancreas, lung, thyroid, pituitary (ACTH and opioids), adrenals and paraganglia have been revised and discussed. Gastrin, xenopsin, cholecystokinin (CCK), somatostatin, motilin, secretin, GIP (gastric inhibitory beenrevised and discussed. Gastrin, xenopsin, cholecystokinin (CCK), somatostatin, motilin, secretin, GIP (gastric inhibitory polypeptide), neurotensin, glicentin/glucagon-37 and PYY (peptide tyrosine tyrosine) are the main products of gastrointestinal endocrine cells; glucagon, CRF (corticotropin releasing factor), somatostatin, PP (pancreatic polypeptide) and GRF (growth hormone releasing factor), in addition to insulin, are produced in pancreatic islet cells; bombesin-related peptidesare the main markers of pulmonary endocrine cells; calcitonin and CGRP (calcitonin gene-related peptide) occur in thyroid and extrathyroid C cells; ACTH and endorphins in anterior and intermediate lobe pituitary cells, -MSH and CLIP (corticotropoin-like intermediate lobe peptide) in intermediate lobe cells; met- and leu-enkephalins and related peptides in adrenal medullary and paraganglionic cells as well as in some gut (enterochromaffin) cells; NPY (neuropeptide Y) in adrenalin-type adrenal medullary cells, etc.. Both tissue-appropriate and tissue-inappropriate regulatory peptides are produced by endocrine tumours, with inappropriate peptides mostly produced by malignant tumours.     

Evolutionary and ecological implications of cardenolide sequestration in the monarch butterfly

Summary Monarch butterflies sequester cardenolides from their larval host plants in the milkweed genusAsclepias for use in defense against predation. Of 108Asclepias species in North America, monarchs are known to feed as larvae on 27. Research on 11 of these has shown that monarchs sequester cardenolides most effectively, to an asymptote of approximately 350 g/0.1 g dry butterfly, from plants with intermediate cardenolide contents rather than from those with very high or very low cardenolide contents. SinceAsclepias host plant species are distributed widely in space and time across the continent, monarchs exploit them by migration between breeding and overwintering areas. After overwintering in central Mexico, spring migrants east of the Rocky Mountains exploit three predominantAsclepias species in the southern USA that have moderately high cardenolide contents. Monarchs sequester cardenolides very effectively from these species. First generation butterflies are thus well protected against predators and continue the migration north. Across the northern USA and southern Canada most summer breeding occurs on a fourthAsclepias species and in autumn most of these monarchs migrate back to Mexican overwintering sites. The ecological implications of this cycle of cardenolide sequestration for the evolution of monarch migration are discussed.     

Bioaccumulation processes in ecosystems

The fate of environmental pollutants — the various isotopes of elements, and inorganic or organic compounds — is a fundamental aspect of ecology and ecotoxicology, and bioaccumulation is a phenomenon often discussed in this context. Human activities have drastically altered natural concentrations of many substances in the environment and added numerous new chemicals. An understanding of the processes of bioaccumulation is important for several reasons. 1) Bioaccumulation in organisms may enhance the persistence of industrial chemicals in the ecosystem as a whole, since they can be fixed in the tissues of organisms. 2) Stored chemicals are not exposed to direct physical, chemical, or biochemical degradation. 3) Stored chemicals can directly affect an individual's health. 4) Predators of those organisms that have bioaccumulated harmful substances may be endangered by food chain effects. While former theories on the processes of bioaccumulation focused on single aspects that affect the extent of accumulation (such as the trophic level within the food chain or the lipophilicity of the chemical), modern theories are based on compartmental kinetics and the integration of various environmental interactions. Concepts include results from quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSAR), pharmacokinetics, ecophysiology and general biology, molecular genetic aspects and selection, and finally the structure of communities and man-made alterations in them.     

Anthelmintic activity of a benzimidazoline compound in sheep by abomasal infusion

Summary In vitro and in vivo data on the benzimidazoline compound indicate anthelmintic potential when introduced directly into the abomasum.     

Cognition wars

In what kinds of physical systems can cognition be realized? There are currently competing answers among scientists and theorists of cognition. There are many plant scientists who maintain that cognition can be realized in plants. There are biological scientists who maintain that cognition is materially realized in bacteria. In this paper, I will present the basis for such claims and evaluate them and discuss the future for theories of the metaphysical basis of cognition in the cognitive sciences.