陇东地区X233区长7致密岩心覆压孔渗变化规律

为了明确致密岩心在地层条件下孔隙度和渗透率与上覆压力的关系,利用CMS-300覆压测试系统、铸体薄片、扫描电镜等手段,分析了X233区致密油储层与A区超低渗储层岩心覆压孔渗特征。结果表明:(1)随着上覆压力增大,致密油储层岩心孔隙度呈减小趋势,减小的幅度较小,反映出加压作用造成的孔隙度损失率较小(R_Φ=0.9);经过加压变化过程,岩心样品发生了线弹性变化;(2)随着上覆压力增大,致密油储层岩心渗透率呈减小趋势,减小的幅度较大,反映渗透率对压力有敏感性及压实作用造成的渗透率损失率较大(R_K=0.19);(3)随着上覆压力增加,致密油储层覆压孔隙度和覆压渗透率与上覆压力均呈指函数递减关系;(4)经过加压变化,致密油储层渗透率与超低渗储层渗透率都与上覆压力呈指数关系;与超低渗储层相比,致密油储层经过长期的压实、胶结与溶蚀等作用,且软塑性变形物质含量相对较少,因此,压实作用对致密油储层造成的孔隙度损失率小、渗透率损失率大。该研究成果对于分析陇东地区致密油储量和油气田开发提供了一定基础数据。     

华庆地区长6致密油储层微观孔喉结构特征

针对鄂尔多斯盆地华庆地区三叠系延长组长6段致密油储层,应用恒速压汞和微、纳米CT扫描分析等技术手段和方法,开展了微观孔喉结构特征研究。研究结果表明,长6致密油储层孔隙以微米级孔隙为主,纳米级孔隙分布频率较低,主流喉道半径为1.07 μm,平均喉道半径为0.84 μm;平均孔隙半径为140.12 μm,平均孔喉比为281.03,微纳米孔喉特征明显。喉道半径、孔喉比与孔渗关系表明,孔喉特征是影响和制约储层物性的关键因素,孔喉特征参数对渗透率的影响和制约要明显高于其对孔隙度的影响。致密油储层微纳米CT实验表明,致密油储层发育孔喉网络复杂的纳米微米级孔喉系统,且具连通性;微纳米孔隙结构三维重构显示,纳米孔隙一般呈椭圆形、长条形和不规则形,微米级孔隙呈现圆形、椭圆形、三角形和不规则形,石油赋存在较大孔隙的团块状、球形斑点状孔隙结构和微裂缝中。     

裂缝性致密油藏水驱动态渗吸特征实验研究——以鄂尔多斯盆地富县地区长8储层为例

以鄂尔多斯盆地富县地区长8致密砂岩样品为研究对象,在岩心润湿性与孔隙微观结构剖析的基础上,研究了渗透率与水驱速度对裂缝性致密岩心样品动态渗吸采出程度的影响规律。实验结果表明:长8岩心属弱亲水砂岩,不同渗透率样品的孔隙尺寸分布范围(亚微米-微米级)属同一量级,峰值尺寸差异不大,但岩心渗透率越高,三维孔喉连通性越强;水驱速度相同时,受岩石孔隙连通性的影响,裂缝性岩心动态渗吸采出程度与基质渗透率正相关;水驱速度不同时,基质渗透率越高,裂缝系统内黏滞阻力越高,对应的最优水驱速度越高;对于裂缝性致密砂岩油藏而言,应选择合理的水驱速度,裂缝系统内水驱速度过快时,将抑制基质系统的逆向渗吸作用,从而大大降低动态渗吸采出程度,使得注入水无效、低效循环。     

孔隙度、渗透率与净覆压的规律研究和应用

研究油层条件下孔隙度、渗透率与其净覆盖压力之间的变化规律,更好地指导油田的开发与调整。利用新引进的80年代末期发展的研究高压孔、渗的新仪器CMS-300岩心自动分析仪,对中原油田的天然岩心测试资料进行统计分析与研究。结果表明:油层孔隙度、渗透率与净覆压的关系以一元二次方程最为密切;孔隙度与净覆压间按指数规律拟合时,代表的物理意义更为明确,既能满足精度的要求,又能自动得出岩石的压缩系数。并提出了岩石的压缩系数与岩石的平均水力半径间呈幂律关系;净覆压下油层的渗透率与地面渗透率之比,仅与净覆压的大小有关,与地面渗透率的大小无关等新观点。     

低渗致密砂岩储层孔隙结构特征及自发渗吸实验

为深入研究低渗致密砂岩储层渗吸驱油机理以及渗吸过程的影响因素,以鄂尔多斯盆地H区块长8储层段致密砂岩储层为研究对象,采用铸体薄片、扫描电镜以及恒速压汞等试验手段对孔隙类型、孔隙半径、喉道半径以及孔喉比等孔隙结构特征参数进行了分析,并利用渗吸实验和核磁共振实验对自发渗吸驱油特征及影响因素进行了研究。结果表明：研究区块致密砂岩储层孔隙类型以粒间孔、粒内溶孔和晶间孔等为主,主要分为中大孔型和微小孔型孔隙,这两类孔隙的孔隙半径相差不大,但孔隙数量、喉道半径以及孔喉比的差异较大。致密砂岩岩心自发渗吸初始阶段渗吸速度较快,后期逐渐下降,中大孔型的岩心自发渗吸驱油效果好于微小孔型岩心;随着致密砂岩岩心表面水润湿程度的增强,自发渗吸采收率逐渐增大;而随着渗吸液界面张力的降低,自发渗吸采收率呈现出先上升后下降的趋势,因此,在实际应用中,应使渗吸液具有合适的界面张力,从而使自发渗吸采收率达到最大。     

莺琼盆地高温高压砂岩气藏储层应力敏感性实验

高温高压气藏储层应力敏感性评价对储层在地层温压条件下的真实物性变化特征的正确认识及开发方案的合理设计都至关重要。本文选取莺琼盆地某气田物性不同的3块岩样,在温度140℃、压力2~70 MPa下进行覆压实验,结合压汞和X射线衍射实验,研究孔隙度、渗透率与净上覆压力之间的变化关系。结果表明,孔隙度、渗透率与净上覆压力之间的关系可通过幂函数形式进行良好的表征,且可分为三个阶段,其对应的孔渗参数变化幅度占比约为36:13:1;岩样的应力敏感程度与其基础孔渗无关,与矿物成分及微观结构相关;硬质组分含量越少,孔隙度应力敏感性越强,硬质组分含量越少、喉道半径越小,对应的渗透率应力敏感性越强;在同等条件下,渗透率应力敏感性明显高于孔隙度应力敏感性,二者相差约4~10倍;与常规评价方法相比,以气藏温压条件下的孔渗参数作为起始点而得到的孔隙度和渗透率应力应敏感性将分别降低65%和38%左右。该文为该地区高温高压砂岩储层应力敏感性研究提供了实验支撑。     

砂岩孔隙成因对孔隙度/渗透率关系的控制作用--以鄂尔多斯盆地陇东地区三叠系延长组为例

鄂尔多斯盆地陇东地区三叠系延长组砂岩储层分布于印支期不整合面之下,砂岩次生孔隙的成因与印支期暴露时间间隔中大气淡水的溶解作用有关,因而越靠近不整合面的上部油层组,砂岩物性越好,同时储集空间中次生孔隙的比例也越大.孔隙的这种成因模式和构成方式直接影响了砂岩的孔隙度/渗透率关系,越靠近不整合面的上部油层组,要获得相同的渗透率所需要的孔隙度越大,砂岩的孔隙度/渗透率关系越差.基于这种原理,在考虑陇东地区三叠系储层砂岩的孔隙度下限时(如在定义渗砂岩时或在进行与孔隙度下限有关的储量计算时),不同油层组应有不同的标准,假定以0.1×10-3 μm2 的渗透率作为标准,对陇东地区而言,长1-长2油层组的孔隙度下限可能应在11%左右,而长8油层组可能只要8%左右就足够了.     

黄陵探区长6微观孔喉特征及影响因素

黄陵探区隶属鄂尔多斯盆地南部,长6是本区主要目的层位,为研究低渗储层微观孔隙结构与物性差异的关系,从微观角度认识孔喉特征,并分析储层物性原因。本文通过电镜扫描、物性分析、恒速压汞等方法对该区域长6油层岩石样品测试,研究其微观特征,定量表征孔喉参数。结果表明:长6油层储集空间主要为岩屑溶孔和粒间孔,溶孔主要为长石颗粒溶孔;恒速压汞分析,样品平均孔隙较低,说明储层比较致密,物性差,孔隙平均值为0.5%,喉道半径平均为0.4μm;孔隙特征与物性变化有明显关系,孔隙度、渗透率越大,物性较好。综合表明,储层物性、孔喉组成,岩石学特征是影响微观特征主要因素。     

鄂尔多斯东南部延长组致密油储层微观特征及主控因素

通过岩心观察、薄片鉴定、测井、扫描电镜和恒速压汞实验等资料分析,利用储层地质学等理论技术和知识,对鄂尔多斯盆地东南部延长组致密油储层的岩石结构和组分、孔喉结构和类型、孔渗分布等微观特征及其相关性和主控因素进行研究。延长组致密油储层以细粒长石砂岩为主,岩石结构和成分成熟度较低;平均孔隙半径为10μm且孔隙连通性差,孔隙以粒间孔、长石溶孔和裂缝为主,平均喉道半径为0.41μm,喉道以微细-微喉道为主。孔喉结构的非均质性决定了致密油储层的储集和渗流能力,压汞曲线表现出高排驱压力、中值半径偏小、细歪度、分选中等、退汞效率低的特征显示研究区致密油储层储集能力较强,而渗流能力较差;孔隙度均值为8.5%,渗透率均值为0.69 m D,孔隙度和渗透率表现为线性正相关(R2=0.389),微裂缝的存在使部分样品表现出低孔高渗的特征,储层总体表现为特低孔、超低渗、非均质性强的致密性特点。通过相关性分析,岩石组分主要影响储层的孔隙度,岩石组分中(铁)方解石与孔隙度相关性最好;喉道主要影响储层的渗透率,压汞实验分析表明孔喉大小、分布和连通性特征参数中的孔隙体积、分选系数、排驱压力与渗透率的相关性最好,相关系数均大于0.9,沉积作用(埋深、沉积微相)、成岩作用(压实、胶结和溶蚀)、构造作用等是研究区储层特征的主要控制因素,其中水下分流河道的储层物性最好,是研究区"甜点"储层的指向区;压实作用对储层致密性的贡献大于胶结作用,酸性流体大量生成时储层已在压实和胶结作用下接近致密,因此无法与长石等易溶组分充分接触而发生大规模的次生溶蚀;此外,后期构造运动生成的裂缝由于缺乏酸性流体而无次生溶蚀孔隙生成,储层的致密性无法得到根本性的改善。     

吴定地区延长组长4+5砂岩储层特征研究

目的对鄂尔多斯盆地吴定地区延长组砂岩储层储集物性特征进行研究。方法通过常规物性、岩石及铸体薄片、X射线衍射、扫描电镜、高压压汞等多项测试方法,对鄂尔多斯盆地吴定地区长4+5储层含油砂体的岩石学特征、储集类型、孔隙结构特征、岩心孔隙度和渗透率的相关性进行分析和研究。结果研究区储层岩石类型主要为岩屑长石砂岩,岩石中原生粒间孔隙较少,主要为次生粒间孔隙、溶蚀粒内孔及铸模孔、填充物内溶孔。压汞分析表明,储层孔隙结构特征变化较大,以微细喉道为主,岩心普遍排驱压力偏高,退汞效率偏低,孔隙度与渗透率间的线性相关性不好,储层为低孔特低渗储层。结论岩屑、云母和填隙物含量较高及抗压实性能不足是导致研究区储层低孔低渗的重要物质原因,储层具有一定的储集性能,但产能大小与有效微裂缝的存在密切相关。机械压实作用是储层孔隙丧失的主要外在因素,压实作用使原始沉积物的孔隙度减少了62%,较高含量的铁方解石使岩石胶结致密并充填在孔隙空间导致岩石进一步致密化,建设性成岩作用对储层物性改善不足。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the     

An affordable accurate evaluation of the binding conformations predicted by molecular docking studies in bio-system

Franck-Condon factors bridge the gap between theoretical modeling and experimental observations for molecular electronic spectroscopy and electron transfer.Under the displaced harmonic oscillator approximation,multidimensional Franck-Condon factors are decomposed into a product of many one-dimensional(1D)Franck-Condon(FC)factors,and each 1D-FC factor is associated with one Huang-Rhys factor that determines the leading contribution of     

Call for Papers

<正>"The Journal of Shanghai Normal University:Mathematics"is published by Shanghai Normal University as regular issues of The Journal of Shanghai Normal University each year from 2014 in English.The editors-in-chief of the issues are professors Yuhao Cong and Maoan Han.The Journal of Shanghai Normal University was started in 1958 with