Effect ofα-methyldopa andα-methyl-m-tyrosine on the mobilization of free fatty acids

Zusammenfassung Die fettsäurenmobilisierende Wirkung des Tyramins an Ratten liess sich durch Vorbehandlung mit-Methyl-m-Tyrosin, nicht jedoch mit-Methyl-Dopa verhindern.In vitro war die lipolytische Wirkung des aus-Methyl-Dopa entstehenden-Methyl-Noradrenalin (Corbasil) mehr als 1000mal stärker als diejenige des aus-Methyl-m-Tyrosin entstehenden Metaraminol (Aramin).     

Effect of 2,4-dinitrophenol on the phosphorylases system of the skeletal muscle in vivo

Résumé Des rats empoisonnés par le DNF ont une teneur de phosphorilase A trois fois plus grande que les animaux normaux. Cette augmentation est due à l'augmentation de la quinase de la phosphorilase B. Nous n'avons pas décelé d'action directe in vitro du DNF sur cette quinase, de sorte que l'action in vivo paraÎt plutÔt indirecte. Les résultats suggèrent que le DNF a une action semblable à celles des autres agents glycogènolytiques.     

Effect of free fatty acids and cholesterol in vitro on liver plasma membrane-bound enzymes

The effect of cholesterol and fatty acid treatment in vitro was tested on rat liver plasma membrane-bound enzymes and lipid fluidity. The observed alterations of membrane fluidity affect both (Na+-K+)-ATPase and Mg2+-ATPase activities but not 5'-nucleotidase; basal adenylate cyclase as well as its hormonal sensitivity were differentially affected by changes of membrane microenvironment.     

Effect of free fatty acids and cholesterol in vitro on liver plasma membrane-bound enzymes

Summary The effect of cholesterol and fatty acid treatment in vitro was tested on rat liver plasma membrane-bound enzymes and lipid fluidity. The observed alterations of membrane fluidity affect both (Na⁺–K⁺)-ATPase and Mg²⁺-ATPase activities but not 5-nucleotidase; basal adenylate cyclase as well as its hormonal sensitivity were differentially affected by changes of membrane microenvironment.This investigation was partially supported by the Italian National Research Council.     

Effect of nicotine on the mobilization of free fatty acids from adipose tissue in vitro

Zusammenfassung In-vitro-Versuche mit Fettgewebe von Ratten zeigten keine direkte Wirkung des Nikotins auf die Freisetzung nicht veresterter Fettsäuren. Wurde den Tieren Nikotin verabreicht, bevor sie getötet wurden, so konnte nach Inkubation des Fettgewebes ein signifikanter Anstieg der Lipolyse festgestellt werden. Diese Beobachtung stützt die Auffassung, dass die Mobilisierung freier Fettsäuren durch Nikotin über eine sympathoadrenale Stimulierung erfolgt.     

Effect of insulin on potassium transfer in human and chicken erythrocytes

Riassunto La conservazione al freddo degli eritrociti umani e di pollo per 6 giorni causa una fuoruscita di potassio dai globuli. Parte del potassio rientra nelle cellule durante incubazione a 37° C.La uabaina blocca questo fenomeno. L'insulina non ha effetto significativo nè sull'assunzione di potassio da parte del globulo rosso, nè sull'azione bloccante della uabaina.

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Aided by a grant from the Chicago Heart Association.

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Trainee, Diabetes Teaching Grant No. 2A-5102, National Institute of Arthritis and Metabolic Diseases, Public Health Service.     

Novel roles for insulin receptor (IR) in adipocytes and skeletal muscle cells via new and unexpected substrates

The insulin signaling pathway regulates whole-body glucose homeostasis by transducing extracellular signals from the insulin receptor (IR) to downstream intracellular targets, thus coordinating a multitude of biological functions. Dysregulation of IR or its signal transduction is associated with insulin resistance, which may culminate in type 2 diabetes. Following initial stimulation of IR, insulin signaling diverges into different pathways, activating multiple substrates that have roles in various metabolic and cellular processes. The integration of multiple pathways arising from IR activation continues to expand as new IR substrates are identified and characterized. Accordingly, our review will focus on roles for IR substrates as they pertain to three primary areas: metabolism/glucose uptake, mitogenesis/growth, and aging/longevity. While IR functions in a seemingly pleiotropic manner in many cell types, through these three main roles in fat and skeletal muscle cells, IR multi-tasks to regulate whole-body glucose homeostasis to impact healthspan and lifespan.     

Effect of mephenesin on skeletal muscle myofibrils

Résumé Ces expériences ont montré quantitativement que la méphénésine affecte la structure des muscles du squelette en empèchant le sarcomère de se contracter normalement. Par l'affaiblissement de la contraction du muscle, l'hétérogénéité de la longueur des sarcomères se trouve fortement réduite.     

Distribution of inulin-carboxy-C14 in heart and skeletal muscle with respect to in vivo and in vitro extracellular space determinations

Zusammenfassung Gleichmässige Indikatorverteilung im Gewebe ist Ausdruck für Konzentrationsausgleich zwischen Blutstrom bzw. Inkubationsmedium und Extrazellulärraum. Es wurde ein zentraler Block aus einem Gewebsstück herausgeschnitten und die Konzentration von Inulin-carboxyl-C¹⁴ darin mit der im peripheren oberflächlichen Gewebe verglichen. Im Myokard des linken Ventrikels und im Soleusmuskel fand sich in vivo eine gleichmässige Verteilung, in vitro hingegen nicht; selbst bei einer Inkubationsdauer von 5 h in einem als optimal anzusehenden Milieu. Damit ist die Methode, wahre Extrazellulärräume in vitro zu messen, fragwürdig. Hingegen hat sich die Echtheit von in-vivo-Bestimmungen bestätigt.

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This investigation was supported in part by U.S. Public Health Service Research Grant No. HE-09791 from the National Heart Institute and General Research Support Grant No. SO1-FR-05525 from the Division of Research Facilities and Resources, and in part by a grant from the John A. Hartford Foundation.     

Effect of fasting on skeletal muscle triglyceride content

The effect of prolonged food deprivation on the triglyceride level in different types of skeletal muscle was studied in the rat. It has been found that fasting gradually reduces the triglyceride content in each muscle type. It is concluded that i.m. triglycerides play an important role as energy fuel during fasting.     

Effect of fasting on skeletal muscle triglyceride content

Summary The effect of prolonged food deprivation on the triglyceride level in different types of skeletal muscle was studied in the rat. It has been found that fasting gradually reduces the triglyceride content in each muscle type. It is concluded that i.m. triglycerides play an important role as energy fuel during fasting.     

Essential fatty acids (EFA) deficiency and liver mitochondria

Summary 2 dietary fats, namely, hydrogenated coconut oil and safflower seed oil were fed at 20% levels to weanling male albino rats for a period of 2 months after which the animals were sacrificed and oxidative phosphorylation measured in liver mitochondria. This ratio was more in the unsaturated-fat-fed group of rats compared to the saturated-fed ones for glutamate and malate; in the case of succinate no such change was noticed.     

Effect of fatty acids on the contraction of guinea-pig ileum in vitro

Zusammenfassung Untersuchung der Wirkung von essentiellen Fettsäuren auf die Kontraktion des isolierten Meerschwein-Ileums ergab, dass besonders die direkten Vorläufer von Prostaglandin E₁ und E₂, nämlich Dihomo--Linolensäure und Arachidonsäure, aktiv sind.     

Effect of histamine on the diameter of skeletal muscle fibers in mice

Résumé Des souris reçurent des injections intrapéritonéales de bichlorure d'histamine. Le diamètre moyen des fibres musculaires s'en trouva nettement réduit et des modifications histologiques furent notées chez les souris traitées.

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Supported by grant HD-00221, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Public Health Service. I wish to gratefully acknowledge the technical assistance of MissF. Vaughan.