连铸结晶器液面波动的模拟

基于Ｆｒ－Ｗｅ相似特征数，通过相似比例为０．６的水模型实验，系统地研究了拉速、浸入深度、吹气量、水口直径和侧孔倾角对结晶器液面波动的影响。结果表明：结晶器液面波动是由于气泡的逸出，流股对液面的直接冲击和驻波综合作用造成的；结晶器液面波随吹气量的增加而增加而增大，拉速、浸入式水口的浸入深度、直径及侧孔倾角对液面波动的影响具有双重性。     

宽板坯连铸结晶器流场的数值模拟

针对某钢厂150 mm×1503 mm宽板坯连铸结晶器生产中出现的表面波动及卷渣情况,利用FLUENT软件对其进行了三维稳态数学计算.计算以流体表面流速为主要衡量指标,研究了出水口的倾斜角度、倒角形状对该水口作用下结晶器内流场的影响.计算结果表明,原型结晶器浸入式水口作用下,流场内的表面流速大,射流冲击深度小,液面波动大,卷渣严重.改变出水口的倾斜角度,结晶器内表面流速依旧较大,依然有较严重的卷渣现象发生.改用方案3出水口倒角形状改为相切后,表面流速由原型最大的0.6 m/s减小到0.2 m/s,冲击深度增加,流场改善,卷渣问题得到解决.     

板坯连铸浸入式水口出口速度对结晶器流场影响的数值模拟

以宝钢-连铸板坯结晶器为研究对象,采用大型商业软件CFX4.3,将模拟计算出的浸入式水口的出口速度直接赋给结晶器作为入口条件,计算了结晶器内钢液的流动情况.结果表明:速度矢量在水口出口截面分布不均匀、方向与水口倾角不一致.因此,有必要将水口计算结果与结晶器模型结合起来以更好地反映钢液的流动情况.     

宽板坯结晶器流场和温度场数值模拟优化分析

以某钢厂宽板坯连铸结晶器为研究对象,通过FLUENT商业软件模拟结晶器内温度和速度场分布,证明原有水口存在上循环弱,热交换慢,保护渣熔化不均匀等缺点是铸坯出现表面纵裂纹的主要原因.针对原水口的缺点,设计出满足现场生产工艺条件的水口形状为扁形、侧孔倾角-15°、底部形状为凸底的新结晶器浸入式水口,并运用数值模拟手段对新水口形成的钢液流动形式进行了分析.结果表明,新水口各项参数均明显优于原有水口,现场实验证明新水口使用效果良好.     

CSP连铸结晶器内三维流场与温度场的数值模拟

针对CSP连铸生产状况，采用商业软件PHOENICS对其建立三维数值模型。在三种不同浸入式水口条件下，计算了结晶器内流场、温度场以及高拉速对流场与温度场的影响。其结果可为CSP连铸水口及其工艺参数的优化提供理论依据。     

板坯连铸结晶器内流场与液面波动的模拟研究

通过建立结晶器原型数学模型和相似比为1∶1.5的结晶器水模型并结合PIV测速技术,研究了吹氩流量、拉坯速度、水口倾角和水口浸入深度对连铸结晶器内钢液流动和钢-渣界面波动情况的影响。结果表明,不同条件下,通过数值模拟方法得到的钢液流动行为与水模型实验结果相符;适当增大吹氩流量有利于降低窄面液面波高,但吹氩流量过大会加剧水口附近湍流流动;随着拉坯速度的增加,渣层波动幅度增大,液面卷渣的可能性增加;结晶器液面波高则随着水口倾角和水口浸入深度增加而明显降低,渣层稳定性得到改善。当吹氩流量为8 L/min、拉坯速度为1.0 m/min、水口倾角为25°、水口浸入深度为150 mm时,板坯结晶器内可获得较为稳定的流场,结晶器液面波动控制在5～6 mm,可减少甚至避免结晶器内剪切卷渣现象的发生。     

中薄板坯结晶器内钢液流动数值模拟

本文采用FLUENT商业软件对中薄板坯结晶器内流体流动和热量传输进行数值模拟,建立了描述结晶器内钢液流动的三维数学模型,系统分析连铸速度、浸入深度等工艺参数对钢液流动的影响,为实际生产提供理论基础.     

邯钢连铸板坯结晶器内流场的水模拟研究

用水力学模拟实验方法研究邯郸钢厂板坯结晶器内流场，分析在确定的拉速参数下浸入式水口结构尺寸对连铸结晶器内钢液流动状况的影响，并优化出适合邯郸钢厂板坯连铸工艺的浸入式水口结构尺寸。     

板坯连铸结晶器内凝固坯壳的三维数值模拟

基于流场和温度场的计算,对断面为1 780 mm×225 mm的板坯结晶器进行数值模拟,考虑3种不同水口条件下,钢液流动对凝固壳的冲刷,计算出凝固壳厚度的三维分布特征,并与二维切片法的计算结果进行了对比。结果表明:有水口时结晶器角部位置凝固壳最大值为约45mm,宽面和窄面中心凝固厚度壳最大值为24mm,分别比无水口条件下凝固壳薄1~2 mm;钢液的扩散会使凝固壳在距离结晶器角部300mm和顶部400mm的位置形成约深度2.5mm的凹陷;同时钢液会冲刷整个结晶器窄面的凝固壳,在窄面中心最严重;对比不同的水口,凸底水口冲刷最大,凹底最小。     

水口底部形状对高拉速板坯连铸结晶器液面特征的影响

采用1∶1的水模型和工业试验研究了水口底部形状(凹底、平底和凸底)和凹底水口井深(井深分别为0、10和20 mm)对结晶器流场与自由液面特征的影响.在拉速为1.8 m·min-1时,凹底水口和平底水口下结晶器内流场的对称性要优于凸底水口.三种水口条件下结晶器液面的表面流速变化规律为凸底水口>平底水口>凹底水口.对比不同井深凹底水口的液面特征发现:井深为10 mm的凹底水口可以有效降低结晶器的液面波动与表面流速,防止卷渣的发生.工业试验对比了凹底与凸底水口在实际生产中的使用效果,发现凸底水口下的液面波动显著大于凹底水口.凸底水口下结晶器液面波动变化的功率(频率为0.003~0.05 Hz)比凹底水口大约10倍,这与水模型的结果吻合较好.     

板坯连铸结晶器内非对称流动现象的数值模拟

基于流体力学基本原理,采用Fluent软件建立板坯连铸结晶器及浸入式水口的三维有限元体积模型,模拟研究了水口不对中和水口单孔结瘤条件下结晶器内流体的流动特征和温度场分布状况.结果表明:水口对中不良时,结晶器两侧回流明显不对称,液面会产生旋涡,水口偏向侧温度高于水口偏离侧;水口出口单孔结瘤时,未结瘤侧流股增强,液面流速增大,并且液面有涡流产生,结瘤侧新鲜钢液减少,温度偏低.     

板坯连铸结晶器数值模拟

运用Fluent 6.3对板坯连铸结晶器进行数值计算,研究拉速、水口浸入深度及水口开口角度对流场的影响.结果表明:对于断面1400 mm×230 mm结晶器,随拉速增加,液面最大水平和垂直流速均增加,而窄边冲击点的位置基本不变,随距液面距离增加,窄边速度先增加后减小,直至趋向于零;当拉速超过1.2 m.min-1时,液面水平速度增加明显.随水口浸入深度增加,液面最大水平流速减小,浸入深度超过140 mm时,最大水平流速变化不明显;垂直于液面方向的最大速度逐渐增加;对窄边冲击点影响较小.随水口开口向下角度增加,液面最大水平流速减小后增加,水口开口向下12.5°时液面最大水平流速最小,而水口开口向下10°～12.5°时窄边冲击点速度最小.     

连铸结晶器内钢液涡流现象的大涡模拟

为了研究结晶器内钢液涡流现象的形成机理,采用大涡模拟方法对此涡流现象进行模拟。采用相关文献报道的实验结果,对模型进行验证,对水口偏离中心位置和窄面放置挡板两种情况进行非稳态模拟和分析,分析了"湍动涡"和"偏心涡"的形成机理。数值模拟结果表明:"湍动涡"是由于流体本身的脉动所形成的,与水口是否对中没有直接的关系,但钢液在宽面方向的流动影响"湍动涡"的强度;"偏心涡"是由于水口不对中形成的,可以通过调整水口位置来消除。     

Numerical simulation on inclusion transport in continuous casting mold

Turbulent flow, the transport of inclusions and bubbles, and inclusion removal by fluid flow transport and by bubble flotation in the strand of the continuous slab caster are investigated using computational models, and validated through comparison with plant measurements of inclusions. Steady 3-D flow of steel in the liquid pool in the mold and upper strand is simulated with a finite-difference computational model using the standard k-ε turbulence model. Trajectories of inclusions and bubbles are calculated by integrating each local velocity, considering its drag and buoyancy forces. A “random walk” model is used to incorporate the effect of turbulent fluctuations on the particle motion. The attachment probability of inclusions on a bubble surface is investigated based on fundamental fluid flow simulations, incorporating the turbulent inclusion trajectory and sliding time of each individual inclusion along the bubble surface as a function of particle and bubble size. The change in inclusion distribution due to removal by bubble transport in the mold is calculated based on the computed attachment probability of inclusions on each bubble and the computed path length of the bubbles. The results indicate that 6%-10% inclusions are removed by fluid flow transport, 10% by bubble flotation, and 4% by entrapment to the submerged entry nozzle (SEN) walls. Smaller bubbles and larger inclusions have larger attachment probabilities. Smaller bubbles are more efficient for inclusion removal by bubble flotation, so long as they are not entrapped in the solidifying shell. A larger gas flow rate favors inclusion removal by bubble flotation. The optimum bubble size should be 2-4 mm.     

Physical modeling of gas-liquid interfacial fluctuation in a thick slab continuous casting mold with argon blowing

Combining with the physical model of level fluctuation in a thick slab continuous casting mold with the cross-section of 1500 mm×280 mm and argon blowing, the rationalities of estimating the level fluctuation by three traditional quantitative approaches were discussed, and the effects of gas flowrate, casting speed, and the immersion depth of submerged entry nozzle (SEN) on the level fluctuation were also investigated. As a result, it seems that three traditional quantitative approaches are not very suitable for estimating the level fluctuation in a mold with argon blowing, so a new approach for estimating level fluctuation in the mold with argon blowing was presented. The experimental results show that the level fluctuation is mainly in the region around the nozzle wall. When the casting speeds are larger than a certain value, there is the escape of large bubbles near the nozzle wall, which causes an obvious increase of level fluctuation. Furthermore, optimal process parameters, viz., the gas flowrate of 6 NL/min, the casting speed of 1.1 m/min, and the immersion depth of 170 mm, are presented to restrain the level fluctuation by a physical model.     

Characteristics of shell thickness in a slab continuous casting mold

The key to reduce shell breakout in the continuous casting process is to control shell thickness in the mold. A numerical simulation on the turbulent flow and heat transfer coupled with solidification in the slab mold using the volume of fluid (VOF) model and the enthalpy-porosity scheme was conducted and the emphasis was put upon the flow effect on the shell thickness profiles in longitudinal and transverse directions. The results show that the jet acts a stronger impingement on the shell of narrow face, which causes a zero-increase of shell thickness in a certain range near the impingement point. The thinnest shell on the slab cross-section locates primarily in the center of the narrow face, and secondly near the comer of the wide face. Nozzle optimization can obviously increase the shell thickness and make it more uniform.     

Non-uniform heat transfer behavior during shell solidification in a wide and thick slab continuous casting mold

By employing a two-dimensional transient thermo-mechanical coupled finite element model for simulating shell heat transfer behaviors within a slab continuous casting mold, we predicted the evolution of shell deformation and the thermal behaviors, including the mold flux film dynamical distribution, the air gap formation, as well as the shell temperature field and the growth of carbon steel solidification, in a 2120 mm × 266 mm slab continuous casting mold. The results show that the shell server deformation occurs in the off-corners in the middle and lower parts of the mold and thus causes the thick mold flux film and air gap to distribute primarily in the regions of 0–140 mm and 0–124 mm and 0–18 mm and 0–10 mm, respectively, from the corners of the wide and narrow faces of the shell under typical casting conditions. As a result, the hot spots, which result from the thick mold flux film filling the shell/mold gap, form in the regions of 20–100 mm from the corners of the wide and narrow faces of the shell and tend to expand as the shell moves downward.     

结晶器内钢液流动特性的优化

以大板坯连铸结晶器为研究对象,采用水模型和数值模拟的方法研究了不同水口出口角度对结晶器内钢液流动的影响.结果表明:现行15°水口在距结晶器边部50 mm的位置,表面流速和波高较小,传递给弯月面的热量较少,不利于保护渣的熔化;射流撞击到结晶器窄边的位置较深,压力较大,对撞击点下部坯壳的冲击力也较大;水口出口角度改为10°后,结晶器漏钢预报系统的报警次数大大减少,杜绝了漏钢的事故.