油砂SAGD开发过程中面临的夹层问题

麦凯河油藏岩心资料表明油砂储层含有不等厚度、延伸范围和频率的低物性夹层,其对SAGD生产动态和蒸汽腔发育特征的影响成为关注的焦点。为此,根据夹层含量和分布位置划分四类SAGD井组;以此为研究对象,开展三维数值模拟研究沿程和垂向剖面蒸汽腔发育特征,并利用二维数值模拟对夹层位置、厚度和宽度等因素进行敏感性分析。研究认为,相比井组上方夹层,井间夹层对SAGD生产动态不利影响更大;延长预热时间并不能改善SAGD开发效果;夹层主要是阻碍了蒸汽上升通道以及冷凝蒸汽和加热原油的泄流通道,导致沿程蒸汽腔发育不均匀。     

泥岩夹层对SAGD开发效果的影响

结合哈浅1块SAGD先导试验区油藏参数,提出了17种泥岩夹层分布模型,基于油藏数值模拟讨论了不同泥岩夹层分布模型对SAGD蒸汽腔扩展和开发效果的影响。研究结果表明：夹层对上部油层具有阻碍作用,但其只阻碍物质交换、不阻碍热量传递;不同的泥岩夹层分布模型对蒸汽腔扩展影响不同,夹层渗透率、夹层面积和夹层位置对蒸汽腔扩展影响显著,夹层厚度影响效果不明显。应用回归分析的方法,建立了SAGD采出程度与夹层物性的定量表征关系。     

泥岩夹层对蒸汽辅助重力驱油开发效果的影响

结合哈浅1块蒸汽辅助重力驱油(SAGD)先导试验区油藏参数,提出了17种泥岩夹层分布模型。基于油藏数值模拟,讨论了不同泥岩夹层分布模型对SAGD蒸汽腔扩展和开发效果的影响。研究结果表明:夹层对上部油层具有阻碍作用;但其只阻碍物质交换、不阻碍热量传递。不同的泥岩夹层分布模型对蒸汽腔扩展影响不同,夹层渗透率、夹层面积和夹层位置对蒸汽腔扩展影响显著,夹层厚度影响效果不明显。应用回归分析的方法,建立了SAGD采出程度与夹层物性的定量表征关系。     

相对低/高渗区对SAGD传热传质影响数值模拟研究

为了研究相对低/高渗透区对SAGD传热传质的影响,针对六种常见的渗透率分布模式,利用油藏数值模拟方法建立SAGD数值模型,并对比分析了蒸汽腔发育和含油饱和度变化特征。结果表明：当平面方向相对低渗区物性一定时,其距离SAGD井对越近,对该侧蒸汽腔和泄油区域侧向扩展的抑制作用就越强,SAGD传热传质非对称性越明显;平面方向相对高渗区的存在对该侧蒸汽腔和泄油区域侧向扩展具有促进作用,且相对高渗区距离SAGD井对越远,促进作用就越小,SAGD传热传质非对称性程度也越弱;从整体上来看,当垂直方向相对低渗区靠近SAGD井对时,它对整个蒸汽腔发育起抑制作用,而当它远离SAGD井对时,反而会加速蒸汽腔侧向和向下发育。     

超稠油驱泄复合立体开发关键参数研究与探讨

SAGD 开采技术是超稠油油藏吞吐后大幅度提高采收率技术之一,目前已经在辽河油田成功应用,但实施过程中受连续油层厚度及隔夹层的影响,蒸汽腔难以扩展至夹层上部,造成油层动用程度低、油汽比低,制约了SAGD 开采规模进一步扩大。针对此项关键问题,应用物理模拟及数值模拟方法,提出了超稠油驱泄复合立体开发技术,揭示了驱泄复合水平驱动与重力泄油的开采机理、探讨了隔夹层岩性及分布、夹层对SAGD 的影响及封隔能力、驱泄复合实施技术界限,并提出了立体开发井网形式,为驱泄复合开采技术的发展完善提供了技术借鉴。     

泡沫辅助SAGD开发特征

应用数值模拟及Surfer制图软件绘制蒸汽辅助重力泄油(SAGD)和泡沫辅助SAGD(FA-SAGD)在均质和非均质油藏中温度场分布图,对不同开发方式下蒸汽腔扩展过程进行直观、形象地描述,并对比两种开发方式的开发效果。结果表明:FA-SAGD蒸汽腔横向扩展速度大于SAGD,垂向扩展速度小于SAGD,FA-SAGD蒸汽腔主要作用于油层中部,蒸汽腔与盖层接触面积较小,盖层热损失较小;非均质储层SAGD开发过程中,蒸汽易沿高渗透层窜流,蒸汽腔在水平井筒方向不均匀扩展,FA-SAGD开发过程中,由于泡沫对蒸汽沿高渗层窜流的调控作用,蒸汽腔在地层内的扩展更为均匀,可以减小产出能量和盖层热损失,提高生产油汽比和采收率。     

隔夹层对直井水平井SAGD发开效果的影响

辽河油田兴VI组SGAD先导试验区储层中由于隔夹层的存在,使得直井水平井SAGD蒸汽腔扩展以及开发效果受到影响。在分析试验区地质特征的基础上,通过建立理论模型的方法,研究了SAGD过程中夹隔层对蒸汽腔的扩展规律、含水率以及开采程度的影响。研究结果表明：隔夹层仅在SAGD开发初期对蒸汽腔的扩展产生一定的影响,导致井组含水高、产量低,蒸汽腔的斜面比较粗糙,使得其泄油面增长。但总体上不会影响蒸汽腔的形成以及SAGD开发的最终采收率,只是在刚形成蒸汽腔时对其局部的扩展起到了一定的减缓作用,导致各阶段的生产时间不一样。采用在直井与水平井之间以重力泄油为主,在直井与直井之间是以蒸汽驱为主的复合开发方式,在注汽井隔夹层上下同射,直井辅助生产,实现SAGD与蒸汽驱联合驱开采的方式,可以有效地降低隔夹层在SAGD开发中的影响。     

相对低/高渗区对蒸汽辅助重力泄油传热传质影响的数值模拟研究

为了研究相对低/高渗透区对蒸汽辅助重力泄油(SAGD)传热传质的影响,针对6种常见的渗透率分布模式,利用油藏数值模拟方法建立SAGD数值模型,并对比分析了蒸汽腔发育和含油饱和度变化特征。结果表明:当平面方向相对低渗区物性一定时,其距离SAGD井对越近,对该侧蒸汽腔和泄油区域侧向扩展的抑制作用就越强,SAGD传热传质非对称性越明显;平面方向相对高渗区的存在对该侧蒸汽腔和泄油区域侧向扩展具有促进作用,且相对高渗区距离SAGD井对越远,促进作用就越小,SAGD传热传质非对称性程度也越弱;从整体上来看,当垂直方向相对低渗区靠近SAGD井对时,它对整个蒸汽腔发育起抑制作用,而当它远离SAGD井对时,反而会加速蒸汽腔侧向和向下发育。     

超稠油油藏EBIP厚度变化模式对SAGD的影响

SAGD技术是一种非常具有潜力的稠油开发方式,已在超稠油/油砂开发中取得了良好效果。由于储层沉积原因,SAGD水平井段对应的EBIP有效储层厚度通常会发生变化,使得SAGD井组开发效果差异明显。为了明确EBIP厚度沿水平井段变化对SAGD生产的影响,以加拿大Long Lake油田地质特征为基础,构建了3种典型EBIP厚度变化模式,建立了SAGD数值模拟机理模型,分析讨论了沿程EBIP变化模式和厚度差对SAGD蒸汽腔突破、日产油、累计汽油比和采出程度的影响,明确了EBIP厚度变化对SAGD生产影响的界限。研究表明,在储层总厚度相同下,阶梯状EBIP变化模式峰值产油速度和采出程度最低,其他两种方式生产特征相近;阶梯状EBIP模式下,厚度差64 m为优,4<厚度差<10 m为良,厚度差>10 m为差;两厚一薄和两薄一厚EBIP模式,厚度差<7 m为优,厚度差>7 m对SAGD生产影响大。     

泥页岩夹层对SAGD开发效果的影响

SAGD开发效果对储层非均质性十分敏感,泥页岩夹层对双水平井SAGD的泄油通道有一定的影响。以新疆风城某SAGD区块为研究目标区,建立了表征注采井间及井对上方夹层的多因素油藏数模模型,分别模拟了不同夹层展布形态、水平及垂向位置下的SAGD开发效果并进行对比研究,得到了夹层非均质油藏SAGD部署的临界夹层展布形态特征参数。同时可通过产油曲线所展现的典型特征,反推出诸如泥页岩夹层长度以及垂向位置等夹层展布情况,从而进一步掌握目标层系的地质体系结构,对指导下一步双水平井SAGD部署,规避地质风险,实现SAGD高效开发具有重要指导意义。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

Call for Papers

<正>"The Journal of Shanghai Normal University:Mathematics"is published by Shanghai Normal University as regular issues of The Journal of Shanghai Normal University each year from 2014 in English.The editors-in-chief of the issues are professors Yuhao Cong and Maoan Han.The Journal of Shanghai Normal University was started in 1958 with     

Journal of Donghua University ( English Edition) Contents of Volume 31

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Brief Introduction to “Journal of Jilin University( Science Edition) ”

<正>"Journal of Jilin University(Science Edition)"is a comprehensive academic journal in the fields of science sponsored by Jilin University and administrated by the Ministry of Education of the Peoples Republic of China.The journal started publication in 1955.The original name at starting publication was"Journal of Natural Science of Northeast People University",which was changed into"Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Jilinensis"in 1958 owing to the name change of the university.The present journal name has