原油储罐低温硫腐蚀产物氧化试验研究

为研究硫腐蚀产物的氧化过程,利用自开发的硫化氧化试验系统将从原油储罐罐顶安全阀和呼吸阀内的铁氧化物硫化以获得潮湿和干燥的硫腐蚀产物。利用能谱仪(EDS)以及扫描电子显微镜(SEM)分析硫腐蚀产物的化学组成及其微观特征。结果表明:潮湿和干燥的硫腐蚀产物中均含有单质硫、Fe_2O_3、Fe_3S_4以及FeS_2,但潮湿的硫腐蚀产物中还含有FeS;两种硫腐蚀产物均具有短边、层状钻石表面以及较大核尺寸的微观特征。潮湿硫腐蚀产物的氧化过程主要包括三个阶段,分别是电化学氧化阶段、电化学与化学氧化共生阶段以及化学氧化阶段;潮湿硫腐蚀产物的氧化产物是Fe_2O_3。最后提出硫腐蚀产物氧化自燃时能够有效避免火灾、爆炸事故的监测预警指标。     

氢氧化铁引发含硫油品储罐自燃的动力学机制

含硫油品储罐自燃火灾事故的根本原因是罐壁铁锈被含硫油品腐蚀生成具有自燃倾向性的腐蚀产物,这些腐蚀产物自燃而引起油罐火灾。通过硫化试验模拟储罐内壁氢氧化铁硫化产物,对其进行热分析试验,应用非模型法和"主曲线法"确定氢氧化铁硫化产物的动力学机制。结果表明,氢氧化铁硫化产物在氧化反应阶段的热重曲线可分为两个主要的失重阶段:第一失重阶段符合随机成核和随后生长反应动力学反应机制,其模型函数为g(a)=[-ln(1-a)]0.673 1,平均活化能E=124.25 kJ/mol,指前因子A=4.45×1013s-1;第二失重阶段符合相边界动力学反应机制,模型函数g(a)=1-(1-a)0.45,平均活化能E=218.42 kJ/mol,指前因子A=1.07×108s-1。     

CO-NO_x-SO_2体系化学平衡分析

对CO-NOx-SO2体系进行化学平衡分析。研究结果表明:CO,NOx和SO2之间可以很好地相互作用从而使得3种污染物同时脱除;烟气中NOx比SO2易于被CO还原,增加CO的体积分数φ(CO)或降低温度有利于SO2的还原,燃煤烟气自身的CO足以在1 000 K以下还原其中的SO2和NOx;脱硝产物仅为N2,脱硫产物主要为单质硫和COS,提高反应温度可以抑制副产物COS的生成;随着烟气中NOx或SO2体积分数增大,脱硝率维持在100%,脱硫率有所降低,但脱硫产物均主要为单质硫。     

含硫油品储罐腐蚀产物硫铁化物的生成及其氧化倾向性

硫铁化物的氧化放热被认为是引起含硫油品储罐火灾与爆炸事故的主要原因.储罐内壁铁的主要腐蚀产物Fe2O3、Fe3O4、Fe(OH)3与H2S气体反应可以生成不同形式的硫铁化物,同时H2S气体溶解在水中生成的氢硫酸与内壁铁也可以生成硫铁化物.考察了不同方式生成的硫铁化物的氧化倾向性,并对其硫化产物进行了扫描电镜分析.结果表明,Fe2O3、Fe3O4生成的硫铁化物氧化倾向性较高,结构的不同可能是造成其自燃性差异的主要原因.     

自然环境条件下硫化铁的自燃倾向性

为了研究硫化铁的自燃倾向性,在自然环境条件下对硫化铁进行氧化实验,实验结果表明:Fe3O4、Fe2O3以及Fe(OH)3硫化后生成的硫铁化合物活性很高,具有较高的自然氧化活性,在室温下可迅速与空气中的氧气反应,同时放出大量的热量.以Fe2O3的硫化产物为典型样品,研究了硫化时间、水分、油品、硫及通风条件对硫化铁氧化升温特征的影响,结果表明,硫化时间长,适量的油品和硫以及良好的通风条件能够加速硫化铁升温过程,而一定的水分及不良的通风条件则降低了硫化铁的自燃倾向性.     

TiO2光催化降解H2S的利用率研究

采用孔径48μm不锈钢网负载TiO2薄膜作为光催化材料,以低功率紫外灯作为光源,在连续性反应器内降解H2S。首先探讨了气体含氧量对H2S光催化氧化产物和TiO2利用率的影响,之后分析了H2S体积分数、光照面积以及TiO2用量等因素对TiO2利用率和失活速率的影响。结果表明,当反应气中氧含量从0升高至1.0%时,H2S的主要氧化产物由单质硫变成SO2或SO2-4,催化剂利用率先升高后降低,氧和H2S的投入量之比n(O2)∶n(H2S)约为50∶1时TiO2的利用率最高;降低H2S的初始体积分数或增大TiO2的负载面积均可减缓催化剂失活,提高TiO2利用率;不锈钢网面积为168cm2时,催化剂的最佳负载量为0.35g左右。     

硫化矿石堆自燃早期指标优选及预测方法

为研究硫化矿石自燃早期的氧化自热发展状况与规律,并寻求最优识别指标,对具有自燃倾向性的硫化矿石进行堆矿试验.试验结果表明,在矿石氧化自热的孕育期、发展期和邻近自燃期-氧浓度会有所减少,总体在17%～18%间波动,不能识别氧化所处的阶段:只有在临近自燃期才能测出SO2,同样不能作为自燃早期的征兆;矿堆温度的变化,明显反映了矿石堆氧化、自热至自燃这一过程,适宜作为早期预测矿石自燃的指标.应用指数曲线法建立了预测硫化矿石堆温度的数学模型.计算结果表明,预测模型准确、直观地反映了硫化矿石氧化自热的孕育期、发展期和邻近自燃期3个阶段,对矿石堆自燃火灾的早期预防有重要的理论价值和实践意义.     

低微水的体积分数对SF_6局部放电及分解特性的影响

为了研究交流电压、低体积分数(1 350×10-6)条件下水分对SF6气体局部放电及分解特性的影响,搭建了SF6绝缘电力设备实验及检测平台,详细描述了金属突出物缺陷下局部放电量及SOF2、SO2F2、SO2、CO2等4种气体分解产物随微水的体积分数的变化规律。结果表明,平均局部放电量和总体放电量都随微水的体积分数呈现先下降后上升的趋势;微水的体积分数的增加对几种产物均有促进作用,且对3种含硫产物的促进作用强于对CO2的促进作用。气体产物体积分数比值φ(SOF2+SO2)/φ(SO2F2)随微水的体积分数的变化表现出较好的稳定性,最终稳定在3~4之间;φ(SOF2+SO2+SO2F2)/φ(CO2)则随着φ(H2O)的增加呈现总体增长的趋势,其低微水的体积分数下的值在2.5~3之间。因此,SF6气体分解检测法应用过程中需要充分考虑微水的体积分数的影响。     

·OH对窄间隙气体放电烟气脱硫效果的影响

采用窄间隙强电场电离气体放电,将O2,H2O等气体分子电离加工成高浓度的强氧化羟基自由基(.OH),进而在等离子体反应器中直接将模拟烟气中的SO2氧化脱除,反应产生的H2SO4采用电集雾器回收.脱硫过程中不使用催化剂,不加吸收剂,是一种具有应用前景的脱硫新方法.主要对放电功率、氧的体积分数以及水的体积分数对.OH和SO2脱除率的影响进行了实验研究,结果表明:模拟烟气总流量为0.1 m3/h,氧的体积分数为21%,水的体积分数为1.38%,SO2初始体积分数为0.08%时,SO2脱除率为78%.随着放电功率及O2,H2O体积分数的增加,SO2脱除率有明显提高.     

煤自燃过程气态产物产生机理

为了能够更加有效地利用气态产物预报煤的自燃过程,需要对煤自燃过程产生气体的机理进行深入研究.利用实验模拟出煤自燃气态产物的产生过程,得出其规律是:不同指标气体开始出现的温度不一样,同一指标气体在不同煤体中出现的温度不同.对煤低温氧化过程微观结构、自由基浓度与煤体温度之间的变化规律的分析,并以煤自燃自由基和逐步自活化反应为理论基础,提出了新的煤自燃过程气态产物产生机理,即煤中不同活性结构在不同温度下被活化发生氧化反应,在发生氧化反应时该类结构发生断裂形成自由基.不同自由基之间,自由基与氧之间相互发生反应,形成不同的指标气体从煤体中释放出来.图3,表4,参12.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that