还原条件对Pd/Al2O3催化剂上对硝基苯酚加氢性能的影响

用过量浸渍-液相还原法制备Pd/Al2 O3催化剂,采用等离子发射光谱仪(ICP)、X线衍射仪(XRD)对催化剂进行表征,并在对硝基苯酚催化加氢反应中考察其催化性能.结果表明:还原剂的类型、还原温度和还原时间对Pd/Al2 O3催化剂的晶型和活性影响显著.当采用水合肼(N2 H4·H2O)作还原剂、0℃还原30 min时,催化剂表现出较高的对硝基苯酚加氢活性,加氢速率达到22.7 mmol/(min·g),对氨基苯酚的选择性为100％,收率为99％.与工业常用骨架Ni催化剂的性能进行比较,Pd/Al2 O3催化剂在活性、选择性和稳定性都明显优于骨架Ni催化剂.     

贵金属-壳聚糖催化苯乙酮不对称转移加氢反应

将天然手性高分子聚合物壳聚糖(CS)负载到SiO2上后,再络合M(Pd、Pt、Pu和Ph)金属,制得了多相手性加氢催化剂M-CS-SiO2.在空气氛围下,以异丙醇为氢源,考察了M-CS-SiO2对苯乙酮不对称催化氢转移加氢反应的催化活性.研究了活性金属(Pd、Pt、Rh和Ru)、载体(ZSM-5、β、MCM-41、SiO2),及钯的前驱物对多相手性加氢催化剂性能的影响.结果表明:Pd-CS-SiO2对苯乙酮不对称转移加氢反应具有较好的催化加氢性能和对R-1-苯乙醇的对映选择性;Pd的前驱物对Pd-CS-SiO2的催化活性和对映选择性的影响较小;载体对Pd催化剂的催化活性和对映选择性的影响很大;在苯乙酮不对称转移加氢反应中,Pd-CS-β分子筛对R-1-苯乙醇的对映体过量值可达到65.7%.     

载体对镍基催化剂在苯酚加氢反应中的影响

以Ni(NO3)2·6H2O为活性金属前驱物,采用过量浸渍法制备了Ni/HZSM-5、Ni/HY、Ni/Al_2O_3、Ni/TS-1、Ni/ZrO_2和Ni/CeO_2催化剂,Ni的质量分数由TPR结果计算可得分别为9.2%、9.1%、9.2%、9.5%、9.2%、9.3%.考察了催化剂对苯酚加氢反应的活性和产物选择性的影响.采用X射线衍射、N_2吸附、NH_3程序升温脱附、H_2程序升温脱附等手段对催化剂进行了表征.结果表明,载体的孔结构、酸度的强弱和酸中心数量与苯酚加氢活性具有紧密联系.在反应温度493 K,氢气压力5 MPa下反应180 min,Ni/Al_2O_3具有最高的苯酚转化率,达到85.63%,产物中环己酮选择性最高,达到79.2%;Ni/HZSM-5也有较高的苯酚转化率,而此时产物中环己烷的选择性最高,达到93.9%.     

Pd／γ-Al2O3催化剂合成甲基异丁基酮

采用等体积浸渍法制备了Pd/γ-Al2O3催化剂,用于丙酮一步法常压气相加氢制甲基异丁基酮.通过X射线衍射仪(XRD)及比表面积测定仪(BET)表征催化剂.考察了反应温度、氢酮摩尔比和催化剂中Pd含量等工艺条件对转化率和选择性的影响.经筛选,制备的0.5%Pd/γAl2O3催化剂,在反应温度为180℃、H2与丙酮的摩尔比为1.7∶1.0、进料液相空速为3.8h-1的条件下,效果最佳.丙酮转化率达28.0%,MIBK选择性达59.0%.     

生物油加氢脱氧提质中两亲性催化剂Pd/C-SiO_2-Al_2O_3的研究

以多元共组装和湿法浸渍制备两亲性催化剂Pd/C-SiO_2-Al_2O_3,十氢萘和水混合液模拟生物油油水体系,苯酚为模型化合物,研究其加氢脱氧活性.结果表明:相比于亲水性催化剂Pd/C-SiO_2-Al_2O_3和疏水性催化剂Pd/C,两亲性催化剂Pd/C-SiO_2-Al_2O_3具备更高的苯酚转化率和目标产物环己烷的选择性.两亲性催化剂Pd/C-SiO_2-Al_2O_3能稳定油水乳浊液,催化界面反应,在生物油提质中,有很好的应用前景.     

介孔氮杂碳负载钯的制备及其在芳环水相加氢中的应用

以MCM-41为模板合成高含氮量(质量分数为19.4%)的介孔氮杂碳(MCN),并用于负载高分散的纳米钯颗粒.在以水作溶剂的苯甲酸选择性加氢至环己基甲酸的反应中,Pd/MCN的活性是单纯活性炭(AC)负载的Pd催化剂的8.6倍.Pd/MCN在一系列苯甲酸衍生物的加氢反应中显示出较高的催化活性、选择性和稳定性.表征发现:MCN表面丰富的碱性位以及Pd和N之间的电子作用对苯甲酸加氢的活性具有重要的促进作用.     

Pd/MC催化剂的制备及其对苯甲醇氧化制备苯甲醛的催化性能

采用浸渍法在介孔碳(MC)上负载Pd制备Pd/MC催化剂。采用X线衍射仪(XRD)、比表面积仪(BET)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)及H2程序升温脱附法(H2-TPD)对Pd/MC进行表征。考察Pd/MC水相催化氧化苯甲醇制备苯甲醛的性能。结果表明:MC具有良好的介孔结构及高比表面积;Pd纳米颗粒在MC表面高度分散并稳定;Pd/MC具有较高的氧化还原性。在优化反应条件苯甲醇1 mmol、n(Pd)/n(苯甲醇)=0.001、水4 mL、反应温度80℃、反应时间12 h、常压O2下,苯甲醇转化率达到99.6%,苯甲醛选择性为100%。催化剂重复使用5次,催化剂活性基本不变。     

乙醇重整制氢对马来酸酐原位加氢制备四氢呋喃的研究

制备了两种聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP)稳定的γ-Al_2O_3负载型稀土金属催化剂(PVP-La/Al_2O_3,PVP-Ce/Al_2O_3),并首次将乙醇催化重整制氢运用于马来酸酐(MA)液相加氢制备四氢呋喃(THF)的过程中。同时,对比研究了一种PVP稳定的钯催化剂(PVP-Pd/Al_2O_3)催化马来酸酐加氢的活性。结果表明,两种稀土金属催化剂显示出比PVP-Pd/Al_2O_3更优的催化性能。进而,系统考察了反应条件对PVPLa/Al_2O_3催化马来酸酐加氢反应的影响。在优化的条件下,MA实现了100%的转化,THF的选择性超过95.0%,最高达到98.2%的THF选择性。     

Pd/C中Pd粒径调控及对多氯硝基苯的催化还原影响

为控制多氯硝基苯加氢制备多氯苯胺的深度脱氯,在Pd/C催化剂制备中,考察了硝酸浓度、催化剂还原温度和时间对催化剂上Pd粒径及催化加氢活性和选择性的影响。结果表明:Pd粒径的增大导致催化剂对多氯硝基苯的催化活性下降,但多氯苯胺的选择性上升;随着硝酸浓度的增加,Pd的分散性和粒径先增大后减少,而还原温度和时间的增加可增大Pd的粒径;采用15%硝酸处理、200~250℃下氢气还原4~5 h可获得较理想的Pd粒径为16~20 nm的Pd/C催化剂;对五氯硝基苯加氢还原呈现较高的加氢活性和选择性,转化率可达99%以上,五氯苯胺选择性可达96%以上。     

原位液相加氢改性生物质油

采用液相原位加氢工艺,以苯酚为模型化合物,Raney Ni与Nafion/SiO_2为催化剂,将其转化为环己烯和环己烷,并采用气质联用(GC-MS)对反应产物进行定量分析.考察了反应条件对原位加氢脱氧反应的影响.结果表明:以3.0g苯酚为原料,Nafion负载量为13%,Raney Ni、Nafion/SiO_2的质量分别为1.0、0.3g,反应温度为200°C,H_2O(20mL),MeOH(15mL),在此条件下,苯酚转化率为100%,环己烯和环己烷的总收率为87.0%.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.