Study and Application of Health Care Measure in Tunnel Construction of Qinghai-Tibet Railway

1Overview FenghuoshanTunnelProjectwasakeycontrol projectinQinghai TibetRailwayconstruction.It wasarailwaytunnelofthehighestelevationintheworldwithrailheadlevel4905mandtotallength1338m.Table1Railwaytunnelofhighaltitudeintheworld TunnelnameGuanjiaotunnelYangbajingtunnelKunlunshantunnelJialiertunnelFenghuoshantunnel Sealevelelevation m36984313450046804905NationalityChinaChinaChinaPeruChina Constructiondecade19782003200218932002TheFenghuoshanwasstyled“lifeforbidden zone”.Itsannualaverag…     

青藏铁路钻孔桩施工技术浅谈

在青藏铁路钻孔桩施工过程中，通过使用先进的机械设备和科学合理的施工组织安排，以及重点工序的质量控制，既提高了工作效率，又保证桩基质量、确保了施工工期。简要介绍了钻孔桩施工工艺及工程的质量控制等内容。     

Application and Study on Dynamic Design in Qinghai-Tibet Railway Construction

0Preface Permafrostisasoilmediumwhichisextremely sensitivetotemperatureandsurroundingfactors.Themostessentialdistinctionbetweenpermafrost andotherrockorsoilisthatitcontainsground ice.Whileconstructinganystructureson permafrost,twomajorengineeringproblemsmustbesolved:freezingheaveinflationandthawing settlement.TheGolmud LhasaSectionofQinghai Tibet Railway,withatotallengthof1118km,hasa totaldistanceof632kmrunningonpermafrost,outofwhichabout550kmiscontinuous permafrost,82kmispatchypermafrost,9…     

A Roadbed Cooling Approach for the Construction of Qinghai-Tibet Railway

Over one half of the permafrost along the Qinghai-Tibet Railway is ＂warm＂ and approximately 40% ice-rich. Under global warming, the construction of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway needs to consider climate changes over the next 50 - 100 years. Recent estimates indicate that the air temperature on the plateau will increase by 2.2- 2.6℃ by 2050. Thus, the key to the success of the railway construction lies in preventing the permafrost underlying roadbeds from thawing. It has been more than 100 years since the first railway was build over permafrost. A frost damage ratio of greater than 30 % has been reported for all the railroads built in permafrost regions. Based upon the experience and lessons leamed from roadway constructions over permafrost, this paper proposes a more proactive design approach for the construction of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway. This approach focuses on cooling down the roadbed by lowering the ground temperature and is different from the passive method of preventing permafrost from thawing by simply increasing thermal resistance （e. g., increasing embankment height and using insulating materials）. This ＂roadbed cooling＂ design approach is especially relevant to ＂warm＂ and ice-rich permafrost areas. A number of measures can be taken to cool down the roadbed, including proper selection of roadbed material, and configurations to adjust solar radiation, heat convection, and heat conduction patterus in and/or around the roadbed.     

青藏铁路弹性运输能力理论

研究了青藏铁路各种自然灾害的时间分布,提出了青藏铁路弹性运输能力概念,分析了青藏铁路弹性运输能力的季节和年度的变化规律,找出了青藏铁路供需矛盾的特征,为青藏铁路运能配置和运输组织奠定了理论基础.     

The Impact of Climate Warming on Permafrost and Qinghai-Tibet Railway

Global wanning is an inarguable fact. Permafrost is experiencing a change due to climate warming in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, such as the decreasing of permafrost table, the rising of permafrost temperature, etc. On the basis of analysing the permafrost change under the climate change and engineering action, the thermal regime and spatial distribution of permafrost are predicted for air temperature rising 1℃ and 2.6℃ after 50 years in this paper. The results show that climate change results in the larger change for the thermal regime and spatial distribution of permafrost. Permafrost change will produce the great effect on the Qinghai- Tibet Railway engineering, not only resulting in the decreasing of permafrost table beneath the roadbed, but also resulting in thawing settlement due to the thawing of ground ice near permafrost table. The idea of cooling roadbed and actively protecting permafrost for the Qinghai-Tibet Railway engineering could adjust and control the permafrost thermal state, some better methods are provided to ensure the engineering stability in the areas of warm permafrost and high ice content.     

Discussion on the Designing Difficulties of Fenghoshan Tunnel on Qinghai-Tibet Railway

1ProjectProfile FenghuoshanTunnelofQinghai TibetRailwaylocatedatthelowerpartofhighmountainous regions,withbigundulatingtopography,well developedsurfaceditches.Themountain,which housesthetunnel,is4996mabovethesealevel.Thetunnelis1338mlong,thealtitudeofthetrackis4900m.Theclimateisoficeandsnow climateofQinghai TibetPlateau,dry,and constantlychanging.Thetemperatureandtheairpressureislow.Springandautumnareshort,the freezingseasonstartsinSeptemberandendsin Aprilnextyear.Accordingtotheobservati…     

Experimental Study on Riprap Air-Cooled Roadbed of Qinghai-Tibet Railway

The riprap air-cooled roadbed and common roadbed experimental project were designed and carried on in Qingshuihe test filed, an area of warm permafrost category with the fine frozen soil along Qinghai-Tibet Railway, to decide the temperature field of the roadbed after railway construction. Based on ground temperature variation of natural hole, left and fight shoulder＇ s hole, the maximum thawing depth, and the deformation in these two kinds of roadbed were analysed comparatively. It showed that the riprap air-cooled roadbed had better effect of lowering ground temperature, lifting the maximum frozen-thawing depth obviously and decreasing deformation than that of the common roadbed. Therefore, the riprap air-cooled roadbed was a positive frozen soil protection measure for it effectively decreased ground temperature and protected permafrost.     

Study on Occupational Health Surveillance System Used during Construction of Qinghai-Tibet Railway

Whencarryingouthealthsurveillancetocertain occupationalgroups,establishmentofobjectivediseaseandmonitoringindexsystemshouldbe mainlyaccordingtothecategoriesofharmfulfactorsandthedegreeofharmtohealthin constructionenvironment[1-2].From2001to2002,naturalenvironmentfactorsincludingairtemperature,airpressure,anddistributive pressureofoxygen,theharmfulproductivefactors,suchasCO,NO,NO2,dustandnoise,andthephysicallaborintensityof38typicalposts arealldetermined.Theresultshowsthatduring altitudeconst…     

The Features of the Ecological Environment and Protective Solutions along the Qinghai-Tibet Railway

On29June,2001aninaugurationceremonyfortheQuinghai TibetRailway,aprojectattractingworldwideattention,washeldsimultaneouslyattheCityofGolmudinQinghaiprovince,andtheCityofLhasainTibetAutonomousRegion,indicatingthattheconstructionofthesectionfromGolmudtoLhasaoftheQinghai TibetRailwaywasfullytocarryout.ThePlateauofQinghai Tibethasaveryfragileecologicalenvironment.ThestategaveprioritytotheissueoftheecologicalenvironmentalprotectionintheconstructionoftheQinghai TibetRailway.PresidentJiangZh…     

Bridge-instead-of-embankment Design Concept for Qinghai-Tibet Railway

The paper gives a brief introduction to the design concept of ＂bridge instead of embankment＂ for Qinghai-Tibet Railway, and illustrates an optimised structure style and corresponding considerations for the bridges built in unsteady frozen ground zone in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The dynamic simulation analysis of trairrbridge system fro verifying its safety level and Spedin ride index during operation and Excel VBA programming technology for improving design efficiency are also mentioned in this paper.     

工程项目实施过程中的造价管理

实施阶段的工程造价管理是建设工程全过程管理的重点。工程实施阶段的工程造价管理可分为招标管理、施工管理和结算管理3个环节。详细分析了这3个环节的管理内容与管理方法。     

实验室建设项目化管理的实践与探索

实验室建设是高职院校一项既艰巨又复杂的系统工程，实验室建设水平和管理水平是学院办学水平、科研实力和科技开发能力的重要标志之一。文中简述了宜宾职业技术学院实施实验室建设项目化管理实践所取得的成效、存在的问题以及改进措施。     

青藏铁路多年冻土场地波速特性分析

为分析冻土场地波速变化规律,通过现场钻孔波速测试,并结合已有典型场地波速资料,研究了青藏铁路沿线多年冻土场地波速比的经验值及波速变化受控制因素的影响规律。结果表明:多年冻土场地纵横波速比经验参考值可选用1. 5左右;冻土层波速传播规律与地温、土层埋深、土质属性、冻结冰晶含量等诸多因素相关;冻结作用使土体的结构性增强从而冻土体强度增强,冻结状态下土体的波速通常大于未冻结场地土体;多年冻土层波速值随土层深度的增加、地温的降低和冻结土体中冰晶含量的增加而增加。     

Design of Hygienic Support System ＆ Research of Correlative Technology during Qinghai-Tibet Railway Operation

TheQinghai Tibetrailwayishighestand longestofallplateaurailwaysintheworld.TherailwayfromGermutoLhasaisunder construction,totally1142km.Thesectionof above4000maltitudeis965km,accountingfor84%ofthewholeline.Thehighestaltitudein thissectionis5072m.Fromtheconstructionbeginningin2001,wepaygreatattentionto hygienicsupportsystemusedforQinghai Tibet railway.Staffsintheconstructionovercomethefouleffectoftheinclementnaturalenvironmenton humanhealthandworkingcapacity,suchaslow airpressure,hypoxia,lowt…     

实验室建设采用项目管理的探索与实践

为充分发挥实验室应用型人才培养的实效功能,从解决实验室建设现存问题为出发点,结合项目管理含义,提出了建立实验室建设项目化管理的理念,探讨了高校实验室建设实施项目管理的必要性,并从统筹规划、管理程序以及要注意问题等3个方面,提出了实施实验室建设项目化管理的技术路径。     

基于青藏铁路建设沿线文化资源和生态环境保护的工程伦理学启示

文章以青藏铁路建设沿线地方文化资源和生态环境保护为研究基础,提出了保护地方文化资源和生态环境是工程师的重要伦理责任,论述了相应的行为指引,指出了加强工程职业自治、展开工程伦理规范建设的必要性.提出了我国工程伦理学规范建设的内容应包括工程决策要兼顾地方群体利益,工程行为要遵循最高伦理标准,加快工程伦理规范建设等方面.     

青藏铁路清水河地区路堤最小设计高度的计算

在青藏铁路多年冻土区路基的设计中,临界高度和最小设计高度是两个关键指标.本文针对青藏铁路清水河试验段特定条件下的试验路堤进行了研究,分析了路堤高度与上限上升高度的关系,并根据试验所得的路堤临界高度值,计算得到了该地区特定条件下路堤的最小设计高度值.研究表明:①青藏高原清水河地区铁路路堤存在临界高度;②清水河地区铁路路堤的临界高度为0.65 m;③清水河地区铁路路堤的最小设计高度为1.63 m.     

Asseessment of the Impact of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway on the Tourist Scenery in Tibet

Theqinghai TibetPlateauisendowedwithnaturalandgeographicconditions.These conditionsshapeupmanyuniquetouristresources,suchascolorfulgeomorphology,plentifulanduniquewildanimalsandplantsand pureandsimplefolkcustomwithancientculture,etc.Butasthetrafficisnotconvenientandthe trafficcostisveryhigh,toalargeextentthislimitsthedevelomentofthelocaltourism.Thelinesuccessivelypassesthroughtheplacesof culturalinterest,likenaturallyecologicallandscapesandagriculturalareas,semi agriculturalandmemi pastoralar…     

Numerical Analysis for Temperature Characteristics of Open Boundary Crushed-rock Embankment on Qinghai-Tibet Railway

At present, in order to protect the stability of permafrost beneath embankment, the crushed-rock embankment, as a new type of embankment structure, has widely been used in the construction of Qinghai- Tibet Railway. Its crushed-rock layer is almost open in tow bilateral boundaries and closed at top and bottom, and air can flow into/out of the ballast layer and crushed-rock layer. Therefore, the convection and transfer heat patterns are very complicated in the ballast layer and crushed-rock layer of the embankment, which are regarded as porous media. In this paper, based on the wind, temperature and geology conditions of Qinghai- Tibet Plateau, a numerical approach of the unsteady two-dimensional continuity, momentum （non-Darcy flow） and energy equations of heat convection for incompressible fluid in porous media is provide to analyse the velocity and temperature characteristics of the crushed-rock embankment with different embankment heights under open boundary condition for the coming 50 years. The calculated results indicate that, due to the influence of the external wind, the convective heat transfer mainly relies on the forced convection in the open crushed-rock emban kment. Even if the air temperature will be wanned up by 2.6℃ in the coming 50 years, it still has a better cooling effect on the underlying soils and a low temperature frozen-soil core is formed in the permafrost below it if the embankment is constructed in the regions whose present mean annual air temperature is - 4.0℃. Furthermore, the cooling effect of high crushed-rock embankment is better than that of low embankment. This results from the fact that the wider bottom of high emban kment has a more influence dimension on the underlying frozen soil. However, cardinal winds on Qinghai-Tibet Plateau disturb its convection pattern, so that an asymmetric temperature distribution occurs under high embankment and it is possible to induce a transverse uneven deformation of emban kment, but no similar situation occurs under low embankment. This asymmetric temperature field problem should be considered when crushed-rock emban kment is designed and constructed.