Impacts of Soil.Water Conservation in Jialing River on Sedimentation of the Three Gorges Reservoir

The Jialing River is one of the main tributaries of the Yangtze River. The average annual runoff accounts for 16 % and the sediment load 26% of the total at Yichang therefore it＇s one of the main contributors of sediment to the Three Gorges Reservoir. Ever since 1989, our country has implemented ＂Yangtze River soil and water conservation＂ project, Till the end of 1996, altogether 25.8 % of erosion area in Jialing River has been improved after large scale conservation has taken effect. The analysis and comparison between records taken before and after the implementation of soil and water conservation on runoff and sediment yield indicated that the sediment load soil erosion in Jialing river basin has been taken under control to some extent. Amount of annual runoff in main conservations have generally dropped by exponential function. Obvious result has been achieved in Jialing River, efficiency of sand reduction is about 10%-25%. Therefore, sediment to Three Gorges Reservoir is decreased accordingly, and it will be beneficial to take advantage of reser- voir＇s synthetic benefit.     

Prediction of Soil Erosion on Different Underlaying Surface in Construction Period of Xichang to Panzhihua Expressway

In order to investigate the behavior of soil erosion on the slope of the different underlaying surface during construction, the experiment with natural rainfall on Xichang-Panzhihua highway was conducted, to quantify the runoff and soil loss. The results show that. （1） the main type of soil erosion is gully erosion, the amount of soil erosion caused by gully erosion is higher than that by surface erosion. （2） The principal factor causing soil erosion on the slope of the embankment is individual amount of precipitation, the width of the embankment and rain intensity. （3） The principal factor causing soil erosion on the cutting slope is individual amount of precipitation, the width of the cutting slope and rain intensity. （4） The principal factor causing soil erosion on the slope of the dumped soil area is individual amount of precipitation, the width of the flat roof and rain intensity. There are well linear relationships between the amount of soil erosion and the principal factor, and their correlation coefficient are 0.935 7-0.999 8.     

PVA膜在土壤中之热降解研究

高分子材料时常被用在提高农业生产力,最近亦有许多研究将其应用在喷植植生工程的土壤改良上,使土壤团粒化及进而降低土壤侵蚀,在草种未发芽时达到水土保持的功效.聚乙烯醇(PVA)是广泛使用的高分子土壤改良剂之一,本研究使用扫描式电子显微镜(SEM)、红外线光谱仪(FT-IR)来分析土壤中PVA薄膜的受热降解的变化,研究结果显示PVA受热会产生降解,未来可视环境的差异选用不同的植生草种.     

Experimental study on soil respiration of temperate grassland in China

Understanding of CO2 source and sink characteristics of terrestrial ecosystem is one of the most critical prob-lems at present, but till now, most studies concerning the natural terrestrial ecosystem carbon cycle are concentrated on the forest ecosystem. Not enough attention is paid to the natural grassland, especially to the temperate natural grassland, whose area is almost equal to that of tropical forest in the world. Little is known about the role of the grassland, which takes about 25% of…     

Soil crevice formation and erosion in Yuanmou dry-hot valley, Yunnan Province, China

The basic characteristics, X-ray analysis and micromorphology of soil developed from the parent ruified soil had been probed, results showed that there were similarities among different types of the rubified soils. The soil clay (D<0.002 mm) contents (C _c ) were relative higher as between 29.16% and 80.03%. In addition, organic matter contents were lower as between 2.2–6.6 g/kg. The clay minerals in the rubified soils had high content of 2:1 type swelling minerals, e.g., smectite and vermiculite, which were the basic causes of formation of soil cracks and crevices. Soil micromorphology characteristics showed that microcosmic crevices universally distributed within the tight and compact soil microstructure were the microcosmic characteristics of crevices formation. The soil cracks and crevices changed the erosion process. Obviously, well developed soil crevice carries a significant connection with strong soil erosion in Yuanmou, Yunnan province, China. The term “soil crevice erosion” was coincided with the viewpoint put forward that soil crevice erosion played a dominant role in regional and violent soil erosion in this area. Foundation item: Supported by the Knowledge Innovation Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(KZCX2-YW-409) and the National Key Technology R&D Program of China (2006BAC01A11)     

Variation characteristics of soil respiration fluxes in four types of grassland communities under different precipitation intensity

In the global carbon cycle studies, terrestrial ecosys- tem has become one of the greatest uncertain ecosystems in the current carbon cycle studies owing to the complex- ity of its underlying surface and intense disturbance of anthropogenic activities[1], hence depth studies of it serveas a key in seeking for the “missing carbon sinks” of at-mosphere. In the terrestrial ecosystem, soil organic carbonreservoir is an important component of carbon reservoir inthe system, its carbon …     

长江三峡库区坡耕地的侵蚀

利用土壤侵蚀模数、土壤容许流失量研究三峡库区相同土壤侵蚀类型区内不同地点的水土保持措施,并用这一综合指标对水土保持措施进行评价.研究表明:采用土壤侵蚀模数、土壤容许流失量这一综合指标能够分析相同侵蚀类型区内的土壤侵蚀程度,并可以评价水土保持措施的水土保持作用;植物篱水土保持措施确实能够显著的降低土壤侵蚀的程度;退耕还林以及退耕还草具有显著的水土保持效果;由于观测时间、降水历时和降水强度等因素限制,土壤侵蚀模数在人工降水条件下评价水土保持措施时,不能充分发挥作用,只能在侵蚀趋势上反映各个区域的侵蚀差异.     

Soil erosion rates and characteristics of typical alpine meadow using <Superscript>137</Superscript>Cs technique in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

Alpine meadow is the predominant ecosystem in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.The firm turf of alpine meadow formed by sub-surface anfractuous roots can be effective in conserving water and soil.Alpine meadow is a primary contributor to the Chinese Water Tower.For quantitative assess anti-erosion ability of alpine meadow,this paper selected three typical meadow slopes with>60% vegetation coverage to evaluate soil erosion rates using 137Cs.The results showed that(1)soil erosion intensity of typical alpine meadow was slight to light.Erosion rates were 464 t km–2 a–1 in Malong Village,415 t km–2 a–1 in Yeniugou Town and 875 t km–2 a–1 in Zhenqin Town respectively;(2)soil erosion rates were correlated negatively with vegetation coverage,and the relationship was clearer at the slope scale than plot scale;(3)the relationship between soil erosion and vegetation coverage showed that vegetation coverage was a predominant factor in retaining soil and water on slopes.With complete turf and high vegetation coverage, alpine meadow was of great significance for soil conservation and prevention of soil erosion.     

Molecularly imprinted polymer for theophylline retention and molecular recognition properties in capillary electrochromatography

0　IntroductionMolecularimprinting[1 ] isatechniquebasedoncreatingcavities,inahighlycross linkedpolymermatrix ,thatcorrespondtothesizeandshapeoftheprintmolecule .Themolecularrecognitioneffectisaconsequenceofthepresenceinthepolymerizationmixtureoftemplatemoleculescapableofestab lishingnon covalentinteractionswithmonomerandcross linkers.Molecularlyimprintedpolymers (MIPs)havebeenusedaschromatographicstationaryphases[2 ,3] includingcapillaryelec trochromatography ,asselectivematerialsforbiosenso…     

黄土高原森林植被水土保持功能研究

分析了森林植被不同层次对降水影响所引起的径流量、径流能量和径流的挟沙能力及其减小的效应。研究得出：植被保持水土主要是由其不层次同时连续消耗径流量所致;不同的效应叠加使土壤侵蚀量急剧减小,实现了植被保持水土功能的充分发挥。     

A practical artificial diet for the diamondback moth

A new artificial diet for the diamondback moth,Plutella Xylostella (L), had been selected out successfully. The diet contained the following constituents: soybean powder, wheat germ, wheat bran powder, brewer's yeast and other constituents. So far, the diamondback moth had been reared on this artificial diet for 25 generations and still mantained its normal biological characteristics. Under 25±1 C and 60%–75%RH with 12 h PH, the results of rearing the diamondback moth on the diet as follows: egg hatch, 81.3%–94.7%; survival from eggs to pupae, 55.0%–76.7%; pupal survival, 79.7%–100%; adult emergence, 80%–100%; fecundity 94.7–144. 4 eggs/♀; pupal weight, 90.4–110.8 mg/20 pupae; average days to adult: ♀, 10.2; ♂ 13.1. The diet is not only simpler on the constituents but also have better rearing results and more rearing generations. Li Guanghong: born in June 1965, Ph.D. graduate student. Current research interest is in entomo logical physiology Supported by the State Eighth Five-Year-Plan     

长汀河田风化花岗岩坡面水土流失规律和预测方程

风化花岗岩区是南方水土流失区的重要组成部分,长汀河田的花岗岩地区水土流失问题比较突出.本文通过对降雨因子和水土流失量之间的相关分析,建立了利用降雨量和降雨强度对水土流失量进行预测预报的回归方程,为花岗岩水土流失区的治理和综合利用提供了科学依据和定量方法.     

Dynamic study on water stability of soil structure and soil characteristics of several types of soils in southwest China

Three suborder soils in southwest China were adopted, namely Ustic Vertisol, Stagnic Anthrosol and Ustic Ferrosol, so as to carry out the basic physical and chemical analysis respectively, to design a dynamic measuring method for water stability of soil structure and conduct the comparative study on the quality of the soil structure. The results indicated that （1） The water stability dynamic characteristic of the soil structure could well reflect the maintaining capability of the soil structure as time goes on. （2） The quality of several soil structures in southwest China was sequenced as follows： Stagnic Anthrosols 〉 Ustic Vertisols 〉 Ustic Ferrosols. （3） The water stability of soil structure is very positively correlated with the capillary porosity and the clay particle （D 〈 0.002 mm） content （Co）, but is very negatively correlated with the silt （D is 0.05-0.002 ram） content （Csc）, and （4） The dynamic functional equation of the water stability of soil structure in southwest China was established, so that the water stability characteristics of various soil structures could be quantitatively expressed and the quality of different soil structures can be quantitatively compared from each other.     

近50年钦江水沙变化研究

【目的】分析钦江近50年来河流水沙变化特征,以及河床演变对水沙变化的响应。【方法】以钦江为研究对象,收集长时间序列的水沙和河床断面资料,基于小波分析、"3S"和Mann-Kendall非参数秩次相关检验等方法,分析水沙变化及其影响因素。【结果】20世纪60年代以来钦江水沙均呈现下降趋势,其中含沙量下降趋势尤为明显,水沙变化突变年份是1979年和1995年;夏半年的平均流量与平均输沙量分别占全年的58.62%和61.77%,年平均流量和年平均含沙量存在4~6年和15年的周期振荡特征;中游河床枯季先冲刷后淤积,下游则以冲刷为主;流量主要受降雨控制,而含沙量则主要受控于水土流失、森林保育和人口增长等多种因素。【结论】钦江水沙总体呈下降趋势,水土流失、水利工程和耗水量等人类活动是泥沙减少的重要影响因素。     

Determination of ammonium ion in lake water by voltammetry

0　IntroductionDetectionofammoniumionisveryimportantinmanyfields,suchashealthcare,agriculture ,cultivationandenviron mentalpollutioncontrol.Severalanalyticalmethodshavebeende velopedforammoniumdeterminationincludingionchromatography ,spectrophotometry,fluorimetryandchemiluminescence .MostofthemarebasedonspectrophotometryusingtheBerthelot reactionbetweenammonium ,phenol,andhypochloriteleadingtothefor mationofanindophenoldye[1 ] .Thereactiontimeisaboutanhour,andsomedissolvedorganicnitrogencompo…     

Soil Organic Carbon Loss under Different Slope Gradients in Loess Hilly Region

Based on field runoff plots observation and sample analysis, the effect of slope gradient on soil organic carbon loss was studied under natural rainfall conditions in loess hilly region. The results showed that with slope gradient increasing （from10° to 30°）, the changing trend of soil erosion intensity （A） was A20°〉A30°〉A15°〉A10°〉A25°, suggesting that slope gradient between 20° and 25° was a critical degree ranger to exist. Soil organic carbon loss was mainly influenced by soil erosion intensity, appearing the same trend as did soil erosion intensity with increasing slope gradient. Soil erosion results in organic carbon enrichment in sediment. Average enrichment ratios of five runoff plots varied from 2.27 to 3.74, and decreased with increasing erosion intensity and slope gradient. The decrease of surface runoff and soil erosion is the key to reduce soil organic carbon loss.     

重庆市土壤保持服务空间分布及影响因素分析

土壤保持服务能够削弱和改善土壤侵蚀,对其空间分布特征及影响因素进行分析,可提高土壤保持能力,减少区域水土流失。首先,基于修正通用土壤流失方程(revised universal soil loss equation, RUSLE)模型和生态系统服务和交易的综合评估(integrated valuation of ecosystem services and trade-offs, InVEST)模型估算研究区土壤侵蚀量;其次,选用精度更高的土壤侵蚀估算模型评价研究区土壤保持服务;最后,采用多元线性回归、地理探测器等方法探讨影响研究区土壤保持服务空间分布的主要因素。结果表明：RUSLE模型估算结果与研究区实际土壤侵蚀模数差值为201.02 t/(km²?a),精度较低,InVEST模型估算结果与研究区实际土壤侵蚀模数差值为33.11 t/(km²?a),精度较高;研究区土壤保持总量为13.01×10⁸ t,其中土壤保持能力较强的区域在研究区东北以及西南方向,而研究区西部、中部和东南部土壤保持能力较弱;影响土壤保持服务的气候...     

广西岩溶区的水土流失特点及其防治

广西岩溶地区水土流失遥感数据和典型地区监测资料显示,广西岩溶地区水土流失有3个显著的特点:土壤侵蚀模数低,以水土漏失为主要过程,坡耕地是重要水土流失区。水土流失的突出危害是导致严重的岩溶内涝灾害和大面积耕地丧失。21世纪以来,国家和广西区政府对于广西岩溶地区水土流失防治工作高度重视,组织实施了一大批水土保持工程,治理水土流失面积14 000km~2,遏制了石漠化,降低了土壤侵蚀模数,形成了高效生态产业,创建了弄拉、龙何等生态与经济协调发展的水土保持模式。但广西岩溶地区水土漏失和内涝灾害防治力度不够,建议进一步加大力度实施广西岩溶地区水土漏失、内涝防治以及耕地资源丧失的水土保持工程。     

Cause analysis of gully erosion in Yuanmou basin of Jinshajiang valley

Some factors （i.e. lithology, topography, climate, the change of population as well as land use during the past 50 years） that could have great influence on the development of gully in the arid-hot basin of Jinshajiang valley were investigated. The results show that the factors leading to the strong gully erosion in this area include： the widely distributed Yuanmou group stratum, which promotes the development of gully erosion; the unique geomorphologic configuration that is prone to rock fall and gully erosion; the strong and time-concentrated rainfall; the arid-humid alternate climate characteristics that prepares the ground for the development of fissures in soils; the arid-hot climate that goes against the growth and recovery of vegetation; and the unreasonable and abusive human activities.     

安徽省1980—2020年土壤侵蚀时空变化特征

土壤侵蚀不仅会造成土壤破坏、肥力下降,甚至会造成自然灾害,研究土壤侵蚀分布特征及其驱动因素,对于治理水土流失和保障土壤生产力具有重要意义。基于修正的通用土壤流失方程(revised universal soil loss equation, RUSLE)模型,利用降雨、土壤、数字高程模型(digital elevation model, DEM)、土地利用等数据,分析安徽省1980、2000、2005、2010、2015和2020年土壤侵蚀强度时空演变特征,基于地理信息系统(geographic information system, GIS)技术进一步探讨了土壤侵蚀变化与土地利用类型之间的关系。结果表明：安徽省40年来土壤侵蚀整体呈现先降低后略微回升的趋势,1980年侵蚀总量为6 510.92万t/a, 2005年降低到3 169.26万t/a, 2020年回升为4 205.01万t/a。安徽省整体侵蚀以微度侵蚀为主,由北至南侵蚀强度逐渐加剧,强度及以上等级的侵蚀主要集中在皖西大别山区、皖南丘陵山地区。安徽省土壤侵蚀强度发生改变的区域主要集中在皖西大别山区和皖南丘陵山地区。草地的土壤...