蝙蝠科六种蝙蝠回声定位声波频率与体型的相关性

测定了6种蝙蝠科蝙蝠：长尾鼠耳蝠（Myotis frater)、南蝠（Ia io)、大鼠耳蝠（Myotis myotis luctuosus)、水鼠耳蝠（Myotis daubentoni)、毛腿鼠耳（Myotis fimbriatus)、白腹管鼻蝠（Murina leucogaster)的回声定位声波特征（以主频率f主表示）及体型参数（体重、前臂长、头体长）。用SPSS 10.0统计软件中的Pearson相关分析方法对回声定位声波频率与体型参数进行相关分析，得出结论：蝙蝠科蝙蝠回声定位声波频率与体型大小成明显的负相关，同时给出回归方程，明确地表示出声波频率与体型之间的变化规律。探讨了影响回声定位声波的因素，并对频率与体型相关关系产生的机理做了分析。     

菊头蝠科蝙蝠鼻叶宽与回声定位声波主频率的相关分析

利用SPSS分析8种菊头蝠科蝙蝠:贵州菊头蝠(Rhinolophusrex)、中菊头蝠(Rhinolophusaffinis)、托氏菊头蝠(Rhinolophusthomasi)、鲁氏菊头蝠(Rhinolophusrouxi)、小菊头蝠(Rhinolophusblythi)、马铁菊头蝠(Rhinolophusferrumequinum)、皮氏菊头蝠(Rhinolophuspearsoni)、角菊头蝠(Rhinolophuscornutus)的回声定位声波主频率(DF)与鼻叶宽(NW)的相关性,分析结果显示:在控制前臂长影响的情况下,菊头蝠回声定位声波主频率与鼻叶宽呈显著负相关(r=-0.8539,P=0.014),而在控制鼻叶宽影响的情况下,主频率与前臂长之间的相关性不显著(r=0.3849,P=0.394),由此可见,尽管声波主频率和鼻叶宽及前臂长均相关(r1=-0.918,P=0.001,df=6;r2=-0.711,P=0.048,df=6),但如果仅仅研究一个变量和主频率的关系时,鼻叶宽的意义更大。本文的最后,分析并探讨了上述负相关关系产生的机理。     

菊头蝠科蝙蝠鼻叶宽与回声定位声波主频率的相关分析

利用SPSS分析8种菊头蝠科蝙蝠:贵州菊头蝠(Rhinolophus rex)、中菊头蝠(Rhinolophus affinis)、托氏菊头蝠(Rhinolophus thomasi)、鲁氏菊头蝠(Rhinolophus rouxi)、小菊头蝠(Rhinolophus blythi)、马铁菊头蝠(Rhinolophus ferrumequinum)、皮氏菊头蝠(Rhinolophus pearsoni)、角菊头蝠(Rhinolophus cornutus)的回声定位声波主频率(DF)与鼻叶宽(NW)的相关性,分析结果显示:在控制前臂长影响的情况下,菊头蝠回声定位声波主频率与鼻叶宽呈显著负相关(r=-0.8539,P=0.014),而在控制鼻叶宽影响的情况下,主频率与前臂长之间的相关性不显著(r=0.3849,P=0.394),由此可见,尽管声波主频率和鼻叶宽及前臂长均相关(r1=-0.918,P=0.001,df=6;r2=-0.711,P=0.048,df=6),但如果仅仅研究一个变量和主频率的关系时,鼻叶宽的意义更大.本文的最后,分析并探讨了上述负相关关系产生的机理.     

5种共栖蝙蝠的形态和回声定位声波特征

通过分析5种共栖蝙蝠的形态和回声定位声波特征,研究了它们空间生态位分化问题.结果发现:大蹄蝠(Hipposideros armiger)是共栖蝙蝠中体型最大的物种,适合在开阔的树冠或空地上方快速飞行;中菊头蝠(Rhinolophus affinis)、皮氏菊头蝠(Rhinolophus pearsoni)和大耳菊头蝠(Rhinolophus macrotis)体型中等,中菊头蝠和皮氏菊头蝠适合在树冠下捕食,大耳菊头蝠适合在较复杂的树林中、枝叶间捕食;大卫鼠耳蝠(Myotis davidii)是我国特有种,也是5种共栖蝙蝠中体型最小的种类,适合在复杂树冠间、枝叶间和灌丛中捕食较小的昆虫.所以,同域共栖5种蝙蝠的空间生态位显著分化.     

普通伏翼蝠(Pipistrellus abramus)回声定位及母婴交流行为研究

研究了普通伏翼蝠成蝠回声定位声波特征及捕食策略,并研究了其幼蝠的声波特征.结果表明:普通伏翼蝠成蝠回声定位声波为声脉冲时间长度中等的FM型,一次完整的声波包括1～2个谐波,在不十分复杂的环境中掠食中等大小的静止昆虫;幼蝠发出频率较低、声脉冲时间较长、结构不固定的不连续叫声.利用SPSS11.0软件对成蝠与幼蝠声波进行了统计学分析,发现成蝠与幼蝠叫声存在较大差异,幼蝠的不连续叫声亦存在较大的个体间差异,且主要存在于异母所产的幼蝠个体间.讨论了成幼声波差异产生的个体发生学原因,幼蝠个体间声波差异产生的原因及其在普通伏翼蝠母婴交流行为中的主要作用.为深入研究蝙蝠幼蝠声波与母婴交流行为奠定基础.     

依据回声定位声波参数判别同域栖息的蝙蝠种类

利用超声波监听仪(D 980)在同一研究区域内记录到5种蝙蝠63个个体自然飞行状态下回声定位的叫声138次.依据声谱图可分为(FM/)CF/FM型(马铁菊头蝠Rhinolo-phus ferrumequinum)和FM型(绯鼠耳蝠Myotis formosus、伊氏鼠耳蝠Myotis ikonnikovi、水鼠耳蝠Myotis daubentoni和白腹管鼻蝠Murina leucogaster).马铁菊头蝠的声波能够比较容易地从5个种类中辨别出来.采用逐步判别分析方法对其他4种蝙蝠回声定位声波的6个参数进行了判别,结果显示,蝙蝠种类判别正确率为84.1%.表明回声定位声波参数在蝙蝠种类识别中具有重要作用,可用于检验研究区域内依据体型鉴定蝙蝠种类的准确度,也可为预测蝙蝠对生境的利用方式提供依据.     

长白山与符拉迪沃斯托克地区大耳蝠(Plecotus auritus)回声定位声波的比较

比较研究了中国长白山和俄罗斯符拉迪沃斯托克地区大耳蝠 (Plecotus auritus)飞行状态下的回声定位声波.结果表明,二者的回声定位声波均为微弱、不稳定的多谐波宽频带短调频型(modulated frequency).长白山大耳蝠回声定位声波由1~4个谐波组成,主频(45.4±9.6)kHz,能率环(5.1±2.5)%;符拉迪沃斯托克地区大耳蝠的回声定位声波由2~4个谐波组成,主频(48.0±9.7)kHz,能率环(7.0±3.1)%.二者的最高频率、最低频率、带宽、能率环以及声强均有显著差异.这种差异可能是由地理差异或性别差异等因素引起的.     

毛翼管鼻蝠在湖南的新发现及中国适生分布区预测

2015年8月在湖南省炎陵县用蝙蝠竖琴网采集到森林型蝙蝠3只,其主要特征:体型较大,鼻孔管状,体毛厚密,后肢、翼膜与尾膜均覆盖棕色绒毛,前臂长47.8~52.2 mm,颅全长20.66~22.21 mm,雄性个体较雌性小.经鉴定为翼手目蝙蝠科管鼻蝠亚科的毛翼管鼻蝠(Harpiocephallus harpia),为湖南省蝙蝠分布新纪录.同时,通过Max Ent生态学模型对毛翼管鼻蝠在中国潜在分布区进行建模与预测,结果提示低温是影响该物种分布的重要限制因子,该种在中国的潜在分布区域集中于华南沿海地区,海南分布区有待进一步验证.     

翼手目6种蝙蝠毛发显微结构研究

对翼手目大蹄蝠、中蹄蝠、中菊头蝠、普氏蹄蝠、普通伏翼和皱唇犬吻蝠腹部毛发进行显微结构观察与分析.结果表明:(1)6种蝙蝠腹部毛发的长度和宽度有不同,大蹄蝠和普通伏翼存在显著性差异;(2)6种蝙蝠腹部毛发鳞片形态和分布存在显著性差异,而且其鳞片大小也有显著差异.这些差异有利于分辨和识别该6种蝙蝠.     

果蝠与人类,能否和平共处?

众所周知,在哺乳动物中,有一个目被称作“翼手目”,是仅次于啮齿目的第二大类群,包括大约1000个物种,就是我们俗称的蝙蝠。翼手目包括小蝙蝠亚目和大蝙蝠亚目,小蝙蝠亚目的成员使用回声定位,主要捕食昆虫;大蝙蝠亚目只有一个科——狐蝠科,包括42属173种,都不使用回声定位,主要吃水果,故又被称作“果蝠”。狐蝠科的42个属中,包含物种最多的是狐蝠属,有59个种。果蝠广泛分布于东南亚和非洲的热带、亚热带地区。据记载,在我     

Relationship between echolocation frequency and body size in two species of hipposiderid bats

Frequencies of echolocation calls with maximum power of Himalayan leaf-nosed bats and Horsfield’s leaf-nosed bats during searching phase were 74.1 and 92.1 kHz, respectively. Head-body length, forearm length and body mass of Himalayan leaf-nosed bats were 82.9 mm, 89.7 mm and 59.1 g, respectively; and the corresponding values of Horsfield’s leaf-nosed bats were 68.4 mm, 61.3 mm and 19.7 g, respectively. Echolocation frequency and the three parameters of body size, head-body length, forearm length and body mass, were all negatively correlated, and the correlation coefficients were −0.86, −1.58 and −2.19, respectively. This study thereby proved that echolocation frequency and body size were negatively correlated in the two species of hipposiderid bats.     

Correlation between echolocation calls and morphological features among three kinds of bats

The correlation between echolocation sound and morphological features of 18 species of bats, which are subordinated to 3 families including rhinolophidae, hipposideridae and vespertilionidae is studied. Pearson's correlation and regression analysis are adopted to analyze the correlations between noseleaf width (NW) and forearm length (FAL), NW and dominant frequency (DF), FAL and DF. The results show a positive correlation between NW and FAL and a negative correlation between NW and DF in Rhinolophidae. In each family, there is a negative correlation between FAL and DF. Some species have a higher or lower frequency than predicted one according to their body size. There are significant differences of the regression equation of FAL and DF among the three families. For the bats with the same body size, the order in frequency is: hipposiderid bats＞ rhinolophid bats＞ vespertilionid bats. The mechanism of interrelationship between FAL and DF of bats, the reason why these deviations occur in correlativity of the three families and the mechanism of the interaction between morphological, physiological and ecological characteristics are discussed.     

No cost of echolocation for bats in flight

Echolocation has evolved in relatively few animal species. One constraint may be the high cost of producing pulses, the echoes of which can be detected over useful distances. The energy cost of echolocation in a small (6 g) insectivorous bat, when hanging at rest, was recently measured at 0.067 Joules per pulse, implying a mean cost for echolocation in flight of 9.5 x basal metabolic rate (range 7 to 12x). Because flight is very costly, whether the costs of echolocation and flying are additive is an important question. We measured the energy costs of flight in two species of small echolocating Microchiroptera using a novel combination of respirometry and doubly-labelled water. Flight energy expenditure (adjusted for body mass) was not significantly different between echolocating bats and non-echolocating bats and birds. The low cost of echolocation for flying vertebrates may have been a significant factor favouring its evolution in these groups.     

Automatic gain control in the echolocation system of dolphins

In bats and technological sonars, the gain of the receiver is progressively increased with time after the transmission of a signal to compensate for acoustic propagation loss. The current understanding of dolphin echolocation indicates that automatic gain control is not a part of their sonar system. In order to test this understanding, we have performed field measurements of free-ranging echolocating dolphins. Here we show that dolphins do possess an automatic gain control mechanism, but that it is implemented in the transmission phase rather than the receiving phase of a sonar cycle. We find that the amplitude of the dolphins' echolocation signals are highly range dependent; this amplitude increases with increasing target range, R, in a 20 log(R) fashion to compensate for propagation loss. If the echolocation target is a fish school with many sound scatterers, the echoes from the school will remain nearly constant with range as the dolphin closes in on it. This characteristic has the same effect as time-varying gain in bats and technological sonar when considered from a sonar system perspective.     

Effect of acoustic clutter on prey detection by bats.

Bats that capture animal prey from substrates often emit characteristic echolocation calls that are short-duration, frequency-modulated (FM) and broadband. Such calls seem to be suited to locating prey in uncluttered habitats, including flying prey, but may be less effective for finding prey among cluttered backgrounds because echoes reflecting from the substrate mask the acoustic signature of prey. Perhaps these call designs serve primarily for spatial orientation. Furthermore, it has been unclear whether the acoustic image conveyed by FM echoes enables fine texture discrimination, or whether gleaning bats that forage in echo-cluttering environments must locate prey by using other cues, such as prey-generated sounds. Here we show that two species of insectivorous gleaning bats perform badly when compelled to detect silent and immobile prey in clutter, but are very efficient at capturing noisy prey items among highly cluttered backgrounds, and both dead or live prey in uncluttered habitats. These findings suggest that the short, broadband FM echolocation calls associated with gleaning bats are not adapted to detecting prey in clutter.     

Harmonic-hopping in Wallacea's bats

Evolutionary divergence between species is facilitated by ecological shifts, and divergence is particularly rapid when such shifts also promote assortative mating. Horseshoe bats are a diverse Old World family (Rhinolophidae) that have undergone a rapid radiation in the past 5 million years. These insectivorous bats use a predominantly pure-tone echolocation call matched to an auditory fovea (an over-representation of the pure-tone frequency in the cochlea and inferior colliculus) to detect the minute changes in echo amplitude and frequency generated when an insect flutters its wings. The emitted signal is the accentuated second harmonic of a series in which the fundamental and remaining harmonics are filtered out. Here we show that three distinct, sympatric size morphs of the large-eared horseshoe bat (Rhinolophus philippinensis) echolocate at different harmonics of the same fundamental frequency. These morphs have undergone recent genetic divergence, and this process has occurred in parallel more than once. We suggest that switching harmonics creates a discontinuity in the bats' perception of available prey that can initiate disruptive selection. Moreover, because call frequency in horseshoe bats has a dual function in resource acquisition and communication, ecological selection on frequency might lead to assortative mating and ultimately reproductive isolation and speciation, regardless of external barriers to gene flow.     

Echolocation signals reflect niche differentiation in five sympatric congeneric bat species

Echolocating bats can be divided into guilds according to their preferred habitat and foraging behaviour, which coincide with distinct adaptations in wing morphology and structure of echolocation signals. Although coarse structuring of niche space between different guilds is generally accepted, it is not clear how niches differ within guilds, or whether there is fine-grained niche differentiation reflected in echolocation signal structure. Using a standardized performance test, here we show clutter-dependent differences in prey-capture success for bats from five species of European Myotis. These species are morphologically similar, sympatric, and all belong to the guild labelled "edge space aerial/trawling foragers". We further demonstrate a strong correlation between the prey-detection ability of the species and the respective search-call bandwidth. Our findings indicate that differences in echolocation signals contribute to within-guild niche differentiation. This is the first study relating sensory abilities of a set of potentially competing animal species to a direct measure of their respective foraging performance, suggesting an important role of sensory ecology in the structuring of animal communities.     

基于模糊聚类的上海地区未成年人体型分析

为了研究上海地区未成年人的体型现状,用非接触式人体三维扫描测量方法,精确测量上海地区2000名未成年人的体型特征数据,并进行预处理,分别提取形体划分的特征指标值并进行细分.利用模糊聚类和模糊识别的隶属函数,建立适用于体型识别的数学模型.得出上海地区未成年人体型特征,对按胸体比和胸腰差分类后的体型差异做了定性、定量的描述,对童装设计规范、服装合体性发展有积极的意义.     

Vocalization during copulation behavior in greater horseshoe bats, Rhinolophus ferrumequinum

Vocal communication plays an important role for individual recognition and male-female interaction during mating in greater horseshoe bats,especially in respect to mate fidelity,which ensures that the bats can maintain a stable social organization.Few studies,however,have addressed the calling behavior during copulating in bats.Here,we initially report the copulation vocalizations and behaviors of both male and female greater horseshoe bats.During copulation,the male assumed a dorsal position and arched his back,arming around the female using his feet and thumbs.The male repeatedly produced very short constant frequency(SCF) syllables with high intensity and repetition rate(male 1:16.48±4.8 ms,male 2:17.79±4.03 ms) when he tried to insert the penis into the female,and then long syllables(male 1:42.08±12.67 ms,male 2:43.02±11.44 ms) after penile insertion.The female bats sometime refused the male bats in the early phase of copulations as emitting noise bursts and broad-band vocalizations,but kept silence during actual copulation.We also found that the SCF copulation calls of one male remained stable peak frequencies on different copulation days although its echolocation call frequency varied each day.Moreover,different male individuals maintained their own "private frequency" in the SCF copulation calls.Therefore,we predicted that the SCF copulation calls may serve as an indicator for female greater horseshoe bats to recognize the mating males in order to maintain mate fidelity because horseshoe bats exhibit sexual segregation before mating.Our results stipulate further studies on mating system and copulation strategies in polygynous bats.Such work may also aid in promoting the preservation of greater horseshoe bats.