压缩荷载下煤岩损伤演化规律细观实验研究

利用计算机层析摄影技术 (CT)进行了单轴压缩荷载作用下脆性煤岩破坏全过程的细观损伤演化规律动态CT试验 ,得到了单轴荷载作用下各个应力阶段煤岩从微孔洞压密到微裂纹萌生、分叉、发展、断裂、破坏以及峰值后各个阶段清晰的CT图像和CT数 .根据实验结果可把白皎煤矿煤岩细观损伤演化规律全过程分为 5个阶段 :损伤弱化阶段、准线性阶段、损伤开始演化和稳定发展阶段、损伤加速发展阶段、峰后软化阶段 .通过对CT数及其方差进行分析 ,得到了单轴荷载作用下各个应力阶段煤岩的损伤演化规律 ,为从细观尺度探讨微裂纹的发生、发展提供了依据 .     

煤岩非线性损伤试验及理论模型

为了研究煤岩材料的损伤演化过程,分别对煤和砂岩试样进行了轴向应变控制、定常环向应变控制、不同围压下的单轴压缩和三轴压缩试验研究,观察煤岩的实验损伤演化过程;对试验数据进行分析,结合煤样的变形损伤特征,基于损伤力学和热力学基本原理,推导并建立了煤岩非线性损伤演化方程和煤岩试样非线性损伤本构方程.通过试验结果验证了煤岩材料的非线性损伤理论的合理性,同时也丰富了煤岩损伤理论体系.     

镁合金循环蠕变的损伤本构关系

利用MTS809高级材料试验机对镁合金AM50进行了系列蠕变试验,基于微结构和缺陷的分析提出各向同性标量损伤变量,在能量释放率概念的基础上导出损伤变量的演化方程.针对镁合金的循环蠕变强化和回复软化的特点建立内应力演化方程,在不可逆热力学和内应力理论基础上发展了考虑损伤的循环蠕变本构关系.理论分析与试验结果吻合较好,表明所建立的计及损伤的循环蠕变本构模型能够描述镁合金的循环蠕变现象.     

压剪耦合损伤演化方程在混凝土本构模型中的应用

将等效微孔洞体系的概念与有核长大模型的思想相结合,根据有关物理关系通过严格的数学推导,提出了一种脆性材料的压剪耦合损伤演化方程.将该演化方程应用于混凝土脆弹性损伤软化本构模型之中,通过对混凝土一维应力条件下的实验应力应变曲线的优化数值模拟确定了损伤演化方程中的材料参数.研究结果表明,应用含损伤的本构关系和该压剪耦合损伤演化方程能得到损伤随时间变化的曲线,该曲线与采用CT技术观测的混凝土内部微孔洞扩展图像和结果有较好的一致性.所提出的损伤演化方程揭示了脆性材料压剪耦合损伤发展的宏细观机制,为更好地分析计算混凝土的高速贯穿等问题奠定了基础.     

拉伸损伤细观机理的弹性力学分析

损伤力学有2个主要分支：连续损伤力学和细观损伤力学.在连续损伤力学理论中,许多学者采用引入损伤变量到材料的本构方程中的办法,来反映材料的不可逆变化过程,这种方法在工程应用中具有简单实用的优点,但损伤变量的物理意义不是特别清晰,而且难以找到拉伸损伤变量和剪切损伤变量之间的联系,往往是只能建立两者各自独立的损伤演化方程.在弹性力学理论中利用复变函数方法能求出材料在给定的受力状态下的位移场,在此基础上,可分析平面应力条件下含一条微裂纹的单元体边界处和裂纹面上的位移场,通过平均化的方法,得到单元体的平均线应变,进一步分析这种线应变与单元体中裂纹的几何尺寸之间的关系,再利用弹性拉伸本构关系,就可得到脆性和准脆性材料弹性拉伸损伤的细观描述.这种方法已经分析了弹性剪切损伤的细观机理,对进一步建立含有随机裂纹材料的宏细观相结合的损伤理论是很有意义的.     

强冲击载荷下氧化铝陶瓷的力学特性及本构模型

研究氧化铝陶瓷在强冲击加载下的力学响应和动态本构模型. 利用一级轻气炮对陶瓷靶板进行冲击加载,测量得到靶板内的应力-时间曲线,并分析得到氧化铝陶瓷的动力学特性. 结合陶瓷材料破坏特性分析,从脆性材料内翼型裂纹的产生和扩展机理出发,建立了微裂纹损伤本构模型,其中损伤参数通过微裂纹尺寸和微裂纹数2个变量进行描述. 实验与计算结果表明,该模型较好地描述了强冲击载荷下氧化铝陶瓷的力学行为.     

脆性煤岩损伤模型及冲击地压损伤能量指数

根据脆性煤岩的试验研究结果，采用损伤力学的原理和方法，建立了脆性煤岩的损伤本构模型，对脆性煤岩的损伤力学特性进行了研究。在此基础上，从煤岩损伤力学角度出发，研究了煤岩内部能量转化机制，导出了脆性煤岩损伤能量释放率，分析了煤层发生冲击地压过程中的能量变化，并提出了冲击地压的损伤能量指数这一新的概念，确定了冲击地压发生的必要条件。     

基于裂隙演化微分动力学机制的岩石损伤本构模型

为研究天然岩石内部不同形态裂隙的演化行为与岩石累计损伤程度之间的关系,运用唯象理论将岩石分为完整岩石微元体、闭合裂隙微元体和开口裂隙微元体3组分。基于生物群落生长逻辑建立岩石的裂隙演化微分动力学方程,并利用半解析方式求解岩石闭合裂隙与开口裂隙在受压状态下的演化表达式,实现压缩过程中岩石不同微元体之间转化关系的量化。其中开口裂隙演化曲线呈先下降后上升趋势,反映初始开口裂隙在压密阶段前后的变化规律,符合压密阶段非线性的应力-应变曲线关系。随后,以岩石裂隙演化解析表达式定义岩石压缩破坏的全局损伤变量,精准量化岩石在初始阶段、压密阶段、弹塑性阶段以及峰后阶段的全过程损伤程度,并提出基于上述裂隙演化机制和全局损伤变量的损伤本构模型。最后,基于微分方程理论推导、强度准则以及多目标优化等多种手段确定损伤本构模型参数,完成对岩石三组分初始比例以及3种裂隙转化因子的稳定求解,进而实现岩石压缩过程中的应力应变曲线仿真。研究结果表明：在煤岩及炭质泥岩的实例分析中,所建立的损伤本构模型能够较好表征不同岩石在不同围压下的应力应变特征及裂隙扩展规律,模型仿真结果与试验结果基本吻合。     

单轴压缩荷载作用下煤岩损伤演化规律的CT实验

冲击地压是煤岩体损伤破坏的特殊表现形式，为了弄清冲击地压的发生机理，利用CT机及其配套专用加载设备，进行了单铀压缩荷载作用下煤岩破坏全过程的细观损伤演化规律动态CT试验，得到了单轴荷载作用下各个应力阶段煤岩在从微孔洞压密到微裂纹萌生、分叉、发展、断裂、破坏以及峰值后各个阶段清晰的CT图像和CT数。通过对CT数和方差等数据进行分析，得到了单轴荷载作用下各个应力阶段煤岩的损伤演化规律，为从细观尺度探讨微裂纹的发生、发展提供了依据，可进一步研究煤岩的宏观破坏及其本构关系。     

准脆性材料的细观损伤演化模型

针对以缺陷密度为参量的细观损伤演化模型的局限性 ,着重研究了微裂纹尺寸对损伤演化的影响。提出了含三相正交分布等尺寸微裂纹的准脆性材料稳定扩展的细观损伤演化模型。给出了微裂纹特征尺寸随应力变化的显式表达式 ,并由此得到了含微裂纹的准脆性材料损伤本构关系。通过实例 ,对初始含有相同密度、不同尺寸和数量的微裂纹的两种混凝土材料在单向拉伸载荷下的损伤演化进行了数值计算和比较。结果证实 :含大尺寸微裂纹的材料损伤发展较快 ,相应地 ,加载到同一应力水平时 ,具有较大的应变     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

《Chinese Science Bulletin》SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 59(2014)

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Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

The elongation method,originally proposed by Imamura was further developed for many years in our group.As a method towards O(N)with high efficiency and high accuracy for any dimensional systems.This treatment designed for one-dimensional(ID)polymers is now available for three-dimensional(3D)systems,but geometry optimization is now possible only for 1D-systems.As an approach toward post-Hartree-Fock,it was also extended to     

Exciton Seebeck in Molecular Systems

Various applications relevant to the exciton dynamics,such as the organic solar cell,the large-area organic light-emitting diodes and the thermoelectricity,are operating under temperature gradient.The potential abnormal behavior of the exicton dynamics driven by the temperature difference may affect the efficiency and performance of the corresponding devices.In the above situations,the exciton dynamics under temperature difference is mixed with