应用转移矩阵法求解耦合波方程

提出了一种求解耦合波方程的新方法———转移矩阵法 ,采用该方法得到了小信号近似条件下一维光学超晶格中二次谐波、三次谐波场变量的矩阵形式的解。本方法不仅适用于周期结构 ,也适用于准周期结构和非周期结构。     

Appearance of new variants of membrane skeletal protein 4.1 during terminal differentiation of avian erythroid and lenticular cells

The erythrocyte plasma membrane is lined with a network of extrinsic proteins, mainly spectrin and actin, which constitute a reticulum tethered to the intrinsic anion transport protein of the lipid bilayer through a linker protein, ankyrin. Protein 4.1 forms a stable ternary complex with spectrin and actin, thereby strengthening the reticulum and anchoring it directly to the lipid bilayer or to another intrinsic protein, glycophorin. It has been found recently that spectrin, ankyrin and protein 4.1 are not erythrocyte-specific; this has elucidated further the mechanisms of plasma membrane assembly and modelling during the differentiation of diverse tissues. We have shown previously that protein 4.1 in chickens is most abundant in erythrocytes and lens cells, but is scarce or absent from other spectrin-rich cell types. In addition, it exists as a family of related polypeptides showing differential expression in these two tissues, suggesting variant-specific functions. Here we show that the pattern of protein 4.1 variants changes during the terminal differentiation of erythroid and lenticular cells, with novel variants appearing in postmitotic cells. The accumulation of these variants may lead to the final stabilization of the plasma membrane skeletons of these cells.     

由Law esson试剂合成2-硫代-1,3,2-二氮磷杂环戊-4-硫酮

利用 Ｌａｗ ｅｓｓｏｎ 试剂和 α烷基氨基乙酰胺的环化反应合成了一类结构新颖的 １，３，２二氮磷杂环戊烷，对新化合物用元素分析， Ｉ Ｒ， Ｎ Ｍ Ｒ 和 Ｍ Ｓ进行了表征；以薄层色谱（ Ｔ Ｌ Ｃ）监测反应进程并用色质联用（ Ｇ Ｃ Ｍ Ｓ）分析了中间体的结构，据此建议了先成环后硫化的可能反应机理     

TNF receptor 1 genetic risk mirrors outcome of anti-TNF therapy in multiple sclerosis

Although there has been much success in identifying genetic variants associated with common diseases using genome-wide association studies (GWAS), it has been difficult to demonstrate which variants are causal and what role they have in disease. Moreover, the modest contribution that these variants make to disease risk has raised questions regarding their medical relevance. Here we have investigated a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the TNFRSF1A gene, that encodes tumour necrosis factor receptor 1 (TNFR1), which was discovered through GWAS to be associated with multiple sclerosis (MS), but not with other autoimmune conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis and Crohn’s disease. By analysing MS GWAS data in conjunction with the 1000 Genomes Project data we provide genetic evidence that strongly implicates this SNP, rs1800693, as the causal variant in the TNFRSF1A region. We further substantiate this through functional studies showing that the MS risk allele directs expression of a novel, soluble form of TNFR1 that can block TNF. Importantly, TNF-blocking drugs can promote onset or exacerbation of MS, but they have proven highly efficacious in the treatment of autoimmune diseases for which there is no association with rs1800693. This indicates that the clinical experience with these drugs parallels the disease association of rs1800693, and that the MS-associated TNFR1 variant mimics the effect of TNF-blocking drugs. Hence, our study demonstrates that clinical practice can be informed by comparing GWAS across common autoimmune diseases and by investigating the functional consequences of the disease-associated genetic variation.     

Novel submicroscopic extrachromosomal elements containing amplified genes in human cells

In previous work, several methotrexate (MTX)-resistant variants were isolated frm the human cell line HeLa BU25, which exhibited a high degree of dihydrofolate (DHFR) gene amplification (estimated to be 250- to 300-fold). These variants did not contain any chromosome with a homogeneously staining region (HSR) and exhibited only a small average number of minute chromosomes per cell: these two types of karyotypic abnormalities generally accompany selective gene amplification. We now report that structures containing amplified DHFR genes in one of these variants (HeLa BU25-10B3) can be isolated by pulsed-field gradient or field-inversion gel electrophoresis as homogeneous DNA molecules of approximately 650 kilobases (kb). Electron microscopy of metaphase spreads from these cells reveals chromatin fibres with a similar DNA content, which are probably related to the above elements. These represent a novel type of extrachromosomal structures in mammalian cells.     

4,5-二硫代亚乙基-1,3-二硫代环戊烯-2-酮和硫酮衍生物的合成

合成了文题化合物及它们的酯化物，给出了它们的核磁共振氢谱和质谱。讨论了影响反应的一些因素，比较了不同溴代试剂与锌酸盐发生反应的活泼性。     

核级石墨氧化后孔隙结构表征

 高温气冷堆是第4代先进核能系统的候选堆型之一,核级石墨作为高温气冷堆重要的中子慢化剂、反射层和结构材料,对于保证反应堆的安全运行和完整性至关重要。核级石墨的氧化会引起其内部孔隙结构的变化,从而对其力学、热学、辐照等性能产生影响。本文介绍了定量描述核级石墨氧化后孔隙结构特征的参量,包括孔隙率、失重率、孔径及BET面积等。系统地总结了国内外用于核级石墨氧化后微观结构表征的常用方法和应用现状,包括直接测量方法和间接测量方法两大类,前者主要有质量-体积法、压汞法、气体吸附法等,后者主要有光学显微成像、X射线成像、显微CT技术、超声波法等;讨论了各种方法和技术的工作原理、应用范围和优缺点,并对核级石墨氧化后的性能研究进行了展望。     

A second generation human haplotype map of over 3.1 million SNPs

We describe the Phase II HapMap, which characterizes over 3.1 million human single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) genotyped in 270 individuals from four geographically diverse populations and includes 25-35% of common SNP variation in the populations surveyed. The map is estimated to capture untyped common variation with an average maximum r2 of between 0.9 and 0.96 depending on population. We demonstrate that the current generation of commercial genome-wide genotyping products captures common Phase II SNPs with an average maximum r2 of up to 0.8 in African and up to 0.95 in non-African populations, and that potential gains in power in association studies can be obtained through imputation. These data also reveal novel aspects of the structure of linkage disequilibrium. We show that 10-30% of pairs of individuals within a population share at least one region of extended genetic identity arising from recent ancestry and that up to 1% of all common variants are untaggable, primarily because they lie within recombination hotspots. We show that recombination rates vary systematically around genes and between genes of different function. Finally, we demonstrate increased differentiation at non-synonymous, compared to synonymous, SNPs, resulting from systematic differences in the strength or efficacy of natural selection between populations.     

An Improved Model of Attack Probability Prediction System

This paper presents a novel probability generation algorithm to predict attacks from an insider who exploits known system vulnerabilities through executing authorized operations. It is different from most intrusion detection systems （IDSs） because these IDSs are inefficient to resolve threat from authorized insiders. To deter cracker activities, this paper introduces an improved structure of augmented attack tree and a notion of ＂minimal attack tree＂, and proposes a new generation algorithm of minimal attack tree. We can provide a quantitative approach to help system administrators make sound decision.     

海上大功率风浪复合发电装备设计与研究

充分利用海洋能源,是人类实现可持续发展的重要途径.海洋能源中海上风能和波浪能储量尤其显著,综合利用海上风能和波浪能是可再生能源利用领域的研究热点.设计了全新的海上风浪复合发电装备,将无规则、不稳定的风能和波浪能均通过液压能转换为电能,同时设计了包含5个装备的单排复合发电场,综合计算和部分实验表明,该发电装备和发电场的功...     

Fe65L2基因存在4种剪接形式

Ｆｅ６５Ｌ２是一种与老年痴呆症关蛋白－淀粉样肽前体蛋白相互作用的蛋白。报道了Ｆｅ６５Ｌ２基因的２种新的剪接形式,并证实了该基因存在４种剪接形式。这４种剪接形式是由同一个内含子中分别为６ｎｔ和２１ｎｔ的２段外显子序列按不同组合拼接而成的。     

《荒原纪事》：一部当代人的精神沦落史

通过文本细读从最后家园的沦陷、平原的灵魂、平原的恶之源、平原的精神信仰以及高原在哪等五个方面梳理了张炜《你在高原》系列小说第九部《荒原纪事》的精神发展脉络.小说展示了工业社会的快速发展导致影响和谐社会建设的环境伦理的缺失.这部小说不仅是一部荒原的沦落史,也是50后的精神史,更是当代人的精神沦落史.小说体现强大的精神力量,对我们建构人与自然、人与人、人与社会的和谐具有警示意义.     

Construction of fine SNP haplotypes and haplotype blocks in 5 genes in the centromere of chromosome 15 in Chinese Han subjects

Recent advances have shown that the majorityof the nucleotide variation in human genome is single nucleo-tide polymorphisms (SNPs). Using SNPs each chromosomecan be divided into different haplotype blocks, and there arelimited common haplotypes in each block. This provides apowerful approach for whole genome scan for disease-asso-ciated genes/variants. However, most data available todayare based on the large-scale genomic analyses, data concern-ing individual genes for fine mapping with high density SNPsare relatively lacking. We have sequenced 7 genes and theirflanking regions, identified 34 novel SNPs, constructed highdensity SNP haplotypes and haplotype blocks in 5 genes inthe centromeric region of chromosome 15 in I00 ChineseHart subjects. Our results show that there is a great hetero-geneity in the haplotypes and haplotype block structureswithin and between these genes, which are in close physicalproximity. Data obtained in this study provide a useful toolfor candidate gene approach at the fine scale for identifyingdisease contributing variants in the genes/regions.     

新型水溶性深度氧化玉米淀粉的制备及氧化机理

研究一种新型的多羧基水溶性氧化玉米淀粉的制备方法, 最佳制备条件为: 适量的自制催化剂, 以氧气为氧化剂, NaOH用量为21 g, 反应温度100 ℃, 反应时间3.0h. 在该条件下制备的氧化淀粉羧基含量为3.60%.采用X射线衍射分析（XRD）、 扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、 红外光谱分析（IR）以及羧基、 羰基含量的化学分析法等对氧化机理进行了探讨.     

一些非线性算子半群的生成元存在性

首先给出非线性Lipschitz-α算子半群的生成元存在性的结果;然后介绍在Lipschitz对偶的思想下的非线性Lipschitz算子半群生成元的存在性.     

分布式发电及其效益

对分布式电源和分布式发电的概念进行了详细的划分,分布式电源的概念比分布式发电的概念含义更广泛。分析了目前分布式发电的成本情况和环境效益,从社会发展的角度来看,分布式发电具有非常明显的、潜在的巨大效益。随着分布式电源生产成本的逐步降低以及人类对环境和可持续发展的关注,分布式电源在电力系统中将占有重要的地位。     

改进型多输出端差动差分电流传送器及其应用

提出了一种新颖的改进型多输出端差动差分电流传送器(MDDCC)及其CMOS实现电路,用计算机仿真方法比较了MDDCC和第二代电流传送器(CCⅡ)的特性;以MDDCC构成了全差分式连续时间电流模式低通及带通滤波器,分析并模拟了所提出的滤波器的特性。仿真结果表明,MDDCC电路兼有差动差分放大器(DDA)和CCⅡ两者的优点,适于实现全集成连续时间滤波器。     

A map of human genome variation from population-scale sequencing

The 1000 Genomes Project aims to provide a deep characterization of human genome sequence variation as a foundation for investigating the relationship between genotype and phenotype. Here we present results of the pilot phase of the project, designed to develop and compare different strategies for genome-wide sequencing with high-throughput platforms. We undertook three projects: low-coverage whole-genome sequencing of 179 individuals from four populations; high-coverage sequencing of two mother-father-child trios; and exon-targeted sequencing of 697 individuals from seven populations. We describe the location, allele frequency and local haplotype structure of approximately 15 million single nucleotide polymorphisms, 1 million short insertions and deletions, and 20,000 structural variants, most of which were previously undescribed. We show that, because we have catalogued the vast majority of common variation, over 95% of the currently accessible variants found in any individual are present in this data set. On average, each person is found to carry approximately 250 to 300 loss-of-function variants in annotated genes and 50 to 100 variants previously implicated in inherited disorders. We demonstrate how these results can be used to inform association and functional studies. From the two trios, we directly estimate the rate of de novo germline base substitution mutations to be approximately 10(-8) per base pair per generation. We explore the data with regard to signatures of natural selection, and identify a marked reduction of genetic variation in the neighbourhood of genes, due to selection at linked sites. These methods and public data will support the next phase of human genetic research.     

5—（1—苯基—5—甲基—1，2，3—三唑—4—基）—4—芳基—1，2，4—三唑—3—硫基乙酸的合成和抗菌活性

合成一系列新的5-（1-苯基-5-甲基-1,2,3-唑-4-基）-4-芳基-1,2,4-三唑-3-硫基乙酸,所有化合物均经元素分析和波谱数据予以鉴定,对代表性化合物作了抗菌活性测试,结果表明它们都表现出不同程度的抗菌活性。     

Novel Node Structures for IP over WDM Networks

IP over WDM is being envisioned as one of the most attractive architectures for the next generation Internet. This paper introduces two novel backbone node structures for IP over WDM networks. These node structures can be used as improvement approaches to DPDP (default path and dedicated path) method. The flow classifiers, which are the main components of these node structures, and the performance metrics of these structures, are also discussed.